Internet in Russia

{{main|History of the Internet in Russia}}

File:VNIIPAS.png signboard filmed in 1988 by Anatole Klyosov]]

Retrospectively, networking of data in the Russian language can be traced to the spread of mail and journalism in Russia, and information transfer by technical means came with the telegraph and radio. An 1837 sci-fi novel The Year 4338: Petersburg Letters, by the 19th-century Russian philosopher Vladimir Odoevsky, contains predictions such as "friends' houses are connected by means of magnetic telegraphs that allow people who live far from each other to talk to each other" and household journals "having replaced regular correspondence" with "information about the hosts’ good or bad health, family news, various thoughts and comments, small inventions, as well as invitations."{{cite web|url=http://www.mosnews.com/feature/2005/10/10/bloggingpredicted.shtml |title=Blogging Predicted by a 19th-century Russian Prince |access-date=2007-09-18 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013083229/http://www.mosnews.com/feature/2005/10/10/bloggingpredicted.shtml |archive-date=October 13, 2005 }} — Mosnews.com, 10.10.2005 (copy at Archive.org).

Computing systems became known in the USSR by the 1950s. Starting from 1952, work was conducted in the Moscow-based Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering (headed by Sergei Lebedev) on automated missile defense system which used a computer network which calculated radar data on test missiles through central machine called M-40 and was interchanging information with smaller remote terminals about 100—200 kilometers distant.{{cite book

|last = Бурцев

|first = Всеволод

|script-title=ru:Московская научная школа академика С.А.Лебедева в развитии вычислительной техники.

|url = http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&page=Book&id=7718&lang=Ru&blang=ru&list=8

|publisher = Информационные технологии и вычислительные системы. 2002-Вып.3

|format = журнал

|location = М.

|year = 2002

|id = 3

|pages = 42–43

|language=ru}} The scientists used several locations in the USSR for their works, the largest was a massive test range to the West from Lake Balkhash known as Sary Shagan. In the meantime amateur radio users all over USSR were conducting P2P connections with their comrades worldwide using data codes. Later, a massive automated data network called Express was launched in 1972 to serve the needs of Russian Railways.

From the early 1980s the All Union Scientific Research Institute for Applied Computerized Systems (VNIIPAS) was working to implement data connections over the X.25 telephone protocol to form the USSR-wide Academset. An official scientific Soviet digital data connection from VNIIPAS to Austria's IIASA existed since 1982,https://www.comnews.ru/content/232523/2024-04-08/2024-w15/1013/set-nachalo in 1982 and 1983 there were a series of world computer conferences at VNIIPAS initiated by the U.N. where the USSR was represented by a team of scientists from many Soviet Republics headed by biochemist Anatoly Klyosov. The other participating countries were the UK, USA, Canada, Sweden, FRG, GDR, Italy, Finland, Philippines, Guatemala, Japan, Thailand, Luxembourg, Denmark, Brazil and New Zealand.{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.pseudology.org/webmaster/Klyesov_Internet.htm Двадцать лет спустя, или как начинался Интернет в Советском Союзе] — expanded [http://ogoniok.com/archive/2001/4720/45-23-25/ article] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925002100/http://www.ogoniok.com/archive/2001/4720/45-23-25/ |date=2013-09-25 }} originally from Ogonyok magazine №45, 2001.

Also, in 1983 the San Francisco Moscow Teleport (SFMT) was started by VNIIPAS and an American team which included Joel Schatz, Michael Kleeman and Chet Watson with initial financial support from Henry Dakin. SFMT provided email service using the PeaceNet platform and multi-language support. It also undertook several slowscan video[https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1986/06/slow-scan-moscow "Slow Scan to Moscow"], Adam Hochschild, Mother Jones, 1 June 1986. links between the two countries, including supporting physicians such as UCLA's Bob Gale in treating patients exposed in the Chernobyl accident. It later founded a for profit phone and data provider SovAm (Soviet-American) Teleport in the later 80s. Meanwhile, on April 1, 1984 a Fool's Day hoax about "Kremlin computer" Kremvax was made in the English-speaking Usenet. There are reports of spontaneous Internet (UUCP and telnet) connections "from home" through X.25 in the USSR in as early as 1988. In 1990 a GlasNet non-profit initiative by the US-based Association for Progressive Communications sponsored Internet usage in several educational projects in the USSR (through Sovam).

