Sadiyah
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{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Sadiyah
| settlement_type = Town
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| pushpin_map = Iraq
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Iraq}}
| subdivision_type1 = Governorate
| subdivision_name1 = Diyala
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Khanaqin District
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| leader_title = Mayor
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| population_as_of = 2013
| population_footnotes = {{cite web |title=Where are Iraq's Poor: Mapping Poverty in Iraq |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22351/Where0are0Iraq0ping0poverty0in0Iraq.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=21 October 2020 |page=77}}
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| population_total = 47,213
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| coordinates = {{coord|34|11|26.0|N|45|07|14.8|E|region:IQ-NI|display=inline,title}}
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| other_name = Qesrabad
}}
{{Not to be confused with|Al-Saydiya|}}
Sadiyah ({{langx|ar|السعدية|Al-Sadiyah}};{{cite news |title=عودة ٨٠٠ عائله نازحة الى منازلهم في ناحية السعدية بمحافظة ديالى |url=https://www.rudaw.net/arabic/middleeast/iraq/031220195 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=Rûdaw |date=3 December 2019 |language=ar}} {{langx|ku|سەعدیە|translit=Sedîye}}{{cite news |title=Cejna berxwedana Kobanê pîroz be |url=http://yeniozgurpolitika.net/cejna-berxwedana-kobane-piroz-be/ |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=Yeni Özgür Politika |date=29 July 2014 |language=ku}}{{cite news |title=سەعدیە.. داعش هێرشی کردە سەر لیوایەکی حەشدی شەعبی |url=http://www.basnews.com/index.php/so/news/kurdistan/502590 |access-date=20 December 2019 |language=ku}}) is a town in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. It is located near the Diyala River 8 km (5 mi) south of Jalawla.{{cite web|title=Jalula's Map|url=http://www.maplandia.com/iraq/diyala/sa-diyah/|access-date=26 August 2014|publisher=Map Landia}} The town is populated by Arabs, Kurds and Turkmens. It is disputed{{cite news|last1=Kane|first1=Sean|title=An Iraqi flashpoint loses its American safety net|work=Foreign Policy|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/08/17/an-iraqi-flashpoint-loses-its-american-safety-net/|access-date=20 December 2019}} and experienced significant Arabization during the Saddam era.{{Cite news|date=14 December 2008|title=Reviving UN Mediation on Iraq's Disputed Internal Boundaries|work=International Crisis Group|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/iraq/194-reviving-un-mediation-iraqs-disputed-internal-boundaries|access-date=20 October 2020}}
Sadiyah is controlled by Badr Organization.{{Cite journal|last1=Skelton|first1=Mac|last2=Saleem|first2=Zmkan Ali|date=2019|title=Iraq's disputed internal boundaries after ISIS: heterogeneous actors vying for influence|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/100100/3/DIBsReport.pdf|journal=Middle East Centre|pages=14–5}}
History
Sadiyah has been the center town of Sadiyah Sub-District since the Ottoman era.{{Citation|last=Ihsan|first=Mohammad|title=Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003|page=44}} Sadiyah was used as winter pasture by the Kurdish Kalhor and Sanjâbi tribes who would pay pasturage dues to the Ottomans.{{Cite book|last=Ateş|first=Sabri|title=Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2013|isbn=9781107245082|pages=162}} As part of the revolt of 1920, Sadiyah fell on 14 August 1920 largely due to the work of the Kurdish Dilo tribe.{{Cite book|last=Ireland|first=Philip Willard|title=Iraq - A study in political development|year=1937}}
Kurds constituted 50% of the town in the 1947 census{{cite book|author1=C. J. Edmonds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm26AAAAIAAJ|title=Kurds, Turks and Arabs, Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq, 1919-1925|date=1957|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=438|access-date=17 November 2019}} and 40.5% in 1957. Arabs constituted 47.1% of the population in 1957, while Iraqi Turkmens were 12.4%. In the 1965 census, Arabs were the majority with 58.4% while Kurds constituted 24.7% and Turkmens were 9.6%.{{citation|last=Ihsan|first=Mohammad|title=Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003|pages=46}} In the 1977 census, the Arab population increased to 90.2%, while Kurds and Turkmens were 5.1% and 4% respectively.{{citation|last=Ihsan|first=Mohammad|title=Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003|pages=47}} In 1987, Arabs were 87.8% of the population, Kurds were 16.8% and Turkmens were 5.4%,{{citation|last=Ihsan|first=Mohammad|title=Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003|pages=48}} while the numbers were 83.1%, 9.9% and 7% for Arabs, Kurds and Turkmens, respectively in 1997.{{citation|last=Ihsan|first=Mohammad|title=Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003|pages=49}} More recent estimates state that Kurds constituted 38% in 2003 and 12% in 2012.{{Cite web|date=9 July 2012|title=Iraqi Kurdistan: Paying A Heavy Price Over Identity|url=https://unpo.org/article/14533|access-date=21 October 2020|website=UNPO}}
After the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, Kurdistan Region pressured Arab settlers in Khanaqin to settle in Sadiyah which increased the Arab population further. Peshmerga was deployed to the town in 2011 after request from the federal government in Baghdad to counter the attacks on the local Kurds.{{Cite news|date=9 September 2011|title=Kurdish troops on patrol in Iraq's restive Diyala|work=Reuters|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/uk-iraq-security-kurds-idUKTRE7884D320110909|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024003039/https://in.reuters.com/article/uk-iraq-security-kurds-idUKTRE7884D320110909|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 24, 2020|access-date=21 October 2020}} The dire security after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in 2003, forced more Kurds to leave the town.{{Cite web|date=August 2011|title=Iraq: The impending withdrawal of US troops revives Kurdo-Arab tensions|url=https://www.institutkurde.org/en/publications/bulletins/317.html|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Kurdish Institute of Paris}}
= ISIS and aftermath =
In the early hours of 13 June, ISIS seized Sadiyah, after Iraqi security forces had abandoned their posts. Several villages around the Hamrin Mountains were also captured.[http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-iraq-security-jalawla-idUKKBN0EO0LF20140613 Insurgents take two more Iraqi towns, Obama threatens air strikes] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613114752/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/06/13/uk-iraq-security-jalawla-idUKKBN0EO0LF20140613 |date=13 June 2014 }}{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27828595 |title=Iraq conflict: ISIS militants seize new towns |publisher=BBC |date=13 June 2014 |access-date=27 June 2014}} Sadiyah was captured by the Popular Mobilization Forces in November 2014.{{Cite news|date=15 December 2014|title=Shiite militias staying in 'disputed territories' could cause problems: officials|work=Rûdaw|url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/15122014|access-date=21 October 2020}} As of 2018, 80% of the Kurdish population have not returned to the town.{{Cite web|title=Northern Iraq|url=https://www.ft.dk/samling/20181/almdel/uui/bilag/27/1962773/index.htm|access-date=21 October 2020|publisher=Ministry of Immigration and Integration of Denmark|page=72}}