Runet

For ordinary users, the term Runet means that the content of websites is available for Russian users without foreign language skills, or that online shops have an office in Russia (for example, Russian search engines, e-mail services, anti-viruses, dictionaries, Russian-language websites occupying niches similar to those of Facebook, Amazon, YouTube, eBay, PayPal, Foursquare, etc. for usage in all post-Soviet states). Being on the Runet gives a company some advantages, as many local IT companies are more successful than foreign services on the Russian market. The term can describe the situation of the 1990s to the early 2000s; foreign companies didn't want to operate in the Russian market and localize their products, so Russia-based start-ups were more attractive to Russian speaking users. Nowadays, some Russian users are not interested in usage of such services as Facebook or Google Maps because local services have more Russian-specific features and local community (VK.com, Yandex, etc.), though many international websites have very high quality Russian localization and Google search has had full support of Russian morphology. This is also more or less applicable to most post-Soviet states, who use the Runet and are forming a common lingua franca community like English on the Internet.

Many officials of the Russian government actively use this term as a synonym for Internet in the territory of Russia, i.e. for Internet infrastructure, which is subject to Russian law (including Russian censorship laws, copyright, corporate, advertisement laws, etc.), but the Russian online community doesn't support this use of the term as millions of users use the Russian language on the Internet while living outside Russia; Russian is spoken in large parts of eastern Europe that do not fall under Russian territory. Some Russian officials automatically believe that the Russian Wikipedia is based in Russia as a business entity and try to control the content of the website or establish a Russia-based clone of Wikipedia.{{cite web|url=http://hitech.newsru.ru/article/14apr2014/ourpedia|title=В России появится своя "Википедия", без геополитических неточностей|website=hitech.newsru.ru|date=14 April 2014 |access-date=2015-07-17|archive-date=2017-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802084050/http://hitech.newsru.ru/article/14apr2014/ourpedia|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://hitech.newsru.com/article/26Mar2014/krim|title=Депутат попросил Роскомнадзор проверить карты Google и "Википедию" из-за статуса Крыма|website=hitech.newsru.com|date=26 March 2014 |access-date=2015-07-17|archive-date=2015-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721153446/http://hitech.newsru.com/article/26Mar2014/krim|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://biz.cnews.ru/news/top/federalnyj_chinovnik_predlozhil_zapretit|title=Федеральный чиновник предложил запретить в России «Википедию»|website=CNews.ru|access-date=2022-06-18|archive-date=2022-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307193650/https://biz.cnews.ru/news/top/federalnyj_chinovnik_predlozhil_zapretit|url-status=live}}

According to reports conducted by Yandex, Russian is the primary language of 91% of Russian websites (in Yandex's list). In the autumn of 2009, Runet contained about 15 million sites (estimated to be about 6.5% of the entire Internet).[http://company.yandex.ru/researches/reports/ya_content_09.xml Контент Рунета]. Company.yandex.ru.

Domains with a high proportion of the Russian language include .su, .ru, .рф, .ua, .by, .kz.

Russian is used on 89.8% of .ru sites and on 88.7% of the former Soviet Union domain, .su. Russian is the most used language of websites of several countries that were part of the former Soviet Union: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan, and 81.8% in Tajikistan.[http://w3techs.com/blog/entry/russian_is_now_the_second_most_used_language_on_the_web Russian is now the second most used language on the web]. W3techs.com.

As of 2013, the 59.7 million Russian-speaking Internet users, represented 3% of global Internet users. In April 2012, Russia was ranked 9th in the world for number of users and 4th (with 4.8%) for number of Russian-language content.[http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language/all Usage Statistics of Content Languages for Websites, April 2012]. W3techs.com.

In September 2011, Russia surpassed Germany as the biggest Internet market in Europe, with 50.8 million users.[http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2011/11/14/russian-internet-biggest-in-europe-will-earnings-follow/#axzz2aoLvwwxa Russian internet biggest in Europe; will earnings follow? | beyondbrics]. Blogs.ft.com (14 November 2011).

In March 2013, it was announced that Russian is the second most used language on the web.

{{main|History of the Internet in Russia}}

Historically the term Runet has been described in several ways.

