SS Choctaw

In 1843, the gunship USS Michigan, built in Erie, Pennsylvania, became the first iron-hulled vessel built on the Great Lakes.{{sfnp|Bugbee|1962a|p=24}} In the mid-1840s, Canadian companies began importing iron vessels prefabricated by shipyards in the United Kingdom. However, it would not be until 1862 that the first iron-hulled merchant ship, Merchant, was built on the Great Lakes.{{sfnp|Bugbee|1962a|p=24}} Despite the success of Merchant, wooden vessels remained preferable to iron ones until the 1880s, due to their inexpensiveness, and the abundance of timber.{{sfnp|Bugbee|1962a|p=26}}{{sfnp|Bowlus|2010|p=85}}{{sfnp|Thompson|1994|p=32}} In the early 1880s, shipyards around the Great Lakes began to construct iron ships on a relatively large scale; in 1882, Onoko, an iron freighter, temporarily became the largest ship on the lakes.{{sfnp|Thompson|1994|p=32}}{{sfnp|Bugbee|1962b|p=48}} In 1884, the first steel freighters were built on the Great Lakes, and by the 1890s, the majority of ships constructed on the lakes were made of steel.{{sfnp|Bugbee|1962b|p=49}}{{sfnp|Bugbee|1962b|p=51}}

Throughout the 1880s, the iron ore trade on the Great Lakes grew exponentially, primarily due to the increasing size of the lake freighters, and the rise in the number of trips made by ore boats to the ore docks of Lake Superior.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=16}} As the railways were unable to keep up with the rapid production of iron ore (which was normally destined for foundries in Ohio and Pennsylvania), most of it was transported by bulk freighters.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=16}} The quantity of iron ore mined from around Lake Superior rose from around {{convert|3500000|LT|t|0|lk=on}} in 1886, to over {{convert|9000000|LT|t|0}} in 1890.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=43}}

Named after the Choctaw Indian tribe from the southern United States, Choctaw was built in 1892, on the banks of the Cuyahoga River by the Cleveland Shipbuilding Company for the Lake Superior Iron Company of Ishpeming, Michigan.{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010b}}{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2020}}{{sfn|Greenwood|1998|p=8}} Her hull was {{convert|266.9|ft|m}} in length with a {{convert|38.1|ft|m|adj=on}} beam,{{sfn|Devendorf|1996|page=80}} and had a {{convert|17.9|ft|m|adj=mid|-deep}} hold and water bottom. She had a gross register tonnage of 1573.61 tons and a net register tonnage of 1256.28 tons.{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010b}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2020}}

File:Semi-whaleback cross section.jpg of Choctaw]]

The vessel had a cutaway stern and seven cargo hatches, and there were no interior bulkheads between the forward collision bulkhead and the engine bulkhead in her stern. Choctaw could carry {{convert|2800|ST|MT}} of cargo; when she was fully loaded, she had a {{convert|16|ft|m|adj=on}} draught.{{cite news|title=Lake Marine News|work=The Plain Dealer|date=April 1, 1892|page=4}} She was powered by a {{convert|900|hp|lk=on|abbr=on}} triple expansion steam engine, steam for which was provided by two coal-fired Scotch marine boilers.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2020}}{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=7}}{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2017b}}

Designed by Swedish naval architect Arendt Ångström,{{sfnp|The Marine Review|1893|p=8}} Choctaw had an unusual design. She was a steel freighter similar to the iconic whaleback design invented by Captain Alexander McDougall, but unlike a whaleback, she had straight sides and a conventional bow.{{sfn|Vanderlinden|Bascom|1994|pages=25–26}} This combination meant from the waterline upward, her sides sloped inward in a "tumblehome" configuration. Ships with this hybrid design were known as "monitors", "semi-whalebacks" or "straight-backs", and like the true whalebacks, they were vulnerable to getting a wet deck in stormy conditions.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2020}}{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=5}}{{sfn|Boyer|1989|pages=59–79}} Choctaw was one of only three semi-whaleback ships ever built; she had an identical sister ship named Andaste and a "near-sister" ship named Yuma.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2020}}{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=7}}{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2017b}}{{efn-la|Even though Andaste is considered to be Choctaw{{'s}} only truly identical sister ship, Yuma looked similar and fell into the same monitor category as the other two. Yuma sailed from her construction in 1893, was renamed Cohasset, and sank in 1948 in Chesapeake Bay.{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010b}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010a}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010c}}|group=Note}}