Image:Internet i Nauka 15 let puti.JPG on November 10, 2005]]

The development of Internet infrastructure in Russia began with development of analog modem-based computer networks in Soviet cities, primarily in scientific institutions. The first one to connect UNIX email hosts country-wide (including Soviet Republics) was the Relcom organization which formed on August 1, 1990 at the Kurchatov nuclear physics institute in Moscow. They were functioning together with partner programming cooperative Demos, named after the Soviet-made DEMOS Unix-like operating system. In August 1990 they established regular email routing with an Internet node in Helsinki University over a paid voice line. The construction of Academset was also going on at the time with VNIIPAS being its central node which was connected internationally over X.25 since the early 1980s.{{Cite news |last=Markoff |first=John |date=1989-02-19 |title=New Satellite Channel Opens Computer Link to the Soviets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/us/new-satellite-channel-opens-computer-link-to-the-soviets.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite news |last=Markoff |first=John |date=1989-03-25 |title=SOVIET COMPUTING: AN INSIDE VIEW |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/25/business/soviet-computing-an-inside-view.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} FidoNet connections reportedly started in 1990.

In 1990–1991 Relcom's network was rapidly expanding, it joined EUnet, registered .su domain, and was used to spread news about the Soviet coup attempt of 1991 worldwide while coupers through KGB were trying to suppress mass media activity on the subject.{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/about-the-net/Usenet/soviet.coup|title=A Computer Network for Democracy and Development — an August, 1991 report by Larry Press, a computer science professor at California State University|website=ibiblio.org}} After the fall of the USSR many former Soviet state-controlled structures were inherited by the Russian Federation, vast telephone networks among them.[http://www.cookreport.com/russian1.shtml Russian Telecommunications: Crisis Creation of Infrastructure in 1992] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928123037/http://www.cookreport.com/russian1.shtml |date=2007-09-28 }}—1992 study by Gordon Cook, a telecom analyst With the transformation of the economy, market-based telecommunication industries grew quickly, various ISPs appeared.

Meanwhile, the first Russian FidoNet node reportedly started in October 1990 in Novosibirsk, and the USSR was included in FidoNet's Region 50. Russian FidoNet activity did contribute to the development of Runet, as mass-networking over BBSes was for a time more popular than over the Internet in the early 90s.

In March 1991, the National Science Foundation began to allow Eastern Bloc countries to connect to the global TCP/IP network (the "Internet proper").{{cite web|url=http://seclists.org/interesting-people/2009/Dec/30|title=Interesting People: re: A Ridiculous Failure of Critical Infrastructure|first=Dave|last=Farber|website=seclists.org}}

By the mid-1990s, computer networks (where TCP/IP was replacing UUCP) appeared in many branches of regular life and commerce in Post-Soviet states. The Internet became a popular means of communication for anyone in the world who spoke Russian. National so-called Nets of former Soviet Republics began to occur (e.g. Uznet, Kaznet and others). Sovam Teleport provided SWIFT connections for banks in the early 90s.https://www.osp.ru/os/1996/01/178799

In October 2007, then-Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev announced that all of schools in Russia (about 59,000) were connected to the Internet, but later concerns were publicized that there were problems with a contractor to serve them. Also in December 2007, as a follow-up to the noted Ponosov's Case, which dealt with the use of illegal software in Russian schools, plans were announced to officially test Linux in the schools of Perm Krai, Tatarstan and Tomsk Oblast to determine the feasibility of further implementing Linux-based education in the country's other regions.{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.linuxcenter.ru/lib/press/shool-linux-03-12-2007.phtml Школьный Linux будут внедрять все ведущие Linux-компании России] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227052035/https://www.linuxcenter.ru/lib/press/shool-linux-03-12-2007.phtml|date=2009-02-27}} — LinuxCenter.Ru, 03/12/2007 In subsequent years test results were considered successful, but new organizational problems appeared, including obscurities with distribution of funds assigned by state.{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.altlinux.ru/news/archive/2009/06/item/520/ Заявление "Альт Линукс" о внедрении СПО в школах России] — ALT Linux, 15/06/2009 No mass usage of Linux in Russian schools followed, but later in 2nd half of 2010s state-related institutions and corporations began to massively implement Astra Linux instead of Microsoft Windows on the grounds that Windows is not secure and may be used in anti-Russia sanctions.

