Rusneftegaz

Rusneftegaz was originally founded following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in the period after the privatization of the Russian petroleum industry began in 1994.{{cite book|last1=Sim|first1=Li-Chen|date=2008|title=The Rise and Fall of Privatization in the Russian Oil Industry|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=9781349300976}} Although Rusneftegaz did not participate in the auctions for the assets of formerly state-owned enterprises, by the late 1990s, Rusneftegaz owned a number of oil production licenses. These were acquired by Rusneftegaz via private negotiations with other Russian oil companies, and as a result, Rusneftegaz was cited as potentially having improper financial relationships with influential parties, including with the Russian Orthodox Church.{{cite book|last1=Тимофеев|first1=Лев|date=2000|title=Экономическая деятельность Русской Православной Церкви и ее теневая составляющая|publisher=РГГУ |language=ru|isbn=9785728104537}}

In the years thereafter, Rusneftegaz expanded its commercial interests beyond the oil industry, and in 2004, Rusneftegaz was a financial contributor towards Spetsproektinvest ({{Lang-rus|Спецпроектинвест|t='Special Project Invest'}}), a consortium with Ingosstrakh and Mezhprombank formed to bid to manage Sheremetyevo International Airport.{{Cite web|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/441558|title=Шереметьево теряет кандидатов|website=kommersant.ru|date=19 January 2004 |language=ru|access-date=19 January 2004}} Ultimately, the bid was unsuccessful, and all of Rusneftegaz's investments outside the scope of the energy industry were divested. Rusneftegaz was then reorganized and refounded in 2005 solely as a holding company for the various subsidiaries holding oil extraction licenses it had previously purchased in northern Russia. After this reorganization, Rusneftegaz expanded considerably in terms of petroleum production through the acquisition of further oil licenses. This ultimately culminated in Rusneftegaz purchasing three VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier) oil tankers, with capacity for approximately 300,000 DWT each, for a total of $70.25 million in October 2012.{{cite book|title=Period and Sales Transactions for October 2012|date=12 October 2012|url=https://www.odingroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/10-12_monthly_report.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930004733/https://www.odingroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/10-12_monthly_report.pdf|archive-date=30 September 2022|url-status=dead}}

Rusneftegaz's growth stalled during the mid-2010s after the Russian invasion of the Crimea in 2014. The sanctions implemented by the United States and the European Union in response to the annexation restricted the access of Russian oil companies, including Rusneftegaz, to the modern, technical equipment necessary to increase petroleum extraction rates.{{Cite web|url=https://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=55BD109EAAF35|title=Бегство от антипутинских санкций|website=kasparov.ru|language=ru|access-date=2 August 2015}} Thus, Rusneftegaz’s financial growth slowed, and its annual oil production rates declined after the sanctions came into effect. Therefore, in early 2015, Rusneftegaz undertook another major corporate restructuring and consequently replaced four of the five members of its board of directors with the intention of expanding internationally to pursue further growth.{{Cite web|url=https://ru.rusneftegaz.com/news/new-directors-appointed|title=Назначены Новые Директора|website=rusneftegaz.com|language=ru|access-date=16 February 2015}} As a result, the Russian Minister of Energy Alexander Novak stated in the months thereafter that Rusneftegaz was interested in entering energy markets in North Africa,{{Cite web|url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/articles/2015/08/02/603153-vkrattse|title=Вкратце|website=vedomosti.ru|date=2 August 2015 |language=ru|access-date=2 August 2015}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.themeditelegraph.com/it/markets/oil-and-energy/2015/07/31/news/gazprom-lukoil-e-bashneft-interessati-all-algeria-1.38167800|title=Gazprom, Lukoil e Bashneft interessati all'Algeria|website=themeditelegraph.com|date=31 July 2015 |language=it|access-date=31 July 2015}} including Algeria{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/2156616|title=Новак: "Татнефть" заинтересована в проектах в Алжире|website=tass.ru|language=ru|access-date=31 July 2015}}{{cite tweet|user=MinenergoGov|author-link=Ministry of Energy (Russia)|number=627045793149636608|date=July 31, 2015|access-date=July 31, 2015|title=А.Новак: Заинтересованы в выходе на алжирский рынок @GazpromNeft_Rus, @lukoilrus, РуссНефть, РУСНЕФТЕГАЗ, @BashneftMedia и @interrao @novakav1}} and Egypt.{{Cite web|url=https://www.dp.ru/a/2015/08/26/Gazprom_dogovorilsja_o_p/|title="Газпром" договорился о поставках газа в Египет|website=dp.ru|language=ru|access-date=26 August 2015}}{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/2212799|title="Газпром" и "Египетский газовый холдинг" подписали контракт на поставку СПГ|website=tass.ru|language=ru|access-date=26 August 2015}} At the eleventh session of the Egyptian-Russian Joint Ministerial Committee, the Russian delegation led by Minister of Trade and Industry Denis Manturov requested that the Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum increase its cooperation with Rusneftegaz.{{Cite web|url=https://www.elbalad.news/3321083|title=مصرتدعوروسياللمشاركةفيمناقصاتالبحثوالتنقيبعنالبترولوالغاز|website=elbalad.news|language=ar|access-date=24 May 2018}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.elbalad.news/3321121|title="القاهرة" و"موسكو" تتفقانعلىضخاستثماراتروسيةفيالسوقالمصريةفيمجالاتبنيةالسككالحديديةوالمزارعالسمكيةوالكهرباءوالغازوالبترولوإزالةالمعوقاتالجمركية|website=elbalad.news|language=ar|access-date=24 May 2018}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.albawabhnews.com/3117961|title=مفاوضات "مصرية روسية" لتنفيذ مشروعات للتعدين في رأس فنار وخليج السويس|website=albawabhnews.com|language=ar|access-date=24 May 2018}} The company later also signed agreements to enter the petroleum production and power generation industries in Iran.{{Cite web|url=http://www.our-russia.com/1946252844/ministers-ink-russia-iran-trade-deals-worth-billions/|title=Ministers Ink Russia-Iran Trade Deals Worth Billions|website=our-russia.com|language=en|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503102141/http://www.our-russia.com/1946252844/ministers-ink-russia-iran-trade-deals-worth-billions/|archive-date=3 May 2021|url-status=usurped}}