File:Choctaw after the collision with L.C. Waldo.jpg

Choctaw was launched on May 25, 1892, as hull number 17{{sfnp|Swayze|2001}} and entered service later in 1892, with the official number 126874.{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010b}} Her regular route was between Detroit, Escanaba, Marquette (all in Michigan), and Cleveland, Ohio.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|pp=4–5}} She carried iron ore while downbound from Escanaba and Marquette for foundries in Detroit and Cleveland, and carried coal upbound, which fueled the mining equipment.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|pp=4–5}} Choctaw made her maiden voyage to Marquette in June 1892.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2020}} In 1894, she was sold to the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company.{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010b}}

When Choctaw was travelling on Lake St. Clair on April 19, 1893, one of her cylinder heads exploded, scalding two firemen to death, and severely injuring another.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2020}}{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=7}}{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2017b}} On May 20, 1896, Choctaw collided with the larger steel freighter L.C. Waldo, which tore a {{convert|10|ft|m|adj=on}} hole in Choctaw{{'s}} starboard side; she sank onto a shoal at the Soo Locks.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2020}} On June 1, 1896, temporary repairs were made to Choctaw in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, before she sailed to Cleveland, Ohio.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2020}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes|1896a}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes|1896b}}

At around 12:00 p.m. (EST) on May 26, 1900, Choctaw ran aground near Pointe aux Pins on Lake Superior, near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes|1900}} On April 26, 1902, Choctaw struck a rock or hit the bottom after being lifted by waves near Marquette, and partially sank after reaching the shelter of Marquette Harbour.{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2017b}}{{sfnp|Steamboat–Inspection Service|1903|p=69}}

Choctaw was in Marquette Harbour on November 9, 1913, during that year's Great Lakes Storm when her Captain Charles A. Fox saw the {{convert|545|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} steel freighter Henry B. Smith leave the shelter of the harbour. This was the last time Henry B. Smith was seen afloat; she was one of the twelve ships that were lost during the storm.{{sfn|Thompson|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tog_ll_MYrkC&pg=PA353 353]}}

File:Wahcondah.jpg

On July 11, 1915, the weather conditions on Lake Huron were very foggy.{{sfnp|Adkins|2017}} Choctaw, under the command of Captain Fox, was upbound from Cleveland for Marquette with a cargo of coal.{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2017b}}{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=8}} At around 4:30 a.m. (EST), the Canadian canaller Wahcondah, which was downbound with a cargo of wheat from Fort William, Ontario to Montreal,{{sfnp|Toronto Marine Historical Society|1980}} sighted Choctaw.{{sfnp|The Buffalo Enquirer|1915|p=3}}{{sfnp|The Times Herald|1915|p=1}} The captain of Wahcondah ordered the engines of his ship to be reversed but this did not stop Wahcondah from slicing into the port side of Choctaw between her first and second cargo hatches.{{sfnp|The Buffalo Enquirer|1915|p=3}} After the collision, the captain of Wahcondah lost sight of Choctaw.{{sfnp|The Times Herald|1915|p=1}} The crew of Wahcondah relocated Choctaw after sighting her tall funnel through the heavy fog. Eventually, Captain Fox ordered Choctaw{{'s}} lifeboats to be lowered but the vessel sank so quickly some of her crew could not make it to her lifeboats in time and had to jump overboard.{{sfnp|The Sheboygan Press|1915|p=1}}{{sfnp|Waukegan News-Sun|1915|p=5}}{{sfnp|The Dispatch|1915|p=1}}{{sfnp|South Bend News-Times|1915}} The crew of Choctaw reached Wahcondah in their own lifeboats.{{sfnp|Demers|1915|p=1}} Although Choctaw sank in only 17 minutes, her entire crew of 22 escaped.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2020}}{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2017b}}{{sfnp|Escanaba Morning Press|1915|p=1}}{{efn-la|Although there were no deaths in Choctaw's sinking, the crew were originally reported as drowned.{{sfnp|The Tulsa Democrat|1915|p=1}}|group=Note}} Despite her bow sustaining significant damage, Wahcondah stayed afloat and took the crew of Choctaw to Sarnia, Ontario.{{sfnp|Detroit Free Press|1915|p=13}}{{sfnp|Waukegan News-Sun|1915|p=5}}{{sfnp|The Bridgeport Evening Farmer|1915}} The approximate location of Choctaw{{'s}} sinking was given as {{convert|5-6|mi|km|spell=in}} east of Presque Isle Light.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=10}} According to Fox:

