Sambo (martial art)#Versions of Sambo

It originated in the Russian SFSR of the Soviet Union during the 1920s. The word sambo is an acronym of {{transliteration|ru|samozashchita bez oruzhiya}} ({{langx|ru|самозащита без оружия}}), which literally translates to 'self-defence without weapons'.{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adkDAAAAMBAJ&q=Sambo+Anatoly+Kharlampiyev&pg=PA13|title=Black Belt|page=13|date=2 November 1964|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|via=Google Books}}

SAMBO is a martial art and combat sport developed and used by the Soviet Red Army in the early 1920s to improve their hand-to-hand combat abilities. The sport incorporates various styles of wrestling and other self-defence systems such as kick-boxing and fencing.

Soviet martial arts expert Vasili Oshchepkov is credited as one of the founding fathers. Viktor Spiridonov, a military officer with background in several different styles of wrestling spanning across Soviet Union, is also considered an important founding member of SAMBO.

Spiridonov and Oshchepkov independently developed two different styles, which eventually cross-pollinated and became what is known as SAMBO.

Sambo is relatively modern since its development began in the early 1920s by the Red Army and other forces to improve hand-to-hand combat abilities of their servicemen. It was intended to merge the most effective techniques of other martial arts.

The pioneers of sambo were Viktor Spiridonov and Vasili Oshchepkov. Both were trained military men with access to frequent state sponsored travels opportunities where they were able to experience various local wrestling styles and add new techniques to their arsenal. Oshchepkov even spent several years living in Japan and training in Judo under its founder Kano Jigoro.{{cite web |url=http://sambo.spb.ru/history/hist1_3.htm |title=Борьба САМБО — ИСТОРИЯ — Михаил ЛУКАШЕВ, Сотворение САМБО |website=sambo.spb.ru |access-date=17 December 2017}} Oshchepkov died in prison as a result of the Great Purge after being accused of being a Japanese spy,{{cite web |last=Andavolu |first=Krishna |url=http://fightland.vice.com/blog/sambos-gulag-past-and-mma-future |title=Sambo's Gulag Past and MMA Future | FIGHTLAND |publisher=Fightland.vice.com |date=2013-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211130806/http://fightland.vice.com/blog/sambos-gulag-past-and-mma-future |access-date=2014-02-07|archive-date=11 February 2013 }} and judo was banned in the USSR for decades until the 1964 Olympics, where Sambists won four bronze medals.{{Cite web |last=Egorov |first=Boris |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Why Vladimir Putin would have struggled to be a black belt in the Soviet Union |url=https://www.rbth.com/history/330421-vladimir-putin-judo |website=Russia Beyond}}

Spiridonov and Oshchepkov independently developed two different styles, which eventually cross-pollinated and became what is known as sambo. Both men were trained military officers with backgrounds in several styles of combat wrestling that were prevalent in different regions of Russian Empire (later Soviet Union) and abroad. Combining these styles together the popular international style of Catch As Catch Can wrestling (known as "Free wrestling" in Russian at the time) and Japanese Judo wrestling, their respective styles gradually morphed into a new style of wrestling that was more suitable for the Soviet military's hand-to-hand combat needs.

Compared to Oshchepkov's system of "free wrestling" in Russia, Spiridonov's style was softer, less brutal, and less strength-dependent, which in large part was due to injuries Spiridonov sustained during World War I.[http://www.peoples.ru/military/hero/spiridonov/ Виктор Афанасьевич Спиридонов (Viktor Spiridonov)] – biography at peoples.ru (in Russian).

Anatoly Kharlampiev, a student of Vasili Oshchepkov, is also considered a founder of sambo. On 16th of November 1938, it was recognized as an official sport when the USSR All-Union Sports Committee issued resolution no. 633.

