Salvia yangii

File:Perovskia atriplicifolia 3.jpg, tube-shaped corolla, and exserted style]]

Salvia yangii is a deciduous perennial subshrub with an erect to spreading habit.{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=2}}{{sfn|Hedge|1990|p=221}} Superficially, it resembles a much larger version of lavender.{{sfn|Keys|Michaels|2015|p=195}} Multiple branches arise from a shared rootstalk,{{sfn|Li|Hedge|1994|p=224}} growing to a height of {{convert|0.5-1.2|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}},{{sfn|Li|Hedge|1994|p=224}}{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=4}} with occasional specimens reaching {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=2}}.{{sfn|Missouri Botanical Garden (a)}} The mature plant may be {{convert|0.6-1.2|m|ft|abbr=on|adj=mid|frac=2}} across.{{sfn|Missouri Botanical Garden (a)}} The rigid stems are square in cross-section,{{sfn|Missouri Botanical Garden (a)}} and are covered by an indumentum formed by stellate, or star-shaped, trichomes and oil droplets.{{sfn|Hedge|1990|p=221}} Especially during autumn, these hairs give the stems a silvery appearance.{{sfn|Gardiner|2014|p=267}}

The grayish-green leaves are arranged in opposite pairs,{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=2}}{{sfn|Sanecki|1975|p=240}} and attached to the stems by a short petiole.{{sfn|Hedge|1990|p=221}} They are generally {{convert|3|-|5|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} long and {{convert|0.8|-|2|cm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1|frac=4}} wide,{{sfn|Hedge|1990|p=221}} although narrower in some populations.{{sfn|Li|Hedge|1994|p=224}} The overall leaf shape is oblate, a rounded shape longer than it is wide, to lanceolate, shaped like the head of a lance.{{sfn|Hedge|1990|p=221}} They are pinnatipartite,{{sfn|Li|Hedge|1994|p=224}} with a deeply incised leaf margin that may be either wavy or sharp-toothed; even within a single community of S. yangii, there can be considerable variation in the details of leaf shape.{{sfn|Hedge|1990|p=221}} Leaves near the top of branches may merge into bracts.{{sfn|Hedge|1990|p=221}} The foliage is aromatic, especially when crushed,{{sfn|Missouri Botanical Garden (a)}} with a fragrance described as sage-like,{{sfn|Hightower}} a blend of sage and lavender,{{sfn|Yemm|2003}} or like turpentine.{{sfn|Lacey|1995|p=58}}

The flowering season of S. yangii can be as long as June through October,{{sfn|Hedge|1990|p=221}} although populations in some parts of its range, such as China, may bloom in a much more restricted period.{{sfn|Li|Hedge|1994|p=224}} The inflorescence is a showy panicle, {{convert|30|-|38|cm|in |abbr=on |adj=mid| long}},{{sfn|Missouri Botanical Garden (a)}} with many branches.{{sfn|Hedge|1990|pp=218–221}} Each of these branches is a raceme, with the individual flowers arranged in pairs called verticillasters.{{sfn|Li|Hedge|1994|p=224}} Each flower's calyx is purple, densely covered in white or purple hairs, and about {{convert|4|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=out}} long. The corolla is tube-shaped, formed from a four-lobed upper lip and a slightly shorter lower lip; the blue or violet blue petals are about 1 cm long.{{sfn|Li|Hedge|1994|p=224}}{{sfn|Hedge|1990|pp=218–221}} The style has been reported in both an exserted—extending beyond the flower's tube—form and one contained within the flower;{{sfn|Hedge|1990|pp=218–221}} all known examples of S. yangii in cultivation have exserted styles.{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=2}} Gardening author Neil Soderstrom describes the appearance of the flowers from a distance as "like a fine haze or fog".{{sfn|Soderstrom|2009|p=309}}

The fruits develop about a month after flowering,{{sfn|Li|Hedge|1994|p=224}} and consist of dark brown oval nutlets, about {{convert|2|x|1|mm|in|frac=25|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Hedge|1990|pp=218–221}}