We did not see the Wahcondah until she was within {{convert|10|ft|m|spell=in|disp=sqbr}} of us. She caught us on the port side and struck beams or else she would have cut us in two. We put off in the lifeboats as quickly as possible after we knew the ship could not float. The Choctaw listed to port and began to go down at the head. Then she righted and began to list to the starboard. As she shifted to starboard her stern rose out of the water and she rolled over, going down bottom side up. We were in the yawl boats about {{convert|400|ft|m|disp=sqbr}} away when she rolled. It sounded as if a million dishes and hundreds of sticks were being broken as the ship rolled over.{{sfnp|The Buffalo Commercial|1915a|p=9}}

The day after she sank, Captain Nelson Brown of the steamer James H. Reed spotted Choctaw{{'s}} upper cabins floating off Presque Isle, Michigan, and was able to read the ship's name as he approached them.{{sfnp|The Times Herald|1915|p=1}}{{sfnp|Detroit Free Press|1915|p=13}}{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=12}} Nine days after Choctaw sank, {{convert|40|ft|m}} of her cabin and several timbers were discovered {{convert|1|mi|km|spell=in}} north of Middle Island by the coast guard, and a lighthouse keeper.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=12}}{{sfnp|The Buffalo Commercial|1915b}}{{sfnp|St. Joseph Daily Press|1915|p=5}}

After Choctaw sank, Cleveland-Cliffs libeled Wahcondah, alleging that she was travelling at an excessive speed for the conditions, and should be held responsible for the collision.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=9}} Choctaw{{'}}s crew corroborated her owner's claims.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=9}} Captain Cornelius Dineen accepted the accusation against his vessel, but claimed that Choctaw was also running at full speed, did not maintain a lookout, and accepted Wahcondah{{'}}s passing signal instead of sounding her alarm and reversing.{{sfnp|Toronto Marine Historical Society|1980}}{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=9}} An examination of Choctaw{{'}}s logbook revealed that despite the fog, she had travelled at full speed throughout the entire year, including at the time of the collision.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=9}} The judge presiding over the case ruled that Choctaw and Wahcondah were both at fault.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=9}} Cleveland-Cliffs appealed the decision, claiming that the judge had no right to disregard the testimony of Choctaw{{'}}s crew based on the logbook details, and argued that not checking a vessel's speed in fog was not a punishable offence.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=9}} They further argued that the lookout was not needed at the Choctaw{{'}}s bow because of the monitor ship's high-visibility design, and that even a properly positioned lookout would have had difficulty communicating with the helmsman {{convert|200|ft|m|1}} feet away.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=9}} The court did not accept this argument, stating that:

His absence from the ordinary and proper location at the bow cannot be justified for these reasons. We find no evidence of such custom; nor is the ship’s type a sufficient excuse. The sea was smooth, and there would have been no difficulty in standing on the bow turret, and that location, seemingly, would not have been beyond calling distance for making reports.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=9}}

The court eventually determined that:

There is fair probability that they might have avoided this mistake. This view leads to the conclusion that the Choctaw should be condemned for the lack of lookout, and that the damages should be divided.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=9}}

Choctaw was insured for $80,200 (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{inflation|US-GDP|80200|1915}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}), while her cargo was valued at $80,000 (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{inflation|US-GDP|80000|1915}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}).{{inflation-fn|US-GDP|name-list-style=amp}}{{sfnp|The Buffalo Commercial|1915a|p=9}}

{{Infobox NRHP

| embed = no

| name = Choctaw (shipwreck)

| image =

| caption =

| nrhp_type =

| coordinates = {{coord|45.534272|-83.509266|format=dms|display=inline,title}}

| locmapin = Michigan#USA

| added = December 10, 2018

| area =

| refnum = 100003214{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a}}{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018b}}