There are multiple competitive sport variations of sambo (though sambo techniques and principles can be applied to many other combat sports). Below are the main formats that are recognized by FIAS.{{cite web |url=http://sambo.com/ranking |title=Sambo Ranking System (Approved on XVI FIAS Congress in Astana, Kazakhstan, 2005) | SAMBO.COM – Federation Internationale de Sambo |publisher=Sambo.Com |date=2013-07-31 |access-date=2014-02-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219181101/http://sambo.com/ranking |archive-date=2014-02-19 }}

{{Infobox martial art

| image =

| imagecaption =

| name = Sport Sambo

| aka = Sambo Wrestling

| focus = Wrestling

| hardness = Full-contact

| olympic = No, but IOC recognized

| country = Russia

| parenthood = Kurash, Catch Wrestling, Judo, Greco-Roman Wrestling, Jujutsu, Chidaoba

| descendant arts = Combat Sambo, MMA, BJJ

| famous_pract = List of Practitioners

}}

Sport sambo or Sambo wrestling ({{langx|ru|Борьбa Самбо|Borba Sambo|Sambo Wrestling}}) is stylistically similar to pre-WW1 Catch wrestling and Judo; and in a lot of ways influenced by them in rules and protocols. The competition uniforms (called "kurtka") mimic clothing that was used wrestling tournaments popular amongst peasantry of Caucasus region in the Soviet Union, with few added elements from Judo wrestling outfits prevalent at the time. The competition colors (red and blue), shoes and circular ring have direct lineages from internationally popular style of Catch wrestling. Sambo also allows various types of leg locks while not allowing chokeholds, akin to rulesets that were widely used in pre-WW1 Catch wrestling tournaments. Similarly to its parent styles, it also places emphasis on throwing, ground control, riding, pinning and escapes as well as submissions, with very few restrictions on gripping and holds.[http://ussambo.com/PDFS/press_cl_leg_locks.pdf Classic Sambo – Get the Upper Hand on Your Opponent With Nasty Leglocks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928091747/http://ussambo.com/PDFS/press_cl_leg_locks.pdf |date=2007-09-28 }} by Stephen Koepfer, in Grappling magazine

Sambo is an international style of amateur wrestling recognized by the FILA (now UWW) Congress in 1966.

{{Infobox martial art

| image =

| imagecaption =

| name = Combat Sambo

| aka =

| focus = Hybrid, Striking, Wrestling, Self-Defense

| hardness = Full-contact

| olympic = No, but IOC recognized

| country = Russia

| parenthood = Judo, Jujutsu, BJJ, Boxing, Catch wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling, Freestyle wrestling, Kurash, Bökh, Ssireum, Pankration, Kickboxing, Savate

| descendant arts = MMA

| famous_pract = List of Practitioners

}}

Combat sambo ({{langx|ru|Боевое Самбо|Boyevoye Sambo}}). Used and developed for the military, combat sambo resembles modern mixed martial arts, including forms of striking and wrestling. Combat sambo allows regular punches, kicks, elbows, and knees, as well as soccer kicks, headbutts and groin strikes, in addition to throws, holds, chokes and locks, except for a standing or flying wristbar.{{cite web|url=http://knucklepit.com/main/?p=5219|title=UNITED KINGDOM SAMBO ASSOCIATION|work=Mixed Martial Arts – Knucklepit|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222449/http://knucklepit.com/main/?p=5219|archive-date=2014-07-14}} The chief distinction from Sambo wrestling is that striking techniques are fully allowed. In terms of aliveness, combat sambo surpasses ARB by design, though both were designed for combat situations only.

Competitors wear jackets as in sport sambo, but also hand protection and sometimes shin protection and headgear.

The first FIAS World Combat Sambo Championships were held in 2001. The World Combat Sambo Federation, based in Russia, also sanctions international combat sambo events. Combat sambo is designed to tackle certain tasks. The effectiveness of this martial art determined by its structure, namely by three components: boxing, sambo, and adapters. Adapters of combat sambo were developed by the academician G. S. Popov. The task of adapters is to ensure the safe transition from middle distance to close one, as well as the consistent usage of sambo and boxing techniques. The given configuration provides the fusion of two martial arts into a single system.