Since 2009, the website "Gosuslugi" ("state services") is developing that became an online standard for providing electronic state services for Russian citizens. A Russian Federation passport is required to register. Over 100 million users are registered in 2019 (~70% of Russian population).

According to statistics of the European Council, in the second half of 2012 the number of new subscribers connected by technology FTTx (fiber to building) in Russia increased by 2.2 million people, more than all 27 countries of the European Union combined. The total number of households with lets FTTx connection was 7.5 million. This means that in 2012 over 40% of the fixed line broadband users were connected by fiber optics.{{cite web| url =http://www.broadcasting.ru/newstext.php?news_id=96909| title =Николай Никифоров: российская революция в ИКТ состоится за счет покрытия услугами ШПД городов и поселков с населением от 500 человек| work =broadcasting.ru| access-date = 16 November 2013}}

Russia has achieved notable progress in achieving broadband connectivity for its citizens. Mobile broadband connectivity is close to average for advanced economies (60 active subscriptions for every 100 inhabitants), the rates of mobile phone penetration is one of the highest in the world, and Russia is a global leader in the affordability of fixed broadband, with subscriber costs meeting the affordability criteria of the UN International Telecommunication Union meeting more than 90 percent of Russian households. Russia's average Internet connection speed of 7.4 Mbit/s is also almost twice the global average of 3.8 Mbit/s.{{Cite news|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/ict/brief/russias-ambitious-broadband-goal-is-the-progress-sustainable|title=Russia's Ambitious Broadband Goal: Is the Progress Sustainable?|work=World Bank|access-date=2017-10-02|language=en}}

However, Russia still faces challenges in the digital divide in reaching rural and remote areas. Fixed broadband penetration is highest in Moscow and lowest in the Chechen republic. Given Russia's enormous size and diverse levels of development, the digital divide continues to persist.

Image:Medvedev at RIF-2008.jpg opening the RIF in 2008]]

The prominent Public Opinion Foundation FOM (ФОМ) in March 2007 issued a report that found 28 million people of 18 years and older in Russia (25%) had used the Internet within the last six months (monthly users 23.9/21%; daily 10.1/9%).[http://bd.english.fom.ru/report/map/ocherk/eint0701 Project "The Internet in Russia/Russia on the Internet". 18th Release. Winter 2006-2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930230645/http://bd.english.fom.ru/report/map/ocherk/eint0701/#Abs4 |date=2007-09-30 }} — FOM 23.03.2007, Population Poll In November 2006 TNS Gallup Media in a report called by some sources "first quality Internet audience research in Russia" put a monthly Russian audience at more than 15 million.{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.2sun.ru/default.asp?artID=566 Ежемесячная аудитория Рунета — больше 15 миллионов человек] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122103/http://www.2sun.ru/default.asp?artID=566 |date=2007-09-30 }} — TNS Gallup report summary, 24.11.2006 The Rukv.ru monitoring project found 1,001,806 WWW-addresses within .ru and .su responding in March 2008.{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.rukv.ru/runet-2008.html Рунет в марте 2008 года: домены, хостинг, география сайтов] — Rukv.ru, March, 2008 The national domain registration service RU-Center announced creation of millionth .ru domain on September 17, 2007 (about 200 thousand of domains are thought to be 'parked' by squatters).

On April 3, 2008, the RIF-2008 was opened by president-elect of Russia Dmitry Medvedev, who said in the opening address to the forum that he estimates Runet to be populated by 40 million users, or 28 percent of the population. He also stated that Russian sites do $3 billion in annual transactions and have $370 million in advertising revenue.[http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/14/russias-new-leader-fan-of-the-internet/ Russia's New Leader: Fan of the Internet] — The Lede at The New York Times, April 14, 2008

In October 2008 President Medvedev started his own video blog, which in April 2009 was expanded with the separately moderated version in LiveJournal.{{in lang|ru}} [http://blog.kremlin.ru/ Medvedev's video blog blog.kremlin.ru], its exported and separately moderated version for LiveJournal is [http://community.livejournal.com/blog_medvedev/profile blog_medvedev] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503085658/http://community.livejournal.com/blog_medvedev/profile |date=2009-05-03 }}.