}}

Choctaw was a highly sought-after shipwreck due to her unique design. Several unsuccessful attempts to locate the ship were made; several of them resulted in the discovery of one or more other wrecks.{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2017b}}{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2011b}} Shipwreck hunter Stan Stock conducted an independent search for Choctaw in 2003; he located the wreck of the schooner Kyle Spangler but failed to find Choctaw.{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2017b}}{{sfnp|Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary|2021}} Shipwreck hunters from the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary collaborated with Stock in 2008 to map the wreck of Kyle Spangler. In August 2008, they partnered with the University of Rhode Island but rather than finding Choctaw, they located the wreck of the passenger steamer Messenger.{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2017b}}

In 2011, a group consisting of expert shipwreck hunters and high school students tried to locate Choctaw. Their search effort was charted in a documentary named "Project Shiphunt". Although they failed to locate Choctaw, they found the wrecks of the steel hulled freighter Etruria, which sank on the lake after a collision with the steamer Amasa Stone,{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2011a}} and the schooner M.F. Merrick, which sank in 1889 after a collision with the steamer Rufus P. Ranney.{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2011b}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021a}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021b}}

File:Choctaw sonar image.jpg image of Choctaw]]

Between April and July 2017, Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary collaborated with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Ocean Exploration and Research to test new equipment including unmanned aircraft systems and autonomous underwater vehicles that were designed to search for missing shipwrecks.{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2017a}} On May 23, 2017, researchers from Thunder Bay Marine Sanctuary discovered two shipwrecks in the deep waters of Lake Huron,{{sfnp|Friends of the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary|2017}}{{sfnp|Ainsworth|2017}} off the coast of Presque Isle.{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2017a}}{{sfnp|Karoub|2017}} The researchers carried out several investigations between June and August; these investigations confirmed the identities of Choctaw and the early wooden-hulled freighter Ohio.{{sfnp|Karoub|2017}}{{sfnp|Association for Great Lakes Maritime History|2018}}{{sfnp|Tuninson|2017}} Both wrecks are in a place known as "Shipwreck Alley", which is a {{convert|448|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} area of the Lake Huron shoreline that holds an estimated 200 shipwrecks. The US federal government named the area the nation's first National Freshwater Marine Sanctuary in 2000.{{sfnp|The Toronto Sun|2017}}{{sfnp|National Public Radio|2017}}

Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary did not announce their discovery until September 1, 2017, leading avocational shipwreck hunters to continue the search for Choctaw.{{sfnp|Bleck|2017}} On August 13, 2017, independent researcher Dan Fountain found Choctaw using a modified fishfinder. On August 20, he returned to the site with veteran shipwreck hunters Ken Merryman and Jerry Eliason to survey the wreck with Eliason's homemade high definition drop video system, positively identifying the wreck as Choctaw.{{sfnp|Bleck|2017}}

File:Choctaw propeller.jpg

The remains of Choctaw rest under {{convert|300|ft|m}} of cold, fresh water.{{sfnp|Adkins|2017}} The wreck rests on her starboard side, nearly upside down, with the exposed section of her hull rising at an angle from the lake bottom. The upper level of her stern cabins broke away when she sank, leaving only the weather deck level cabins intact. The wreckage of her pilothouse lies beside her hull.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=12}} The entire bow, including the section between the first and the second hatch where the collision occurred, is completely buried and only the last three of her seven cargo hatches remain exposed.{{sfnp|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|2017b}} There is a sizeable debris field surrounding her wreck, with most of the visible artefacts located near her stern.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|p=12}}

The wreck of Choctaw was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 10, 2018, for its state-level significance in engineering and maritime history.{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018b}}{{sfnp|National Park Service|2018a|pp=13–21}}

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{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