Women participated in Combat Sambo for the first time in an official tournament in the Paris Grand Prix 2015. The first recognized instance of women competing in an international combat Sambo tournament was in the 2022 Asian and Oceania Sambo Championships.{{cite web | url=https://sambo.sport/en/news/boevoe-sambo-sredi-zhenshchin-i-drugie-udivitelnye-momenty-gran-pri-parizha-2015/ | title=Combat Sambo among women and other surprising moments of the Paris Grand Prix 2015 | International SAMBO Federation (FIAS) }}{{cite web | url=https://sambo.sport/en/news/rezultaty-pervogo-dnya-chempionata-azii-i-molodezhnogo-pervenstva-azii-po-sambo-v-livane/ | title=Results of the first day of the Asian SAMBO Championships and the Asian Youth and Junior SAMBO Championships in Lebanon | International SAMBO Federation (FIAS) }} In 2022, Australia and New Zealand competed for the first time in the Asian sambo championship.{{cite web | url=https://sambo.sport/en/news/kongress-soyuza-sambo-azii-proshel-v-livane/ | title=Congress of the SAMBO Union of Asia was held in Lebanon | International SAMBO Federation (FIAS) }}

This type of Sambo was introduced by the American Sambo Association in 2004. Its purpose was to encourage non-Sambo practitioners such as Judo and Jiu-Jitsu to participate in Sambo. Freestyle Sambo allows the use of chokeholds and other submission techniques that are not used in Sambo wrestling.

This was developed in 2003 as a form of Sambo without competing in the traditional uniform of Kurtka (jacket), shorts and boots. Competitors just wear fight shorts and gloves. One competitor wears blue and the other red, the same as traditional Sambo. Matches are held on a traditional wrestling mat, not in a cage or ring like normal MMA fights. Techniques from all martial arts are used to defeat an opponent by knock out, submission or point victory.

This kind of Sambo is about defending oneself. In it, practitioners are taught to guard against weapons. Most of the moves that are taught include using the attacker's aggression against them, which is similar to what is done in both Jiu-Jitsu and Aikido. Spiridonov's influence is strong in this style of Sambo.

This type of Sambo was made for the Argentinian Army during the military dictatorship. It is similar to special sambo in terms of origin and uses.

This type of Sambo was made for Army Special Forces and other rapid response forces. It is only designed for the particular group that uses it. In that sense, it's similar to sambo combat, which is also designed for a specific purpose.

Sambo beach, as the name suggests, is held on soft beaches or strips of sand.

Vasili Oschepkov was one of the first foreigners to learn Judo in Japan and had earned his Nidan (second-degree black belt, out of then five) from judo's founder, Kano Jigoro. Spiridonov's background involved indigenous martial arts from various Soviet regions as well as an interest in Japanese jujutsu (though he never formally trained it). His reliance on movement over strength was in part because during World War I, he received a bayonet wound which would leave his left arm lame. Both Oschepkov and Spiridonov independently hoped that Soviet military hand-to-hand combat techniques could be improved with an infusion of the techniques distilled from other foreign martial arts. Contrary to common lore, Oschepkov and Spiridonov did not cooperate on the development of their hand-to-hand systems.{{cite web|url=http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2013/8/8/4587974/ufc-mma-fans-guide-to-grappling-combat-sambo-fedor-emelianenko|title=MMA Fan's Guide to Grappling: Sambo|last=T.P. Grant|date=8 August 2013|publisher=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2014-02-07|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201212959/http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2013/8/8/4587974/ufc-mma-fans-guide-to-grappling-combat-sambo-fedor-emelianenko|url-status=dead}} Rather, their independent notions of hand-to-hand combat merged through cross-training between students and formulating efforts by their students and military staff. While Oschepkov and Spiridonov did have occasion to collaborate, their efforts were not completely united.

