Sambor Ghetto

{{further|Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland}}

When the Second Polish Republic was formed in 1918, both Sambor and Stary Sambor became seats of separate gminas. In 1932, the counties were combined into a single administrative area. The Jewish population grew steadily. Brand new schools, including a Jewish gymnasium and a Bais Yaakov for girls were established, as well as new industrial plants, unions, Jewish relief organizations, and several Zionist parties such as World Agudath Israel. Jews engaged in trade, crafts, carter, agriculture, and professional activities. Jewish cultural institutions included a large library and a sports club. On 8–11 September 1939, Sambor was overrun by the 1st Mountain Division of the Wehrmacht during the Polish Battle of Lwów.{{cite book |author=Steve J. Zaloga |year=2002 |title=Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXshAQAAIAAJ&q=Sambor |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey Publishing / Praeger |isbn=0-275-98278-5 |page=79 }} Also in: {{cite web |title=Sambor |publisher=Polska Niepodległa |author=Marcin Hałaś |url=http://polskaniepodlegla.pl/magazyn-patriotyczny/item/2964-miasta-utracone-sambor?tmpl=component&print=1 |via=Internet Archive |at=Source: Stanisław Sławomir Nicieja (2014), Kresowa Atlantyda. Historia i mitologia miast kresowych. Volume V, Wydawnictwo MS, Opole |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827154523/http://polskaniepodlegla.pl/magazyn-patriotyczny/item/2964-miasta-utracone-sambor?tmpl=component&print=1 |archive-date=27 August 2016 }} It was transferred to the Soviet Union in accordance with the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty signed on 28 September 1939.

File:Sambor, Kresy, September 1939; German & Russian soldiers stroll.jpg]]

After the Soviet takeover, wealthy and middle-class Polish Jews were arrested by the NKVD and sentenced for deportation to Siberia along with the Polish intelligentsia. Some pro-Soviet Jews were given government jobs.{{cite web |publisher=Faina Petryakova Scientific Center for Judaica and Jewish Art |author=Meylakh Sheykhet |url=http://www.jewishheritage.org.ua/en/1912/sambir.html |title=Sambir (Sambor) |location=Ukraine}} ^{[sources not listed]} The economy was nationalized; hundreds of citizens were executed out of sight by the secret police as "enemies of the people". Sambor became part of the Drohobych Oblast on 4 December 1939.{{cite web |title=Miasto Stary Sambor |trans-title=The city of Old Sambor |publisher=Powiat Bieszczadzki |work=Sister cities |url=http://www.bieszczadzki.pl/strona-2109-miasto_stary_sambor.html |author=Starostwo Powiatowe w Ustrzykach Dolnych |location=Ustrzyki Dolne}}

On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. During the hasty evacuation of the political prison in Sambor, the NKVD shot 600 prisoners;{{cite book |title=The Devils' Alliance: Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939–1941 |author=Roger Moorhouse |publisher=Basic Books |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz_RAwAAQBAJ&q=Sambor |isbn=978-0-465-05492-3 |page=176}} 80 corpses were left unburied for lack of time.{{cite journal |author=Тов. Сергиенко |location=Киев |title=Доповідна записка наркому Сергієнко про розстріли та евакуацію в'язнів із тюрем Західної України 5 липня1941 р. |trans-title=Shooting and evacuating prisoners from prisons in Western Ukraine Report by Commissar Serhiyenko |journal=Народному комиссару внутренних дел УССР старшему майору государственной безопасности |at=Page 171 in PDF document |via=direct download |quote=В двух тюрьмах в городе Самбор и Стрий (сведений о тюрьме в гор. Перемышль не имеем) – содержалось 2242 заключенных. Во время эвакуации расстреляно по обеим тюрьмам 1101 заключенных, освобождено – 250 человек, этапировано 637 и оставлено в тюрьмах – 304 заключенных. 27 июня при эвакуации в тюрьме гор. Самбор осталось – 80 незарытых трупов, на просьбы начальника тюрьмы к руководству Горотдела НКГБ и НКВД оказать ему помощь в зарытии трупов – они ответили категорическим отказом. |url=http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-966-7779-25-2/978-966-7779-25-2.pdf}} Sambor was taken over by the Wehrmacht on 29 June. The city became one of a dozen administrative units of the District of Galicia, the fifth district of the General Government, with the capital in Lemberg.{{cite book |title=Global Perspectives on the Holocaust: History |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4438-8424-2 |pages=368–369 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5nWCgAAQBAJ&q=Sambor+Distrikt+Galizien |author=Nancy E. Rupprecht |author2=Wendy Koenig |quote=Kreishauptmannschaften in Distrikt Galizien.}}