• In 2009, a Yandex report stated that the Runet can include sites written in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Kazakh languages, as well as sites in any language published in the 12 national domains of the original CIS nations: .am, .az, .by, .ge, .kg, .kz, .md, .ru, .su, .tj, .ua or .uz.{{Cite web|url=https://yandex.ru/company/researches/2009/ya_content_09/|title=Исследования Яндекса — Контент Рунета|website=Компания Яндекс|access-date=2022-06-18|archive-date=2022-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401101938/https://yandex.ru/company/researches/2009/ya_content_09|url-status=live}}
• Russian-language Internet. According to the definition in [http://slovari.yandex.ru/ Yandex slovari] dictionary published in 2001, the "Runet is the Russian Internet. The borders of Internet are usually not based on the "geographical borders", but rather on "languages", and therefore the term Runet is usually considered to be not only websites in .ru domain, but also all Russian-language and/or Russian-oriented{{Clarify|date=April 2013}} websites".{{Cite web|url=http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510174950/http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82/|url-status=dead|title=Рунет: Яндекс.Словари, Интернет, 2001|archivedate=May 10, 2013}} "Economic dictionary" of 2009 says "Runet is Russian-language part of the Internet".{{Cite web|url=https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/es/87393/%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%A2|title=РУНЕТ | это... Что такое РУНЕТ?|website=Словари и энциклопедии на Академике|access-date=2022-06-18|archive-date=2018-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922155316/https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/es/87393/%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%A2|url-status=live}} This is a common meaning of Runet. Practically, this definition makes it the Russian-language online community of post-Soviet states and their diasporas.
• .ru domain. Runet is the part of Internet, whose websites are in the top-level .ru domain. This definition would exclude Russian (language) or Russian (country) sites intentionally using other domains. Highly popular alternative domains include ".net" for humorous impact or strength of statement (as this means "no" in Russian), popular havens for illegal activities like ".me" (piracy) or ".cz" (to avoid prosecution for facilitation of prostitution), or ".com" for international expansion – the latter being home to Russia's #2 site by Alexa rank, domestic-owned and based international social network Vk.com. Runet Day is a semi-official term for April, 7, when .ru domain was created back in 1994.{{cite web | url=https://www.roi.ru/8994/ | title=РОИ :: Признать 7 апреля государственным праздником (памятным днем) – «День Рунета» }}
• Internet in the Russian Federation. According to the definitions found in some early Yandex dictionaries, "Runet is the Russian part of [the] Internet".{{Cite web |url=https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/fin_enc/28744 |title=Рунет | это... Что такое Рунет? |website=Словари и энциклопедии на Академике |access-date=2022-06-18|archive-date=2019-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917171918/https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/fin_enc/28744 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82./ |website=slovari.yandex.ru |title=Рунет. — Естественные науки — Яндекс.Словари |access-date=2012-05-19 |archive-date=2022-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618071100/http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82./ |url-status=live}} Also, Russian officials strongly suggest that Runet is the Internet in Russia.{{Cite web |url=http://www.premiaruneta.ru/about/rules/ |title=Премия Рунета (Федеральное агентство по печати и массовым коммуникациям) |website=www.premiaruneta.ru |access-date=2012-05-19 |archive-date=2018-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427161847/http://premiaruneta.ru/about/rules/ |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |lang=ru |url=http://www.10ru.ru/ |title=Рунету — 10 лет (Федеральное Агентство по печати и массовым коммуникациям) |website=www.10ru.ru}}{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605210001/http://www.10ru.ru/ |date=2012-06-05 }}

Harvard University's Berkman Center conducts regular researches of the Russian-language Web, identified by Cyrillic encoding,{{cite web|url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/research/russia|title=Impact of the Internet on Russian Politics, Media, and Society|date=2 July 2018|website=Berkman Klein Center|access-date=31 March 2019|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331194459/https://cyber.harvard.edu/research/russia|url-status=live}} and, in particular, has papers named "Mapping RuNet Politics and Mobilization"{{cite web|url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2010/Public_Discourse_Russian_Blogosphere|title=Public Discourse in the Russian Blogosphere: Mapping RuNet Politics and Mobilization - Berkman Klein Center|website=cyber.law.harvard.edu|access-date=2014-08-20|archive-date=2013-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103124212/http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2010/Public_Discourse_Russian_Blogosphere|url-status=live}} and "RuNet Echo".{{Cite web|url=https://globalvoices.org/-/special/runet-echo/|title=RuNet Echo · Global Voices|access-date=2022-06-18|archive-date=2022-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616044115/https://globalvoices.org/-/special/runet-echo/|url-status=live}} The prominent Public Opinion Foundation (FOM) regular Internet measurements are titled Runet.fom.ru.{{cite web|url=http://runet.fom.ru/|title=Фонд Общественное Мнение / ФОМ|website=runet.fom.ru|access-date=2014-08-20|archive-date=2018-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326003123/http://runet.fom.ru/|url-status=live}} There are Russian internet-reviewing newspapers called TheRunet, Runetologia and others.

• Advmaker
• Russophone
• Russian Internet slang
• Russian-language computing
• Russian-language websites
• English on the Internet
• Languages used on the Internet
• Sovereign Internet Law
• Splinternet
• Great Firewall
• 2011–2013 Russian protests
• Alexei Navalny
• Kwangmyong (network)

{{portal|Internet}}

{{reflist|2}}

{{commons category|Runet}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120418230650/http://digit.ru/internet/20110928/384395231.html History of the Internet in Russia] {{in lang|ru}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120412214443/http://www.zhurnal.ru/staff/gorny/texts/ru_let/index.html History of the Internet in Russian language] {{in lang|ru}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120605210001/http://www.10ru.ru/ 10-years-celebration of Runet] {{in lang|ru}}

Category:Russian Internet slang

Category:Russian language

Category:Internet in Russia

Category:Internet in Ukraine

Russian-language computing

Category:Natural language and computing

Category:Internet in Belarus

Category:Internet in Kazakhstan

Category:Internet in Kyrgyzstan