Each technique was carefully dissected and considered for its merits, and if found acceptable in unarmed combat, refined to reach sambo's ultimate goal: to stop an armed or unarmed adversary in the least time possible.{{cite web|url=http://www.blackbeltmag.com/daily/traditional-martial-arts-training/sambo/classic-black-belt-article-from-1967-russia-prepares-to-export-sambo-part-3/|title=Classic Black Belt Article From 1967: Russia Prepares to Export Sambo (Part 3) – – Black Belt|last=Adams|first=Andy|date=2013-03-26|website=Blackbeltmag.com|publisher=Black Belt Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208040101/http://www.blackbeltmag.com/daily/traditional-martial-arts-training/sambo/classic-black-belt-article-from-1967-russia-prepares-to-export-sambo-part-3/|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=2014-02-07}} Thus, many techniques from jujutsu, judo, and other martial systems joined with the indigenous fighting styles to form the sambo repertoire.{{cite web|url=http://www.blackbeltmag.com/daily/traditional-martial-arts-training/sambo/classic-black-belt-article-from-1967-russia-prepares-to-export-sambo-part-2/|title=Classic Black Belt Article From 1967: Russia Prepares to Export Sambo (Part 2) – – Black Belt|last=Adams|first=Andy|date=2013-03-22|website=Blackbeltmag.com|publisher=Black Belt Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208040520/http://www.blackbeltmag.com/daily/traditional-martial-arts-training/sambo/classic-black-belt-article-from-1967-russia-prepares-to-export-sambo-part-2/|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=2014-02-07}} When the techniques were perfected, they were woven into sambo applications for personal self-defence, police, crowd control, border guards, secret police, dignitary protection, psychiatric hospital staff, military, and commandos.{{cite web|url=https://bloodyelbow.com/2013/3/8/3990480/mma-origins-russian-revolution-history-of-mma-sambo-ufc-russia-combat-sambo/in/3333633|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629040744/https://bloodyelbow.com/2013/3/8/3990480/mma-origins-russian-revolution-history-of-mma-sambo-ufc-russia-combat-sambo/in/3333633|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-29|title=MMA Origins: Russian Revolution|last=T.P. Grant|date=8 March 2013|publisher=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2014-02-07}}

In 1918, Lenin created Vsevobuch (General Military Training) under the leadership of N. I. Podvoyskiy to train the Red Army. The task of developing and organizing Red Army military hand-to-hand combat training fell to K. Voroshilov, who in turn, created the NKVD physical training centre, Dynamo Sports Society.

Spiridonov was a combat veteran of World War I and one of the first wrestling and self-defence instructors hired for Dynamo. His background included Free wrestling (i.e. Catch wrestling), Graeco-Roman wrestling, many Turkic folk wrestling styles, and Japanese jujutsu. As a combative investigator for Dynamo, he travelled to Mongolia and China to observe their native fighting styles.

In 1923, Oschepkov and Spiridinov collaborated (independently) with a team of other experts on a grant from the Soviet government to improve the Red Army's hand-to-hand combat system. Spiridonov had envisioned integrating the most practical aspects of the world's fighting systems into one comprehensive style that could adapt to any threat. Oschepkov had observed Kano Jigoro's distillation of Tenjin Shinyo Ryu, Kito Ryu and Fusen-ryū jujutsu into judo, and he had developed the insight required to evaluate and integrate combative techniques into a new system. Their developments were supplemented by Anatoly Kharlampiyev and I. V. Vasiliev who also travelled the globe to study the native fighting arts of the world. Ten years in the making, their catalogue of techniques was instrumental in formulating the early framework of the art to be eventually referred to as sambo.

Kharlampiyev is often called the "father of sambo". This may be more legend than fact, since only he had the longevity and political connections to remain with the art while the new system was named "sambo". However, Kharlampiyev's political manoeuvring is single-handedly responsible for the USSR Committee of Sport's accepting sambo as the official combat sport of the Soviet Union in 1938 – decidedly the "birth" of sambo.{{cite web|url=http://www.blackbeltmag.com/daily/traditional-martial-arts-training/sambo/classic-black-belt-article-from-1967-russia-prepares-to-export-sambo-part-1/|title=Classic Black Belt Article From 1967: Russia Prepares to Export Sambo (Part 1) – – Black Belt|last=Adams|first=Andy|date=2013-03-21|website=Blackbeltmag.com|publisher=Black Belt Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208041114/http://www.blackbeltmag.com/daily/traditional-martial-arts-training/sambo/classic-black-belt-article-from-1967-russia-prepares-to-export-sambo-part-1/|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=2014-02-07}} So, more accurately, Kharlampiyev could be considered the father of "sport" sambo.

Spiridonov was the first to begin referring to the new system with a name similar to 'sambo'. He eventually developed a softer style called Samoz that could be used by smaller, weaker practitioners or even wounded soldiers and secret agents. Spiridonov's inspiration to develop 'Samoz' stemmed from his World War I bayonet injury, which greatly restricted his left arm and thus his ability to practise wrestling. Refined versions of sambo are still used today or fused with specific sambo applications to meet the needs of Russian commandos.