The phytochemistry of Russian sage is under basic research. Analysis of its essential oil has identified over two dozen compounds,{{sfn|Zamfirache et al.|2010|p=45}} although the compounds detected and their relative prevalence have not been consistent. Most analyses have identified various monoterpenes and monoterpenoids as the dominant components, such as carene, eucalyptol, limonene, γ-terpinene, and (+)-β-thujone,{{sfn|Zamfirache et al.|2010|p=45}}{{sfn|Erdemgil et al.|2007|pp=324–325}} although the essential oil of a sample from the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Torino had camphor as its most prevalent component.{{sfn|Erdemgil et al.|2007|pp=324}} Other monoterpenes, camphene, α-pinene,{{sfn|Jassbi|Ahmad|Tareen|1999|pp=38–40}} and β-pinene are also present,{{sfn|Zamfirache et al.|2010|p=45}} as are sesquiterpenes such as γ-cadinene,{{sfn|Jassbi|Ahmad|Tareen|1999|pp=38–40}} δ-cadinene, trans-caryophyllene, and α-humulene.{{sfn|Erdemgil et al.|2007|pp=324–325}} Several terpenoid alcohols—borneol, cedrol, and menthol{{sfn|Zamfirache et al.|2010|p=45}}—have been extracted, as have caffeic acid and ferulic acid.{{sfn|Perveen et al.|2006|pp=347–353}} More complex compounds have been isolated, some of which were first identified in this manner, including perovskatone;{{sfn|Jiang et al.|2013|p=3886}} the glycosides atriplisides A and B;{{sfn|Perveen et al.|2014|pp=863–867}} and atricins A and B, a pair of triterpenes that are similar to oleanane.{{sfn|Perveen|Malik|Tareen|2009|p=266}} Four diterpene glucosides have been isolated by extraction.{{cite journal |last1=Gao |first1=Lu |last2=Zhou |first2=Jun |last3=Zhu |first3=Le-Yu |last4=Zhang |first4=Juan-Rong |last5=Jing |first5=Yu-Xing |last6=Zhao |first6=Jia-Wen |last7=Huang |first7=Xiang-Zhong |last8=Li |first8=Gan-Peng |last9=Jiang |first9=Zhi-Yong |last10=Xue |first10=Da-Yuan |date=20 June 2017 |title=Four new diterpene glucosides from Perovskia atriplicifolia |journal=Chemistry and Biodiversity |volume=14 |issue=7 |page=e1700071 |doi=10.1002/cbdv.201700071 |issn=1612-1872 |pmid=28419767 |s2cid=45813632}}

Nine species are recognised within Salvia subg. Perovskia.{{sfn|Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden}} S. abrotanoides shares much of the range of S. yangii, but is distinguished by its bipinnate leaves.{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=4}}{{sfn|Eisenman|Zaurov|Struwe|2012|p=188}} Hybrids between these two species may occur naturally.{{sfn|Hedge|1990|p=221}} Restricted to Turkestan in its native range, P. scrophularifolia is less upright; some forms have white flowers.{{sfn|Grant|2007|pp=2, 5}} The flowers of P. scabiosifolia are yellow.{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=2}}

Salvia yangii was described, under the name Perovskia atriplicifolia, by George Bentham in 1848, based on a specimen collected by William Griffith in Afghanistan,{{sfn|Bentham|1848|p=261}} now preserved at the Kew Gardens herbarium as the species's holotype.{{sfn|Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew}} The specific epithet atriplicifolia means "with leaves like Atriplex",{{sfn|Harrison|2012|p=224}} referring to its similarity to saltbush.{{sfn|Missouri Botanical Garden (a)}} While commonly known as Russian sage, S. yangii is not native to Russia.{{sfn|Plants of the World Online}}

A population collected in Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, China was described as a separate species in 1987 and given the name Perovskia pamirica,{{sfn|Yang|Wang|1987|pp=95–97}} but was later considered synonymous with P. atriplicifolia.{{sfn|Li|Hedge|1994|p=224}}

In 2017, P. atriplicifolia was transferred to the genus Salvia. The combinations Salvia atriplicifolia and Salvia pamirica, however, have already been preoccupied by distinct taxa, thus new specific epithet yangii, honouring Yang Changyou, one of the authors of P. pamirica, was given to the species.

{{cladogram|align=left

|caption=Cladogram showing the phylogeny and relationships of S. yangii within part of Lamiaceae{{sfn|Moon et al.|2008|p=465}}{{sfn|Drew|Sytsma|2012|pp=938, 941}}

|cladogram=

{{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%;width:300px;

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|label1=Salvia clade I

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Other clade I Salvia

}}

|2={{clade

|1=S. lyrata

|2=S. officinalis

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=S. taraxacifolia

|2=S. verticillata

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=S abrotanoides (Perovskia abrotanoides)

|2=S. yangii (Perovskia atriplicifolia)

}}

|2=S. rosmarinus (Rosmarinus officinalis)