Arriving German troops were accompanied by Ukrainian task forces (pokhidny hrupy) indoctrinated at German training bases in the General Government.{{cite journal |publisher=Kantor Program Papers |others=Roni Stauber, Beryl Belsky |date=June 2012 |title=Honoring the Collaborators – The Ukrainian Case |author=Irena Cantorovich |url=http://kantorcenter.tau.ac.il/sites/default/files/ukraine-collaborators_3.pdf |quote=When the Soviets occupied eastern Galicia, some 30,000 Ukrainian nationalists fled to the General Government. In 1940 the Germans began to set up military training units of Ukrainians, and in the spring of 1941 Ukrainian units were established by the Wehrmacht. }} See also: {{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/150069634/Marek-Getter-1996-Policja-Polska-w-Generalnym-Gubernatorstwie-1939-1945-Przegl%C4%85d-Policyjny-nr-1-2-Wydawnictwo-Wy%C5%BCszej-Szko%C5%82y-Policji-w-Szczytni |title=Policja Polska w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie 1939–1945 |publisher=Przegląd Policyjny nr 1-2. Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Policji w Szczytnie |work=Polish Police in the General Government 1939–1945 |year=1996 |author=Marek Getter |pages=1–22 |format=WebCite cache |quote=Reprint, with extensive statistical data, at [https://archive.today/20240526172950/https://www.webcitation.org/6Hb52gr1x?url=http://policjapanstwowa.pl/index.php/pl/strona-glowna/2-podstrony%3Fstart=28 Policja Państwowa webpage.] |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Hen2CZJW?url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/150069634/Marek-Getter-1996-Policja-Polska-w-Generalnym-Gubernatorstwie-1939-1945-Przegl%C4%85d-Policyjny-nr-1-2-Wydawnictwo-Wy%C5%BCszej-Szko%C5%82y-Policji-w-Szczytni |archive-date=26 June 2013 }} The OUN followers (Anwärters included) mobilized Ukrainian militants in some 30 locations at once,{{cite book |author=Р. П. Шляхтич |title=ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х частинах Ін-т історії України НАН України |trans-title=OUN in 1941: Documents in 2 volumes |publisher=Institute of History of Ukraine |location=Kiev: Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |url=http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/oun41/text.pdf |year=2006 |pages=426–428 |isbn=966-02-2535-0 |quote=[http://journals.hnpu.edu.ua/ojs/hisgeo/article/view/1868 Abstract.] Listed locations included Lviv, Ternopil, Stanislavov, Lutsk, Rivne, Yavoriv, Kamenetz-Podolsk, Drohobych, Borislav, Dubno, Sambor, Kostopol, Sarny, Kozovyi, Zolochiv, Berezhany, Pidhaytsi, Kolomyya, Rava-Ruska, Obroshyno, Radekhiv, Gorodok, Kosovo, Terebovlia, Vyshnivtsi, Zbarazh, Zhytomyr and Fastov.}} See also: {{cite journal |title=The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews |author1=Karel C. Berkhoff |author2=Marco Carynnyk |publisher=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |date=23 December 1999 |volume=3/4 |journal=Research Library |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283606261 |pages=149–150}} including in Sambor, and in accordance with the Nazi theory of Judeo-Bolshevism, launched retaliatory pogroms against the Polish Jews. The deadliest of them, overseen by SS-Brigadeführer Otto Rasch, took place in Lwów beginning 30 June 1941.{{cite book |title=Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947 |author=Tadeusz Piotrowski |publisher=McFarland |year=1998 |isbn=0-7864-0371-3 |pages=207–211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&q=Melnyk+Bandera+Dr.+Rasch |via=Google Books |author-link=Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)}} On 1 July 1941, the Ukrainian nationalists killed approximately 50–100 Polish Jews in Sambor,{{cite web |author=Eugene Shnaider |title=Самбор, Львовская область |location=Самбор |year=2015 |work=Еврейские местечки Украины |quote=29 июня 1941 Самбор оккупировали части вермахта. 1 июля 1941 местные украинцы устроили погром, в ходе которого было убито 50 евреев. |url=http://www.myshtetl.org/lvovskaja/sambor.html}} but similar pogroms affected other Polish provincial capitals as far as Tarnopol, Stanisławów and Łuck.{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-10/paper.pdf |title=The Holocaust and [German] Colonialism in Ukraine: A Case Study |publisher=The Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |work=The Holocaust in the Soviet Union |date=September 2005 |access-date=7 December 2014 |author=Symposium Presentations |pages=15, 18–19, 20 in current document of 1/154 |format=PDF file, direct download 1.63 MB |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816044021/http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-10/paper.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2012 }} See also: {{cite book |author=Ronald Headland |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mue8a5Rwyi0C&q=Luck%2C+Sonderkommando |title=Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941–1943 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press |pages=79, 125–126 |isbn=0-8386-3418-4}}