After being recognized by FILA (known since September 2014 as United World Wrestling) in 1968, by the U.S. National Amateur Athletic Union in 1972, and after being included to the programme of the 1973 World Wrestling Championships along with Graeco-Roman and Freestyle wrestling (which are indeed Olympic sports,) Sambo was rapidly making its way to become an Olympic sport.{{cite journal|first=Hayward|last=Nishioka|title=Can America "Sambo" Its Way to the 1980 Olympics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA23|journal=Black Belt|date=July 1977|volume=15|issue=7|pages=23–27}}

The first World Cup was contested in 1969. Don Curtis, a member of the U.S. Olympic Wrestling Committee, had predicted in 1975, that the Russians would introduce Sambo wrestling in the 1980 Olympics programme in Moscow.{{cite journal|title=Curtis has a few ideas|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/37977084/|journal=The Argus|date=August 10, 1975|page=19}} In 1975 the first United States National Sambo Championships were held in Mesa, Arizona, in 1977. It was contested along with G.R. and Freestyle at the first Pan American Wrestling Championships in Mexico City, and included in the schedule of the upcoming 1983 U.S. Olympic Festival[https://newspaperarchive.com/fort-walton-beach-playground-daily-news-jun-23-1983-p-21/ National Sports Festival Schedule By The Associated Press][https://newspaperarchive.com/hutchinson-news-jun-26-1983-p-14/ COLORADO (UPI). Results from Saturday's events at the fifth National Sports Festival] and the 1983 Pan American Games (the 1983 Pan American event in Caracas became the first and subsequently the last edition of Sambo at the Pan Am Games.) In 1979 the National AAU Sambo Committee established several annual awards to honour outstanding persons in the sport of Sambo wrestling.[https://books.google.com/books?id=eV2BAAAAMAAJ&q=Sombo+awards SOMBO NEWS], AAU News, 1979, p. 8. By the 1980s it has been included to Pan American Games, National Sports Festival and AAU Junior Olympics programme.[https://books.google.com/books?id=gNwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA116 National Sombo Group Being Formed], Black Belt, January 1985, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 116.

But as a result of political complications of the 1980 Olympic boycott which arose after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Sambo was at first reduced to a demonstration sport at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR. But later, because of the sport's strong association with the Soviet Union, it was removed from demonstration sport status. It is true that youth sambo was demonstrated in the Games' opening ceremonies; however, sambo was never formally recognized as a demonstration sport. This common error in history books is noted in several sources including From SAMOZ to SAMBO by Anatoly Makovetskii and Lukashev's History of Hand-to-Hand Combat in the First Half of the 20th Century: Founders and Authors.[http://www.worldwidegrappling.com/grappling/html/modules/vB/showthread.php?t=1598&page=1&pp=10 Sambo a demo sport in 1980 Olympics?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107021521/http://www.worldwidegrappling.com/grappling/html/modules/vB/showthread.php?t=1598&page=1&pp=10 |date=2008-01-07 }} (Worldwide Grappling Forums) Furthermore, the official documents of the 1980 Olympic Organizing Committee do not mention sambo as a participating sport in the Games.[http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1980/or1980v3.pdf Games of the XXIII Olympiad (Volume 3 – Participants and Results)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222426/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1980/or1980v3.pdf |date=27 September 2007 }} (640 pages) Nevertheless, Jerry Matsumoto, Head of the U.S. Sambo Association, saw in 1990 Sambo becoming an Olympic sport, at least at the demonstration level, within the next eight years.[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/132859519/ Part judo, part wrestling, Sombo has CV resident captivated] By Phillip Brents, The Star-News, Chula Vista, California, August 31- Sept 1, 1991, Page D4.