In November 2015, Rusneftegaz formed part of a delegation led by Novak to Tehran, where it joined the Iranian-Russian Joint Economic Commission with seven other Russian oil and gas companies, including Rosneft and Gazprom.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ict.gov.ir/en/news/15598/Session-of-Iran-Russia-Joint-Economic-Commission-New-Economic-Development-Era-Increased-Trade|title=Session of Iran-Russia Joint Economic Commission: New Economic Development Era, Increased Trade|website=gov.ir|language=en|access-date=8 November 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220824211959/https://www.ict.gov.ir/en/news/15598/Session-of-Iran-Russia-Joint-Economic-Commission-New-Economic-Development-Era-Increased-Trade|archive-date=24 August 2022|url-status=dead}} The commission established a joint Iranian-Russian bank to facilitate investment in energy infrastructure projects in Iran.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ict.gov.ir/en/news/15640/Russian-Energy-Minister-Reports-of-Joint-Bank-with-Iran/|title=Russian Energy Minister Reports of Joint Bank with Iran|website=gov.ir|language=en|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824211951/https://www.ict.gov.ir/en/news/15640/Russian-Energy-Minister-Reports-of-Joint-Bank-with-Iran/|archive-date=24 August 2022|url-status=dead}} As an additional component of the company’s international expansion, Rusneftegaz also opened its first international commodities trading office in New York in 2019, becoming the first Russian oil company to establish such an operation outside Europe.{{Cite web|url=https://ru.rusneftegaz.com/news/first-international-office-opens|title=Открытие Первого Международного Офиса|website=rusneftegaz.com|language=ru|access-date=30 September 2019}} However, the following year, Rusneftegaz was significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting decline in global oil prices, ultimately reporting considerably reduced financial results for 2020. Since then, Rusneftegaz has been noted for its lack of diversity initiatives compared to other companies operating in the Eastern European oil and gas industry.{{cite journal|last1=Hilger|first1=Andreas|last2=Velinov|first2=Emil|last3=Özbilgin|first3=Mustafa|date=25 October 2023|title=Against All Odds: How the Institutional Context Shapes Diversity Management in the Central and Eastern European Oil and Gas Industry|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EDI-11-2022-0308/full/html|journal=Equality, Diversity and Inclusion|publisher=Emerald|volume=42|issue=8|pages=1141–1159 |doi=10.1108/EDI-11-2022-0308 |issn=2040-7149}}

Rusneftegaz has previously been involved in geological research projects and is currently conducting studies to develop commercially viable hydrogen production using catalytic reforming.

{{cite web |url=https://www.dggv.de/produkt/sdgg-45-sediment-2006/ |website= dggv |title= "Sediment 2006: Abstracts and Field Trips" |language=de |access-date=3 July 2024}}

As of 2021, Rusneftegaz operates as a non-vertically integrated oil company in the Timan-Pechora Basin of Western Siberia. According to a survey by DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Rusneftegaz currently possesses proven and probable petroleum reserves of 128 million barrels via 26 oil fields in the south-east of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the east of the Komi Republic. The majority of Rusneftegaz’s current oil licenses were acquired through its largest subsidiary between 2005 and 2017 from Vitol and Gazprom Neft. During the same timeframe, Rusneftegaz also recruited a significant proportion of its directors and senior managers almost exclusively from the latter company. Rusneftegaz also controls 1,860 MW of electrical generating capacity via three 600 MW coal-fired power stations in Vologda Oblast, supplying 10.8 TWh of electricity for commercial use in 2023. Currently, Rusneftegaz does not control any oil refineries either in Russia or internationally, nor does it conduct any business in the downstream petroleum sector.

Rusneftegaz has been prosecuted for a number of environmental offenses, including in May 2015 when the company received a record fine for excessive gas flaring occurring between 2013 and 2014, with the Environmental Prosecutor’s Office commenting “For a long time, instead of using the petroleum gases efficiently the company was flaring it, causing a significant increase in pollutants and emissions in the air.” Rusneftegaz continues to maintain a poor environmental record, having paid $343k in 2019 and a further $288k in 2020 for penalties and fines incurred for causing excessive pollution.{{cite book|title=2019 Rusneftegaz Consolidated Financial Statements|date=7 April 2020|url=https://www.rusneftegaz.com/uploads/1/2/2/8/122831954/2019_rusneftegaz_financial_statements.pdf}} At present, Rusneftegaz is undertaking research into developing commercially-viable hydrogen production using catalytic reformation, and makes contributions to geological research projects based in Russia.{{cite journal|last1=von Eynatten|first1=Hilmar|year=2006|title=Sediment 2006: Abstracts and Field Trips|url=https://www.dggv.de/produkt/sdgg-45-sediment-2006/|journal=SDGG|publisher=Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft – Geologische Vereinigung|issue=45|isbn=3932537416}}

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