In June 2009 FOM issued results of its new survey that found the "half-year audience" of people 18 years old and over was 33%, or 37.5 million.{{in lang|ru}} [http://bd.fom.ru/report/map/bntergum07/intergum0703/pressr_int0309 «Интернет в России». Специальный выпуск. Март 2009] — FOM, 22.06.2009

CIA World Factbook states there were 10.382 million Internet hosts in 2008 and 40.853 million Internet users in 2010 in Russia.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|date=16 May 2023 }}

By March 2011 the total number of broadband subscribers reached 16.5 million with penetration at almost 30%. These numbers increased within two years by 180% against 9 million in 2009. The highest penetration rate above 70% is in Moscow and Saint-Petersburg, these two cities also makes up a quarter of all subscribers (3.2 and 1.2 million respectively).{{cite web |url= http://www.acm-consulting.com/data-downloads/cat_view/16-broadband.html|title=Residential Broadband Statistics|date=23 June 2011|publisher=AC&M-Consulting|access-date=19 July 2011}}

In September 2011, Russia overtook Germany as the European market with the highest number of unique visitors online.{{cite web |url=http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2011/11/comScore_Releases_Overview_of_European_Internet_Usage_in_September_2011 |title=comScore Releases Overview of European Internet Usage in September 2011 |publisher=comScore |date=14 November 2011}}

In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second most used language on the web. According to Daily Telecom estimates, by the third quarter of 2013 there were 26.3 million broadband subscribers. Largest residential Internet service providers by market share at the end of 2013 were: Rostelecom: 38.6%, ER-Telecom: 11.1%, VimpelCom: 10.1%, MTS: 9.4%, TransTelekom: 4.6%, AKADO: 3.3%, Others: 22.9%{{cite web |url=http://www.comnews.ru/node/78043 # ixzz2m97PR5wz|title=Интернет-провайдеры хотят входить без стука|publisher=ComNews|date=30 November 2011}}

Since 2013, the state has employed Internet users in order to spread propaganda and disinformation advocating activities of the Russian government and discrediting opposition and Western countries according to the US paper New York Times.{{cite news|url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/08/29/world/europe/russia-sweden-disinformation.html?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Farticle%2Fcontent%2Frussia%2Fnew-york-times-a-powerful-russian-weapon-the-spread-of-false-stories-421816.html&_r=0|title=A Powerful Russian Weapon: The Spread of False Stories|last=MacFarquhar|first=Neil|date=28 August 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=29 August 2016}} The major organization employing them, "Internet Issledovania" ({{langx|ru|Интернет исследования}}), initially had an office in Olgino, Saint Petersburg, and subsequently moved to a bigger office to Savushkina Street, also in Saint Petersburg. The employees have to be present in the office for 12 hours per day every second day. They are involved in various activities including creating of visibility of mass-support of the government in social media (both in Russian and in English), propagating texts between different media, and collectively attacking users with anti-government views, often using multiple identities. The salary is fixed and is only paid if an employee has written a fixed number of comments per day not shorter than a fixed number of letters. The comments must contain key words, a fixed set for every day. Collectively, they are known as "Kremlin trolls" or "Trolls from Olgino".{{cite news|url=http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/26913247.html|script-title=ru:Безумие кремлевских троллей|last=Волчек|first=Дмитрий|newspaper=Радио Свобода |date=21 March 2015|publisher=Radio Liberty|language=ru|access-date=21 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://globalvoicesonline.org/2014/11/19/fake-ukrainian-news-websites-run-by-russian-troll-army-offshoots/|title=Fake 'Ukrainian' News Websites Run by Russian 'Troll Army' Offshoots|last=Toler|first=Aric|date=19 November 2014|publisher=Global Voices Online|access-date=4 April 2015}} The same organization also hosts a number of websites, including the Kharkov News Agency, which claim to be news agencies operating from Eastern Ukraine or from the Donbas area and providing local news, but in fact have no staff outside the Saint Petersburg office building.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/magazine/the-agency.html?_r=0|title=The Agency|last=Chen|first=Adrian|date=3 June 2015|publisher=The New York Times Magazine|access-date=6 June 2015}}

Image:Russian Internet Forum 2005 E-Russia.JPG on the "Electronic Russia" in 2005.]]