In 1968, FILA accepted sambo as the third style of international wrestling. In 1985, the sambo community formed its own organization, Federation International Amateur Sambo (FIAS). In 1993, FIAS split into two organizations, both of which used the same name and logo, and the two groups were often referred to as FIAS "East" (under Russian control) and FIAS "West" (under US and Western European control). This split mirrored the last days of Cold War politics of the time as well as the recent break-up of the Soviet Union. In the U.S., disagreements between the sport's organizers and the rise of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu in the 1990s slowed down the growth of sambo before the success of several sambo fighters increased its popularity a decade later.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/19/sports/othersports/19fight.html?scp=2&sq=%22H%C3%A9lio%20gracie%22&st=cse|title=Once-Secret Martial Art Rises in Ring's Bright Lights |work=The New York Times|access-date=12 December 2010|first=R.M.|last=Schneiderman|date=19 July 2008}} In 2005, FILA reached an agreement with FIAS "West" and re-assumed sanctioning over sport sambo.[http://ussambo.com/PDFS/press_strugglingtosurvive.pdf Struggling To Survive – Can FILA End Sambo's Civil War?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928091901/http://ussambo.com/PDFS/press_strugglingtosurvive.pdf |date=2007-09-28 }} – in Grappling magazine However, in 2008, FILA again discontinued sanctioning sambo and sambo is now notably missing from the UWW website.[https://web.archive.org/web/20081223025159/http://www.worldwidegrappling.com/grappling/html/modules/vB/showthread.php?t=2156&page=1&pp=10 FILA/USAW Drops Sambo (Again)] – (Wide Grappling Forums) At present, only FIAS sanctions international competition in sport sambo. In 2014 FIAS and FILA signed a cooperative agreement.{{cite web|url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/press_releases/fila_and_fias_sign_a_memorandum_of_cooperation|title=FILA and FIAS sign a memorandum of cooperation|last=Talanoa|first=Simione|date=23 July 2014|work=sportspromedia.com}} While this does not place sambo back on UWW's recognized list, it does move towards unity and prevents future 'turf wars' regarding the sport's promotion. A similar agreement was signed by FIAS and the International Judo Federation in 2014 as well.{{cite web|url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/press_releases/international_federations_of_judo_and_sambo_signed_cooperation_agreement|title=INTERNATIONAL FEDERATIONS OF JUDO AND SAMBO SIGNED COOPERATION AGREEMENT|last=Long|first=Michael|date=2 September 2014|work=sportspromedia.com}} Both FIAS and the World Combat Sambo Federation host international combat sambo competition. The American Sambo Association has continued to host freestyle sambo tournaments in the US and Canada since 2004. These events are unrecognized by UWW.

Rumours rising in 2012 stating that sambo will be included as a demonstration sport in the 2016 Olympics are therefore not supported by any facts, and thus sambo is still a very long way from maturing into an Olympic sport, notwithstanding the effort that is being put into the matter. Indeed, given the intention of the Olympic Committee to remove classic wrestling from the Olympic roster, there are rumours that sambo is highly unlikely to ever make it to the Olympics. However, sambo has been included in the 27th Annual Summer Universiade for the first time in history.{{cite web |url=http://kazan2013.ru/en/sports/10019 |title=27th Summer Universiade in Kazan, July 6–17 2013 |publisher=Kazan2013.ru |date=1990-07-14 |access-date=2013-09-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924044443/http://kazan2013.ru/en/sports/10019 |archive-date=2013-09-24 }} FIAS submitted an application to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to consider sambo for the 2020 Games and has devoted 2010–2013 to creating a sambo commission in the International Sports Press Association (AIPS). As of 30 November 2018, sambo has indeed received temporary recognition by the IOC.{{cite web |url=http://sambo-fias.org/en/news/2013/4/17/SAMBO_vystupilo_v_Sochi_za_297_dnej_do_starta_Zimnih_Olimpijskih_Igr |title=The International Sambo Federation (FIAS) |publisher=Sambo-fias.org |date=2013-04-17 |access-date=2013-09-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130705012334/http://sambo-fias.org/en/news/2013/4/17/SAMBO_vystupilo_v_Sochi_za_297_dnej_do_starta_Zimnih_Olimpijskih_Igr |archive-date=2013-07-05 }} This close relationship is reestablishing the global popularity and media emphasis on sambo.