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• {{cite web |last = Bugbee |first = Gordon P. |year = 1962a |title = Iron Merchant Ships: An Upper Lakes Centennial – Part One |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/images/MHGL0001219491T.PDF |access-date = February 21, 2021 |publisher = Great Lakes Maritime Institute |location = Detroit, Michigan |archive-date = July 13, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210713230005/https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/images/MHGL0001219491T.PDF |url-status = live }}
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• {{cite web |author = |year = 2010 |title = Choctaw |url = https://greatlakes.bgsu.edu/item/436779 |ref = CITEREFBowling_Green_State_University2010b |access-date = March 4, 2018 |publisher = Bowling Green State University |location = Bowling Green, Ohio |archive-date = January 8, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210108080449/https://greatlakes.bgsu.edu/item/436779 |url-status = live }}
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• {{cite web |author = |year = 1896 |title = Choctaw (Propeller), U126874, sunk by collision, 20 May 1896 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/details.asp?ID=59234&n=3 |ref = CITEREFMaritime_History_of_the_Great_Lakes1896a |access-date = March 23, 2018 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada |archive-date = January 8, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210108070810/https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/details.asp?ID=59234&n=3 |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 1900 |title = Choctaw (Propeller), U126874, aground, 26 May 1900 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/details.asp?ID=56672&n=7 |ref = CITEREFMaritime_History_of_the_Great_Lakes1900 |access-date = March 23, 2018 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada |archive-date = January 8, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210108070842/https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/details.asp?ID=56672&n=7 |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 2018 |title = Choctaw Shipwreck Site National Register of Historic Places Registration Form |url = https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mshda/mshda_shpo_20180824_nrhp_choctaw_shipwreck_630928_7.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190101002810/https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mshda/mshda_shpo_20180824_nrhp_choctaw_shipwreck_630928_7.pdf |ref = CITEREFNational_Park_Service2018a |access-date = December 31, 2018 |archive-date = January 1, 2019 |publisher = National Park Service |location = Washington D.C. }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 1915 |title = Crew of Choctaw Is Safe |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89589159/sinking-of-choctaw/ |ref = CITEREFThe_Sheboygan_Press1915 |access-date = November 27, 2021 |publisher = The Sheboygan Press |via = Newspapers.com |location = Sheboygan, Wisconsin |archive-date = November 26, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126215914/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89589159/sinking-of-choctaw/ |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 1915 |title = Crew of Choctaw Landed Safely After Ship Sinks |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89589253/sinking-of-choctaw/ |ref = CITEREFDetroit_Free_Press1915 |access-date = November 27, 2021 |publisher = Detroit Free Press |via = Newspapers.com |location = Detroit, Michigan |archive-date = November 26, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126215908/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89589253/sinking-of-choctaw/ |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 1915 |title = Cool Nerve Saved Many |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18738355/escanaba-morning-press/ |ref = CITEREFEscanaba_Morning_Press1915 |access-date = November 27, 2021 |publisher = Escanaba Morning Press |via = Newspapers.com |location = Escanaba, Michigan |archive-date = November 27, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211127154332/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18738355/escanaba-morning-press/ |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |last = Demers |first = L.A. |year = 1915 |title = Wreck Report For the Choctaw and the Wahcondah, 1915 |url = https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/SOTON_Documents/Plimsoll/21249.pdf |access-date = March 5, 2018 |publisher = Board of Trade |location = London|archive-date = April 28, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180428011729/https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/SOTON_Documents/Plimsoll/21249.pdf |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 1915 |title = Details of the Collision of the Steamers Choctaw and Wahcondah |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18738407/the-buffalo-commercial/ |ref = CITEREFThe_Buffalo_Commercial1915a |access-date = November 27, 2021 |publisher = The Buffalo Commercial |via = Newspapers.com |location = Buffalo, New York |archive-date = November 26, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126215910/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18738407/the-buffalo-commercial/ |url-status = live }}