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Salvia clade II

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Salvia clade III

}}

}}

}}

Within the family Lamiaceae, the large genus Salvia had long been believed monophyletic, based on the structure of its stamens. Several smaller genera, including Dorystaechas, Perovskia, and Meriandra were also included in tribe Mentheae, but were thought to be more distantly related. In 2004, a molecular phylogenetics study based on two cpDNA genes (rbcL and trnL-F) demonstrated that Salvia is not monophyletic, but comprises three identifiable clades. Clade I is more closely related to Perovskia than to other members of Salvia.{{sfn|Walker|Sytsma |Treutlein|Wink|2004|pp=1115, 1119–1120, 1112}}

S. yangii has been the subject of subsequent studies seeking to clarify the relationships within Mentheae. Further research combined palynological analysis of pollen grains with rbcL sequencing to provide additional support for the relationship between Perovskia and Salvia clade I. It also distinguished between S. yangii and S. abrotanoides, while confirming their close relationship.{{sfn|Moon et al.|2008|p=465–466}} A subsequent multigene study (four cpDNA markers and two nrDNA markers) redrew parts of the Mentheae cladogram, making Rosmarinus a sister group to Perovskia.{{sfn|Drew|Sytsma|2012|pp=938, 941}}

File:Perovskia atriplicifolia E.jpg

Several cultivars of S. yangii have been developed. They are primarily distinguished by the height of mature plants and the depth of the leaf-margin incisions.{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=2}} Many of these cultivars, especially those with deeply incised leaves, may actually be hybrids of S. yangii and S. abrotanoides.{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=2}}{{sfn|Hodgson|2000|p=441}} In that context, some may be referred to by the hybrid name Perovskia ×hybrida.{{sfn|Hodgson|2000|p=441}}{{sfn|Royal Horticultural Society (b)}}

The most common cultivar,{{sfn|Yemm|2003}} 'Blue Spire', is among those suspected of being a hybrid.{{sfn|Cox|2002|p=242}}{{sfn|Royal Horticultural Society (a)}} It was selected from German plantings by the British Notcutts Nurseries, and first exhibited in 1961.{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=5}}{{sfn|Bourne|2007}} 'Blue Spire' grows to approximately {{convert|1.2|m|abbr=on|ft|frac=2}}, and has large, darker blue flowers.{{sfn|Hightower}}{{sfn|Cox|2002|p=242}} In 1993, it received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93157/i-Perovskia-i-Blue-Spire/Details

| title = RHS Plantfinder - Perovskia 'Blue Spire' | access-date = 9 October 2018}}

'Filigran' reaches a height of {{convert|1.2 to 1.3|m|abbr=on|ft|frac=2}}; this tall, sturdy cultivar's name is German for filigree, in reference to its lacy, fern-like foliage.{{sfn|Hightower}}{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=5}} 'Little Spire' is shorter, with a mature height of only {{convert|0.6|meter|abbr=on|ft|frac=2}}.{{sfn|Yemm|2003}}{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=4}} 'Longin' is similar in height to 'Blue Spire' but more upright.{{sfn|Hightower}} Allan Armitage established the late-flowering cultivar 'Mystery of Knightshayes' from a plant at Knightshayes Court.{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=5}} Other cultivars include 'Blue Haze', 'Blue Mist', 'Hybrida' (also called 'Superba'), 'Lace', 'Lisslit', 'Rocketman', and 'WALPPB'.{{sfn|Grant|2007|pp=4–5}}{{sfn|Missouri Botanical Garden (b)}}{{sfn|Missouri Botanical Garden (c)}}{{sfn|Missouri Botanical Garden (d)}}

Widely distributed across Asia in its native range, S. yangii grows in western China,{{sfn|Missouri Botanical Garden (a)}} northwestern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran,{{sfn|Proctor|1999|p=107}} Turkey, and parts of eastern Europe.{{sfn|Burrell|2002|p=53}} It is found in steppes and on hillsides,{{sfn|Burrell|2002|p=53}} and grows at higher elevations in mountainous regions, including the Himalayas.{{sfn|Mani|1978|p=113}} It has been recorded at {{convert|10,000|feet|abbr=on}} of altitude in the Karakoram.{{sfn|Curtis's Botanical Magazine|1912}} In Pakistan's Quetta district, it is often found in association with the grass Chrysopogon aucheri,{{sfn|Tareen|Qadir|1991|p=99}} and may serve as an indicator species for soils with low calcium carbonate and chloride availability.{{sfn|Tareen|Qadir|1991|p=113}} The harsh habitats preferred by S. yangii are comparable to the sagebrush steppe of North America.{{sfn|Kingsbury|2014|p=145}}