Similar to wrestling, a sambo practitioner normally wears either a red or a blue competition outfit. The kurtka ({{langx|ru|куртка}}), also called a sambovka ({{langx|ru|самбовка}}), similar to the keikogi in style and function, although it is tighter fitting and has epaulettes and belt loops.Green, Thomas A. (editor) 2001, [https://books.google.com/books?id=v32oHSE5t6cC&dq=%22kurtka%22+martial+art&pg=PA512 Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia - Volume One: A-Q], ABC-CLIO Inc. {{ISBN|1-57607-150-2}} (p. 512) as well as shoulder straps, wrestling-style shorts, and special protective shoes called Bortsovki and match the uniform's colour. The sambo uniform does not reflect rank or competitive rating. Sport rules require an athlete to have both red and blue sets to visually distinguish competitors on the mat.

Also similar to the wrestling ranking system used in Russia, a competitive rating system is used (rather than the belt colour ranking system used in judo and gendai jujutsu). Various sport organizations distribute these ranks for high levels of competition achievement or in some cases coaching merits. People who have earned these ranks are known as 'Masters of Sport.' Institutions that grant a sambo 'Master of Sport' in Russia include FIAS,{{cite web|url=http://sambo-fias.org/|title=Официальный сайт Международной Федерации САМБО|work=sambo-fias.org}} FKE,{{cite web|url=http://fke.ru/|title=FKE.RU – Федерации Комплексных Единоборств|work=fke.ru}} and the International Combat Sambo Federation. Other nations have governing bodies that award 'Masters of Sport' as well, including the American Sambo Association in the United States.{{cite web|url=http://ussambo.com/rankings.html|title=ASA Rankings|publisher=Ussambo.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907000444/http://ussambo.com/rankings.html|archive-date=7 September 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=2015-06-12}}

{{main|World Sambo Championships}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2014}}

Sambo World Cup and Supercup have been contested since 1969, initially held by FILA, and since 1985 by FIAS.

{{expand section|date=January 2020}}

United States National Sambo Championships known initially as the National AAU Sambo Wrestling Championships are the annual championships held in the United States. American enthusiasts of martial arts took up Sambo shortly before it was contested at the 1973 World Wrestling Championships and was rapidly making its way to become an Olympic sport in 1980.

: {{small|Note: (t) stands for team events.}}

The national Sambo competition also was held along with Graeco-Roman and Freestyle events at the 1987 and 1988 AAU/USA Grand National Wrestling Championships on July 1, 1987, and July 6, 1988, respectively, both held at Market Square Arena in Indianapolis, Indiana.[https://books.google.com/books?id=kF-BAAAAMAAJ&q=Wrestling+Indiana+sombp Wrestling], Info AAU, 1988, Volume 59, p. 19. The next year it was contested at the 1989 AAU/Carrier Grand National Wrestling Championships on July 5 at Metra in Billings, Montana.[https://books.google.com/books?id=kF-BAAAAMAAJ&q=sombo+mont Wrestling], Info AAU, 1989, Volume 60, p. 20. 1990 AAU Grand National Wrestling Championships also hosted a national Sambo competition at Market Square Arena in Indianapolis, Indiana, on July 10.[https://books.google.com/books?hl=ru&id=JWPvAAAAMAAJ&q=sombo+1990 Wrestling], Info AAU, 1990, Volume 61, p. 21 1992 AAU Grand National edition hosted a national Sambo competition in July in Amarillo, Texas. 1994 AAU Grand National Wrestling Championships also hosted a national Sambo competition at Kellogg Arena in Battle Creek, Michigan, on July 13.[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/205857984/ A Russian import] By Todd Schulz, Battle Creek Enquirer, July 14, 1994 · Page 4C. 1995 AAU Grand National edition hosted a national Sambo competition in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The 1999 AAU Grand National Wrestling Championships also offered Sambo to competitors on June 30 at Metra in Billings, Montana.[http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/412309319/ SCOREBOARD], The Billings Gazette, June 19, 1999 · Page 2C. The 2002 AAU Grand National Wrestling Championships saw Sambo competition on June 19 at Hirsch Coliseum in Shreveport, Louisiana.[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/220203926/ AAU equals attention] By Brian Vernellis, The Times, Shreveport, Louisiana, June 21, 2002, Page 4C.