• {{cite book |last = Devendorf |first = John F.|title = Great Lakes Bulk Carriers, 1869–1985 |location = Niles, Michigan |publisher = J.F. Devendorf |date = 1996 |isbn = 978-1-889043-03-6}}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 2011 |title = Etruria |url = https://thunderbay.noaa.gov/shipwrecks/etruria.html |ref = CITEREFNational_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration2011a |access-date = May 11, 2018 |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |location = Washington D.C. |archive-date = May 12, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112428/https://thunderbay.noaa.gov/shipwrecks/etruria.html |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 2017 |title = Finding History: The Discovery of Two Lost Shipwrecks in Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary |url = https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/nov17/finding-history-two-lost-wrecks-discovered-in-thunder-bay-national-marine-sanctuary.html |ref = CITEREFNational_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration2017a |access-date = March 4, 2018 |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |location = Washington D.C. |archive-date = March 24, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324041327/https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/nov17/finding-history-two-lost-wrecks-discovered-in-thunder-bay-national-marine-sanctuary.html |url-status = live }}
• {{cite book |last = Greenwood |first = John Orville |title = The fleets of Cleveland-Cliffs, Detroit and Cleveland Navigation, Traverse City Transportation and the Hawgood Family |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HrbhAAAAMAAJ |year= 1998 |publisher = Freshwater Press |isbn = 978-0-912514-57-4 |quote = The Choctaw was named for the Choctaw Indian tribe of the southern United States. |location = Grand Rapids, Michigan |access-date = March 25, 2018 |archive-date = January 26, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220126211002/https://books.google.com/books?id=HrbhAAAAMAAJ |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 2017 |title = In Lake Huron, Underwater Treasures and a Marine Sanctuary Boost Tourism Industry |url = https://choice.npr.org/index.html?origin=https://www.npr.org/2016/07/26/487522863/in-lake-huron-underwater-treasures-and-a-marine-sanctuary-boost-tourism-industry |ref = CITEREFNational_Public_Radio2017 |access-date = May 1, 2018 |publisher = National Public Radio |location = Washington D.C. |archive-date = January 7, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210107001733/https://choice.npr.org/index.html?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F07%2F26%2F487522863%2Fin-lake-huron-underwater-treasures-and-a-marine-sanctuary-boost-tourism-industry |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |last = Karoub |first = Jeff |year = 2017 |title = Two Century-old Shipwrecks Discovered in Lake Huron |url = https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2017/09/01/two-century-old-shipwrecks-discovered-lake-huron/105199290/ |access-date = March 23, 2018 |publisher = The Detroit News |location = Detroit, Michigan |archive-date = November 11, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201111200403/https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2017/09/01/two-century-old-shipwrecks-discovered-lake-huron/105199290/ |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 2021 |title = Kyle Spangler |url = https://thunderbay.noaa.gov/shipwrecks/kyle_spangler.html |ref = CITEREFThunder_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary2021 |access-date = December 18, 2021 |publisher = Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary |location = Alpena, Michigan |archive-date = September 9, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210909162316/https://thunderbay.noaa.gov/shipwrecks/kyle_spangler.html |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 1896 |title = L.C. Waldo (Propeller), U141421, collision, 20 May 1896 |url = http://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/59235/data?n=12 |ref = CITEREFMaritime_History_of_the_Great_Lakes1896b |access-date = March 23, 2018 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada |archive-date = March 24, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324101711/http://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/59235/data?n=12 |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 2021 |title = Merrick, M.F. (1863, Schooner) |url = https://greatlakeships.org/2896889/data?n=2 |ref = CITEREFAlpena_County_George_N._Fletcher_Public_Library2021a |access-date = December 18, 2021 |publisher = Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library |location = Alpena, Michigan |archive-date = December 18, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211218135331/https://greatlakeships.org/2896889/data?n=2 |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 2018 |title = National Resister of Historic Places: Weekly List 20181210 |url = https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2018-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf |ref = CITEREFNational_Park_Service2018b |access-date = December 19, 2018 |publisher = National Park Service |location = Washington D.C. |archive-date = December 19, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181219182325/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list-20181214.htm |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 1915 |title = Pick Up Wreckage of Lost Steamer |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18738317/st-joseph-daily-press/ |ref = CITEREFSt._Joseph_Daily_Press1915 |access-date = November 27, 2021 |publisher = St. Joseph Daily Press |via = Newspapers.com |location = St. Joseph, Michigan |archive-date = November 27, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211127154332/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18738317/st-joseph-daily-press/ |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 2011 |title = Project Shiphunt |url = https://thunderbay.noaa.gov/shiphunt.