Image:Russia-Denmark 1993-envelope.jpg

Back in the 1990s, Rostelecom was created on the post-Soviet telecom basis and later built international fiber optic cable systems — "Zapadny" (Denmark-Russia), "Yuzhny" (Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia) and "Vostochny" (Russia-Japan-Korea) — as well as "Moscow-Khabarovsk" Trans-Russian Fiber Optic Line. The situation favored Russia's entry to the international telecommunication transit market. However, low transmission capacity (560 megabits per second) of all the three systems designed mainly for voice communication became the principal obstacle that hindered international expansion.

In 2005 the Chelyabinsk-Khabarovsk Fiber-Optic Communication Line was laid-down which extends for 10 thousand kilometers. The minimum transmission rate is 120 Gigabits per second.Fiber-Optic Ridge of Russia, RusBusiness News. 20.05.2010

Plenty of local commercial ISPs function in large cities, but most of the existing country-wide cable lines are held by small number of large operators such as former "monopolist", the state-controlled Rostelecom and the railways-affiliated Transtelecom, which operates country's biggest DWDM fiber backbone. Cell phone coverage with the digital services such as GPRS is almost ubiquitous. In year 2007 the Golden Telecom company has constructed a massive Wi-Fi network in Moscow for commercial use which is recognized as the largest urban wireless network in the world.[http://www.goldenwifi.ru/en/wifi/ What is Golden WiFi?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104005938/http://www.goldenwifi.ru/en/wifi/ |date=2017-11-04 }} — Golden Telecom reference The Black Sea coast of Russia has become an important area for the fiber-optic networks, as it served as a backbone of communication during the Winter Olympic Games in 2014.

In October 2010, mobile operator MegaFon has selected Huawei NE5000E routers to construct backbone nodes for a 40-Gbit/s IP/MPLS network in Russia' s largest cities, including Moscow and St. Petersburg, Huawei says. Meanwhile, Megafon also announced the opening of what it touts as Russia's largest data center in Samara.Russia's MegaFon opens data center, plans IP/MPLS backbone network, October 6, 2010

In 2011 Rostelecom started implementation of WDM-based equipment on the backbone network for data transmission in the Republic of Dagestan. Due to WDM introduction the fiber-optic communication lines bandwidth increased to 2.5 Gbit/s. Rostelecom invested about 48 million rubles in the project.Broadband Russia Newslatter

Until 2011 the backbone network in Russia was based on DWDM technology with a capacity of 10 and 40 Gbit/s. The operator started projects to expand the capacity of the Transit Europe – Asia transit line at two independent branches. Communication lines are under construction within a second phase of the TEA backbone "High Speed Backbone Transit Europe-Asia". The construction of the first branch completed in 2011 (Khabarovsk – Stockholm). The second branch (Khabarovsk – Frankfurt) was completed in 2013. In addition, the expanded backbones are in the route of Khabarovsk – Nakhodka – Tokyo and Khabarovsk – Hong Kong, where equipment of 100G WDM is also applied.[http://www.comnews.ru/sites/.../2012_42_october_broadbandrussia_0.pdfCached Similar Broadband & Satellite Russia Newsletter - ComNews]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Presently, MasterTel, based in Moscow and Saint Petersburg, is an ISP that provides high speed fiber-optic lines of up to 10 Gbit/s per second to consumers and businesses.[http://www.mastertel.ru/en/services/optical.php "Leasing of Dark Fiber"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919145709/http://www.mastertel.ru/en/services/optical.php |date=2018-09-19 }}, Mastertel. Retrieved 18 June 2015.

In 2012, the Russian Federation announced an ambitious target of providing 90% of households with "ultrafast" connection speeds of at least 100 megabits per second by 2018.{{Cite web|url=https://www.telecompaper.com/news/russia-eyes-90-broadband-coverage-in-2018--1212404|title=Russia eyes 90% broadband coverage in 2018|website=www.telecompaper.com|access-date=2017-10-03}}

{{commons}}

{{portal|Internet|Russia}}

• Telecommunications in Russia
• Internet Exchange Points in Russia
• Internet censorship in Russia
• List of sovereign states in Europe by number of Internet users
• Russian Wikipedia
• List of Russian IT developers
• Academset

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