USA Wrestling has added Sambo as a style since the 2007 U.S. National Wrestling Championships in Las Vegas, Nevada.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160515225243/http://www.teamusa.org/USA-Wrestling/Features/2006/December/12/Sombo-to-be-included-at-U-S--N-15628 Sombo to be included at U.S. National Championships in Las Vegas Nev April 6–7] BY GARY ABBOTT | DEC. 12, 2006 | United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee Official Website

{{Main|List of sambo practitioners}}

Although sambo is a Russian acronym, exponents of the sport in the English-speaking world have faced problems concerning the linguistically unrelated racist term. Sambo representatives worldwide have opted to use the alternative spelling Sombo to avoid offence.[http://combatsombo.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/who_runs_international_sombo.htm Who runs International Sombo?] by Martin Clarke {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105083723/http://combatsombo.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/who_runs_international_sombo.htm |date=5 November 2010 }} However, FIAS still references the sport with its acronym spelling: SAMBO.{{cite web |url=http://sambo-fias.org/en/news/2012/8/2/Istoriya%20FIAS |title=The International Sambo Federation (FIAS) |publisher=Sambo-fias.org |access-date=2013-09-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003035829/http://www.sambo-fias.org/en/news/2012/8/2/Istoriya%20FIAS |archive-date=2013-10-03 }}

• Judo
• Legends of Sambo, a 2023 biographical film about the creation of Sambo

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

• [http://sombo.us/FILA-Sombo-Rules.pdf FILA Sombo Rules] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109130144/http://sombo.us/FILA-Sombo-Rules.pdf |date=9 January 2016 }} – May 2006
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090813084518/http://smwcsombo.com/book/intro.html Sombo – A Style of Wrestling]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060215135102/http://glory.nsu.ru/projects/satbi/satbi-e/statyi/sambo.html Creation of Sambo] – by Michail Lukashev, first published in Physical Culture and Sport magazine N9-10/91.
• [https://archive.today/20010208172257/http://glory.nsu.ru/projects/satbi/satbi-e/martart/sambo.html Classical SAMBO] – with many examples and pictures.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060219190951/http://www.anymartialart.org/09_Martial_Arts_Info/index.php?MArtID=84 About Sombo] – sambo overview at AnyMartialArt.org
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071018195512/http://ussambo.com/press_article_jan_06.html CST Magazine Interview with Steve Koepfer from the American Sambo Association] – information about combat and Freestyle sambo.
• [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/19/sports/othersports/19fight.html?_r=2&hp&oref=slogin&oref=slogin New York Times Article and Video covering the history of sambo] – published 19 July 2008.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120053802/http://www.latalkradio.com/Kip.php LA Talk Radio's Kip Brown discusses sambo on In The Can] – Aired 13 September 2008.
• [http://www.g4tv.com/attackoftheshow/videos/28994/Fight_Like_An_Israeli.html G4 Network's Attack of the Show covers sambo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501064931/http://www.g4tv.com/attackoftheshow/videos/28994/Fight_Like_An_Israeli.html |date=1 May 2017 }} Aired 1 October 2008.
• {{YouTube|kfrJmZ7epJU|Russia Today covers the 70th Anniversary of Sambo}} – Aired 22 October 2008
• [http://www.slate.com/id/2211882/entry/2211884/ Slate.com covers sambo training in Russia, the 2008 FIAS World Championships, and Fedor Emilianenko] – published 23–27 February 2009
• [http://uscombatsports.com/midatlantic/mid-atlantic-combat-sports/mid-atlantic/local/new-jersey/injury-shake-up-unearths-political-controversy-at-usa-sambo-open.html Injury shake up unearths political controversy at USA SAMBO Open] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904034753/http://uscombatsports.com/midatlantic/mid-atlantic-combat-sports/mid-atlantic/local/new-jersey/injury-shake-up-unearths-political-controversy-at-usa-sambo-open.html |date=4 September 2010 }} Published 3 May 2010
• https://olympics.com/ioc/recognised-international-federations

{{commons category|Sambo}}

{{wiktionary|sambo}}

• [http://www.sambo-fias.org International SAMBO Federation]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20160708224118/http://www.sambo-asia.org/ Asian SAMBO Federation] (Wayback Machine copy)
• [http://www.eurosambo.com European Sambo Federation]
• [http://bsambo.ru/ Combat Sambo Federation of Russia]

{{World Sambo Championships}}

{{Sambo}}

{{Grappling}}

{{Martial arts}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sambo (Martial Art)}}

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