The German authorities forced all adult Jews to wear the yellow badge. In July 1941, a Judenrat was formed in Sambor on German orders, with Dr. Shimshon (Samson) Schneidscher as its chairman. In the following months, Jews were deported to the open-type ghetto in Sambor from the entire county. On 17 July, Heinrich Himmler decreed the formation of the Schutzmannschaften from among the local Ukrainians, owing to good relations with the local Ukrainian Hilfsverwaltung.{{cite book |author=Markus Eikel |chapter=The local administration under German occupation in central and eastern Ukraine, 1941–1944 |at=Pages 110–122 in PDF |title=The Holocaust in Ukraine: New Sources and Perspectives |quote=Ukraine differs from other parts of the German-occupied Soviet Union, whereas the local administrators have formed the Hilfsverwaltung in support of extermination policies in 1941 and 1942, and in providing assistance for the deportations to camps in Germany, mainly in 1942 and 1943. |publisher=Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |year=2013 |url=http://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20130500-holocaust-in-ukraine.pdf}} By 7 August 1941, in most areas conquered by the Wehrmacht, units of the Ukrainian People's Militia had already participated in a series of so-called "self-purification" actions, followed closely by killings carried out by Einsatzgruppe C.{{cite book |title=Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews |author=Peter Longerich |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-280436-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxYqYIn73SgC&q=Einsatzgruppe+C+Rasch |pages=195, 199–200}} The OUN-B militia spearheaded a day-long pogrom in Stary Sambor. Thirty-two prominent Jews were dragged by the nationalists to the cemetery and bludgeoned. Surviving eyewitnesses, Mrs. Levitski and Mr. Eidman, reported cases of dismemberment and decapitation. Afterwards, a Jewish Ghetto Police was set up, headed by Hermann Stahl. Jews were ordered to hand over their furs, radios, silver and gold.

File:Самбор. Улица Ткацкая, 1939.jpg, {{circa}} 1939]]

Among the people trapped in the Sambor Ghetto were thousands of refugees who arrived there in an attempt to escape the German occupation of western Poland, and possibly cross the border to Romania{{cite journal |author=Encyclopedia of the Ghettos |title=סמבּוֹר (Sambor) המכון הבין-לאומי לחקר השואה – יד ושם |publisher=Yad Vashem. The International Institute for Holocaust Research |url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/he/research/ghettos_encyclopedia/ghetto_details.asp?cid=732 |year=2016}} and Hungary.{{cite AV media |title=Rescue Story: Plewa, Alojzy |publisher=Yad Vashem |url=http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4016950 |author=World Holocaust Remembrance Center |year=2016}} Confined to the Blich neighbourhood of Sambor – the ghetto was sealed off from the outside on 12 January 1942,.{{cite web |work=The Book of Sambor and Stari Sambor; a Memorial to the Jewish Communities |at=Chapter 8 |title=The Annihilation of the City |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/sambor/Sam203.html#Page205 |author=Alexander Manor |author2=Toni Nacht |author3=Dolek Frei |year=1980 |translator=Susan Rosin}}{{cite book |title=Hiding In Death's Shadow |author=Allen Brayer |publisher=iUniverse |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4502-6383-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykivs9hBOakC&q=Sambor+Ghetto+1942 |pages=71–72}} Jews from different parts of the city, along with inhabitants of neighbouring communities, including Stary Sambor, were transferred to the ghetto until March 1942. A curfew was imposed, subject to shoot-on-sight enforcement.