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110812020840/https://thunderbay.noaa.gov/shiphunt.html |ref = CITEREFNational_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration2011b |access-date = March 11, 2018 |archive-date = August 12, 2011 |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |location = Washington D.C. }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 2021 |title = Ranney, Rufis P. (1881, Bulk Freighter) |url = https://greatlakeships.org/2897671/data?n=2 |ref = CITEREFAlpena_County_George_N._Fletcher_Public_Library2021b |access-date = December 18, 2021 |publisher = Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library |location = Alpena, Michigan |archive-date = December 18, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211218135331/https://greatlakeships.org/2897671/data?n=2 |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 1915 |title = Saves Wrecked Crew-Choctaw Goes Down Before Men Can Launch Lifeboats |url = https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87055779/1915-07-14/ed-1/seq-16/#date1=1789&index=0&rows=20&words=Choctaw+sink&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=Choctaw+sinks&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |ref = CITEREFSouth_Bend_News-Times1915 |access-date = March 5, 2018 |publisher = South Bend News-Times |via = Library of Congress |location = South Bend, Indiana |archive-date = May 2, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180502064110/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87055779/1915-07-14/ed-1/seq-16/#date1=1789&index=0&rows=20&words=Choctaw+sink&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=Choctaw+sinks&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 1893 |title = Scientific Men in Lake Ship Yards |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/123999/page/8?q=arendt+AND+angstrom+AND+choctaw&docid=MHGL.123999 |ref = CITEREFThe_Marine_Review1893 |access-date = March 11, 2021 |publisher = The Marine Review |location = Cleveland, Ohio |archive-date = February 16, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220216034450/https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/123999/page/8?q=arendt+AND+angstrom+AND+choctaw&docid=MHGL.123999 |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 1980 |title = Ship of the Month No. 96 Wahcondah |url = https://www.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca//documents/scanner/13/02/default.asp?ID=s006 |ref = CITEREFToronto_Marine_Historical_Society1980 |access-date = March 5, 2018 |publisher = Toronto Marine Historical Society |location = Toronto, Ontario |archive-date = March 18, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160318150420/http://www.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/documents/scanner/13/02/default.asp?ID=s006 |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = Steamboat–Inspection Service |year = 1903 |title = Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector-general Steamboat-inspection Service, Year ending June 30, 1903 |url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hb1k9g&view=1up&seq=73 |via = HathiTrust |access-date = May 7, 2020 |publisher = Government Printing Office |location = Washington D.C. |archive-date = January 24, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210124094242/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hb1k9g&view=1up&seq=73 |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 1915 |title = Steamer Sinks After Collision, Crew Reaches Port |url = https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022472/1915-07-13/ed-1/seq-6/#date1=1789&index=6&rows=20&words=Choctaw+sinking&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=Choctaw+sinks&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |ref = CITEREFThe_Bridgeport_Evening_Farmer1915 |access-date = January 12, 2019 |publisher = The Bridgeport Evening Farmer |via = Library of Congress |location = Bridgeport, Connecticut |archive-date = April 6, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190406040242/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022472/1915-07-13/ed-1/seq-6/#date1=1789&index=6&rows=20&words=Choctaw+sinking&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=Choctaw+sinks&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 1915 |title = Str. Choctaw Is Sent to the Bottom in a Dense Fog |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89589082/sinking-of-choctaw/ |ref = CITEREFThe_Times_Herald1915 |access-date = November 27, 2021 |publisher = The Times Herald |via = Newspapers.com |location = Port Huron, Michigan |archive-date = November 26, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126215258/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89589082/sinking-of-choctaw/ |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |last = Swayze |first = David D. |year = 2001 |title = Great Lakes Shipwrecks – C |url = http://www.boatnerd.com:80/swayze/shipwreck/c.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020615031525/http://www.boatnerd.com/swayze/shipwreck/s.htm |access-date = January 6, 2021 |archive-date = June 15, 2002 |publisher = Boatnerd |location = Port Huron, Michigan }}
• {{cite book |last1 = Thompson |first1 = Mark L. |title = Graveyard of the Lakes |series = Great Lakes Books Series |location = Detroit |publisher = Wayne State University Press |year=2004 |isbn = 978-0-814332-26-9 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Tog_ll_MYrkC&pg=PA353 |access-date = January 7, 2021 |archive-date = January 9, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210109130114/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tog_ll_MYrkC&pg=PA353 |url-status = live }}