In parts of its range, such as the Harboi, these steppe ecosystems are employed as rangeland for grazing animals such as sheep and goats, although this forage is generally of poor nutritional quality. S. yangii can serve as an important source of phosphorus and zinc,{{sfn|Hussain|Durrani|2008|pp=2513–2514, 2517, 2520}} despite being high in poorly-digested material such as neutral detergent fiber and lignin.{{sfn|Hussain|Durrani|2009|pp=1149–1151}}

File:Perovskia atriplicifolia 138-8441.jpg in 1912|alt=Drawing of leaves and flowers]]

Following its introduction to the United Kingdom in 1904, the Irish gardener and author William Robinson was immediately taken with the plant, which he described as being "worth a place in the choicest garden for its graceful habit and long season of beauty."{{sfn|Bourne|2007}} The Royal Horticultural Society records the establishment of cultivars beginning with P. 'Hybrida', selected at a Hampshire nursery in the 1930s.{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=5}} By the late 1980s and early 1990s, S. yangii had gained widespread popularity,{{sfn|Roth|Courtier|2015|p=189}} and in 1995, it was selected as the Perennial Plant Association's Plant of the Year.{{sfn|Perennial Plant Association}}

The cultivar 'Blue Spire ' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.{{cite web

| url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93157/i-Perovskia-i-Blue-Spire/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - Perovskia 'Blue Spire'

| access-date = 23 April 2018}}{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 75 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 23 April 2018}}

Russian sage is a perennial plant suitable for a wide range of conditions, at least where its tendency to spread will not be a problem. The species prefers full sun.{{sfn|Perennial Plant Association}} Specimens planted in partially shaded locations tend to spread or flop,{{sfn|Missouri Botanical Garden (a)}} although this behavior can be controlled somewhat by pinching young shoots or by providing a strong-standing accompaniment that the plant can drape itself around for support.{{sfn|DiSabato-Aust|2006|pp=89, 124}}{{sfn|Schneller|2012|p=132}} Flowers bloom only on new growth.{{sfn|Lowe|2012|p=171}} Plants trimmed to {{convert|15|–|61|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}} in early spring provide the best subsequent growth and flowering.{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=2}}{{sfn|Breen|Zanden|Hilgert|2004}}

Tolerant of both heat and cold, it is grown in North America in United States Department of Agriculture hardiness zones three through nine,{{sfn|Missouri Botanical Garden (a)}}{{sfn|Perennial Plant Association}} although some cultivars may be better suited than others to extremes of temperature.{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=3}}{{sfn|Roth|Courtier|2015|p=189}} It is successfully grown from the southwestern United States, north and east across much of the country,{{sfn|Singer|2006|p=162}} and across the Canada–US border into Ontario and Quebec.{{sfn|Vinson|Zheng|2012}}{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=5}} In the coldest of these areas, it may require considerable protection to survive the winter.{{sfn|Tenenbaum|2003|p=295}} In the United Kingdom, the Royal Horticultural Society has assigned it hardiness rating H4,{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=3}} indicating that it tolerates temperatures as low as {{convert|-10|to|-5|C|F}}, hardy in most of the country through typical winters.{{sfn|Rice|2013}}

It also tolerates a variety of soil conditions. Although young specimens perform best when planted in a mixture of peat and either sand or perlite,{{sfn|Squire|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Dumitraşcu|2008|pp=215–218}} S. yangii can thrive in sandy, chalky, or loamy soil,{{sfn|Royal Horticultural Society (a)}} or heavy clay soil with sufficient drainage.{{sfn|Bost|Polomski|2012|p=63}} It can endure a wide range of soil pH,{{sfn|Royal Horticultural Society (a)}} as well as exposure to salty conditions near oceans.{{sfn|Yemm|2003}} Its deep-feeding taproot makes it especially drought tolerant;{{sfn|Weiseman|Halsey|Ruddock|2014|p=250}} for this reason it has seen wide use for xeriscaping in the Intermountain West.{{sfn|Calhoun|2012|p=98}} Overwatering and over-fertilization can damage its roots and lead to a rapid decline in health.{{sfn|Bost|Polomski|2012|p=63}}{{sfn|Diblik|2014|p=110}} S. yangii is otherwise generally free from plant pathogens.{{sfn|Yemm|2003}} In cultivation, it is also rarely selected as forage by grazing animals, and so is considered both a deer-resistant and rabbit-resistant plant.{{sfn|Hightower}}{{sfn|Munts|Mulvihill|2014|p=165}}

File:Purple sagebrush, Raton, NM IMG 4991.JPG, showing the airy appearance of the plant|alt=Purple flowering subshrub planted along road]]

Russian sage has been praised for its usefulness in gardens and landscaping features.{{sfn|Gardner|1998|p=236}} It is most commonly planted as an accent feature,{{sfn|Perennial Plant Association}} such as an "island" in an expanse of lawn,{{sfn|Henehan|2008|pp=84, 98}} but it can also be used as filler within a larger landscaping feature,{{sfn|Breen|Zanden|Hilgert|2004}} or to enhance areas where the existing natural appearance is retained.{{sfn|Henehan|2008|pp=84, 98}} Gardening author Troy Marden describes S. yangii as having a "see-through" quality that is ideal for borders.{{sfn|Marden|2014|p=158}} Some experts suggest groups of three plants provide the best landscape appearance.{{sfn|Roth|Courtier|2015|p=189}} It is also suitable for container gardening.{{sfn|Better Homes and Gardens}} It does have an undesirable tendency to spread via rhizomes beyond it original planting.

It attracts bees,{{sfn|Winter|2009|p=12}} hummingbirds,{{sfn|Better Homes and Gardens}} and butterflies,{{sfn|Hightower}} and contributes color to gardens—both the blue of its late-season flowers,{{sfn|Bourne|2007}} and the silvery colors of its winter stalks.{{sfn|Kahtz|2008|p=162}}

Russian sage is frequently propagated by cuttings. Because its woody crown is resistant to division, softwood cuttings are taken from shoots near the base, generally in late spring.{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=2}}{{sfn|Tenenbaum|2003|p=295}} Hardwood cuttings selected in mid-to-late summer also provide a viable propagation technique.{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=2}}{{sfn|Yemm|2003}} The plant is also grown from seed in cultivation. Such seeds require exposure to cold for 30–160 days to germinate,{{sfn|Perennial Plant Association}}{{sfn|Rose|Selinger|Whitman|2011|p=187}} and seed-raised specimens may not preserve the characteristics of named cultivars.{{sfn|Grant|2007|p=3}} In the commercial greenhouse or nursery setting, its relatively large size and rapid growth can adversely affect quality or make plants more difficult and expensive to transport; the use of plant growth regulators such as chlormequat chloride and daminozide may be more cost-effective than large-scale pruning.{{sfn|Burnett et al.|2001|pp=24–28}}

Some members of the Lamiaceae can spread unchecked and become invasive plants.{{sfn|Brickell|Cole|2002|p=605}} Planting of Russian sage near wild lands has been discouraged by some gardening guides out of concern for its potential to spread,{{sfn|Cretti|Newcomer|2012|p=118}}{{sfn|Greet|2013|p=25}} but it is not yet considered invasive,{{sfn|Munts|Mulvihill|2014|p=165}} and has been suggested as a substitute for purple loosestrife for this reason.{{sfn|Shonle|2010}}

File:2008 07 Botanical Garden Meran 71660R0414.jpg, Italy|alt=Purple flowers border a walking path]]

Russian sage has a long history of use in traditional medicine,{{sfn|Perveen|Malik|Tareen|2009|p=266}}{{sfn|Erdemgil et al.|2007|pp=324–331}}{{sfn|Jiang et al.|2013|p=3886}} and is smoked as a euphoriant.{{sfn|Zamfirache et al.|2011|p=261}}

In addition to its use in folk medicine, it is sometimes used in Russia to flavor a vodka-based cocktail.{{sfn|Severa|1999|p=118}} Its flowers are eaten in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan, including Kashmir,{{sfn|Roy|Halder|Pal|1998|p=118}} adding a sweet flavor to salads.

{{sfn|Erdemgil et al.|2007|pp=324–331}} This species is considered a candidate for use in phytoremediation because of its rapid growth, tolerance for harsh conditions, and ability to accumulate toxic heavy metals from polluted soil.{{sfn|Zamfirache et al.|2011|p=267}}

The essential oil can function as a biopesticide, especially regarding Tropidion castaneum beetles and Camponotus maculatus carpenter ants.{{sfn|Sahayaraj|2014|p=132}}

{{Clear}}

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{{refend}}

• {{Commons-inline|Perovskia atriplicifolia|Perovskia atriplicifolia}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q90595797|from2=Q579476}}

Category:Drought-tolerant plants

Category:Edible plants

Category:Flora of Afghanistan

Category:Flora of China

Category:Flora of Iran

Category:Flora of Pakistan

Category:Flora of Tibet

Category:Flora of Turkey

Category:Garden plants of Asia

Category:Lamiaceae

Category:Medicinal plants

Category:Perennial plants

Category:Plants described in 1848