• {{cite book |last = Thompson |first = Mark L. |year = 1994 |title = Queen of the Lakes |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=irtD2o_uQ88C&q=merchant |access-date = February 24, 2021 |publisher = Wayne State University Press |location = Detroit, Michigan |isbn = 0-8143-2393-6 |archive-date = August 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210814130259/https://books.google.com/books?id=irtD2o_uQ88C&q=merchant |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 2017 |title = Two Historic Great Lakes Shipwrecks Discovered in Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary |url = https://thunderbayfriends.org/index.php/2017/09/01/superintendents-statement/ |ref = CITEREFFriends_of_the_Thunder_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary2017 |access-date = January 12, 2019 |publisher = Friends of the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary |location = Alpena, Michigan |archive-date = January 13, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190113003842/http://thunderbayfriends.org/index.php/2017/09/01/superintendents-statement/ |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 2017 |title = Two Historic Shipwrecks Discovered in Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary |url = http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/17thunderbay/summaries/final/final.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181221121121/http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/17thunderbay/summaries/final/final.html |ref = CITEREFNational_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration2017b |access-date = March 4, 2018 |archive-date = December 21, 2018 |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |location = Washington D.C. |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 2017 |title = Two Century-old Shipwrecks Found in Lake Huron |url = https://torontosun.com/2017/09/02/two-century-old-shipwrecks-found-in-lake-huron/wcm/aedebec8-f087-4671-8a0b-994dda969cac |ref = CITEREFThe_Toronto_Sun2017 |access-date = March 25, 2018 |publisher = The Toronto Sun |location = Toronto, Ontario |archive-date = February 16, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220216034448/https://torontosun.com/2017/09/02/two-century-old-shipwrecks-found-in-lake-huron/wcm/aedebec8-f087-4671-8a0b-994dda969cac |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |last = Tuninson |first = John |year = 2017 |title = Two Century-old Steamer Shipwrecks Discovered in Lake Huron |url = https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/2017/09/two_century-old_steamer_shipwr.html |access-date = May 1, 2018 |publisher = Mlive |location = Grand Rapids Michigan |archive-date = January 9, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210109075338/https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/2017/09/two_century-old_steamer_shipwr.html |url-status = live }}
• {{cite book |last1 = Vanderlinden |first1 = Peter J. |last2 = Bascom |first2 = John H. |title = Great Lakes Ships We Remember |volume = 1 |location = Cleveland |publisher = Freshwater Press |year = 1994 |orig-year = 1979 |isbn = 978-0-912514-24-6 |pages = 25–26 }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 1915 |title = Wrecked Crew Is Saved |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89589315/sinking-of-choctaw/ |ref = CITEREFThe_Dispatch1915 |access-date = November 27, 2021 |publisher = The Dispatch |via = Newspapers.com |location = Moline, Illinois |archive-date = November 26, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126215253/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89589315/sinking-of-choctaw/ |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 1915 |title = Wreckage From Choctaw |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18738169/the-buffalo-commercial/ |ref = CITEREFThe_Buffalo_Commercial1915b |access-date = November 27, 2021 |publisher = The Buffalo Commercial |via = Newspapers.com |location = Buffalo, New York |archive-date = November 27, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211127154334/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18738169/the-buffalo-commercial/ |url-status = live }}
• {{cite web |author = |year = 2010 |title = Yuma |url = https://greatlakes.bgsu.edu/item/441161 |ref = CITEREFBowling_Green_State_University2010c |access-date = March 4, 2018 |publisher = Bowling Green State University |location = Bowling Green, Ohio |archive-date = December 4, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201204060938/https://greatlakes.bgsu.edu/item/441161 |url-status = live }}

{{refend}}

• {{commons category-inline}}

{{1893 shipwrecks}}{{1896 shipwrecks}}{{1900 shipwrecks}}

{{1902 shipwrecks}}{{1915 shipwrecks}}{{National Register of Historic Places}}{{NRHP Lake Huron shipwrecks}}{{Recreational dive sites|wresit}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choctaw, SS}}

Category:1892 ships

Category:Shipwrecks of Lake Huron

Category:Great Lakes freighters

Category:Whaleback ships

Category:Ships built in Cleveland

Category:Steamships of the United States

Category:Merchant ships of the United States

Category:Ships sunk with no fatalities

Category:Ships sunk in collisions

Category:Maritime incidents in 1893

Category:Maritime incidents in 1896

Category:Maritime incidents in 1900

Category:Maritime incidents in 1902

Category:Maritime incidents in 1915

Category:National Register of Historic Places in Presque Isle County, Michigan

Category:Shipwrecks on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan

Category:2017 archaeological discoveries

Category:Shipwrecks of the Michigan coast

Category:Shipwreck discoveries by Jerry Eliason, Ken Merryman and Kraig Smith

Category:Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary

Category:Wreck diving sites in the United States