In July 1942, the first killing centre of Operation Reinhard built by the SS at Belzec (just over 100 kilometres away) began its second phase of extermination, with brand new gas chambers built of brick.{{cite book |author=Andrzej Kola |orig-date=2000 |year=2015 |title=Belzec. The Nazi Camp for Jews in the Light of Archaeological Sources |others=Translated from Polish by Ewa Józefowicz and Mateusz Józefowicz |location=Warsaw-Washington |publisher=The Council for the Protection of Memory of Combat and Martyrdom – The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |isbn=978-83-905590-6-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdkWAQAAIAAJ&q=wax-fat}} Also in: Archeologists reveal new secrets of Holocaust, Reuters News, 21 July 1998. Sambor Jews were rounded up in stages. A terror operation was conducted in the ghetto on 2–4 August 1942 ahead of the first deportation. The 'resettlement' rail transports to Belzec left Sambor on 4–6 August 1942 under heavy guard, with 6,000 men, women, and children crammed into Holocaust trains without food or water. About 600 Jews were sent to the Janowska concentration camp nearby. The second set of trains with 3,000–4,000 Jews departed on 17–18 and 22 October 1942.{{cite web |title=Holocaust Transports |work=Deportations of Jews from District Galicia to Death Camp in Belzec |author=ARC |year=2004 |url=http://www.deathcamps.org/belzec/galiciatransportlist.html}}{{cite web |title=Ghetto List |author=Michael Peters |url=http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/ghettolist.htm |via=Internet Archive |year=2016 |orig-date=2004 |publisher=ARC |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230810/http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/ghettolist.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 }} {{cite web |url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/selectcity/ |title=Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland |author=Virtual Shtetl |publisher=Museum of the History of the Polish Jews |year=2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208215116/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/selectcity/ |archive-date=8 February 2016 }} {{cite web |url=http://www.izrael.badacz.org/historia/szoa_getto.html |title=Getta Żydowskie |author=Gedeon |via=Internet Archive |year=2012 |orig-date=2004 |at=Sampol |publisher=Izrael. Badacz.org |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122064635/http://www.izrael.badacz.org/historia/szoa_getto.html |archive-date=22 November 2012 }} See also: {{cite book |title=Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps |publisher=Indiana University Press |author=Yitzhak Arad |year=1987 |isbn=0-253-34293-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/belzecsobibortre00arad |url-access=registration |quote=Deportations to Belzec from Sambor, 4–6 August 1942: 4,000 Jews; 17–18 October: 2,000 and 22 October 1942: 2,000 Jews. Stary Sambor deportation, 5–6 August: 1,500. }} On 17 November 1942, the depopulated ghetto was filled with expellees from Turka and Ilnik. Some Jews escaped to the forest. The town of Turka was declared Judenfrei on 1 December 1942. Irrespective of deportations, mass shootings of Jews were also carried out.{{cite web |author=Robin O'Neil |title=Extermination of Jews in General Government 1943 Following Closure of Belzec |work=A Reassessment: Resettlement Transports to Belzec |publisher=JewishGen Yizkor Book Project |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/belzec/bel005.html |quote=Sambor, March 1943: 900^[372] April 1943: 1000^[390] June 1943: 100s^[422]}} In January 1943, the Germans and Ukrainian Auxiliary Police rounded up 1,500 Jews deemed 'unworthy of life'. They were trucked to the woods near Radlowicz (Radłowicze, Radlovitze; now Ralivka) and shot one by one. Among those still alive in the ghetto, death by starvation and typhus raged.{{cite book |title=Hiding In Death's Shadow: How I Survived The Holocaust |work=Second Edition |author=Allen Brayer |publisher=iUniverse |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykivs9hBOakC&q=Radlowicz |isbn=978-1-4502-6383-2 |pages=72, 73}}

After the long winter, new terror operations in the ghetto took place in March or April 1943. The Gestapo utilized Wehrmacht units transiting through Sambor to round up Jews. All houses, cellars and even chimneys were searched. The 1,500 captives were split in groups of 100 each. They were escorted to the cemetery, where Jewish men were forced to dig mass graves.{{cite AV media |publisher=YAHAD-IN UNUM |title=Execution of Jews in Sambir |work=Interview |location=Sambir |date=13 January 2009 |author=Yaroslav G., witness N°750 |url=http://yahadmap.org/#village/sambir-lviv-ukraine.254 |id=Exhibit 5}} The liquidation of the ghetto was approaching. In June, Dr. Zausner, deputy to the Judenrat chairman, gave a speech full of hope because the Gestapo office in Drohobicz agreed to save a group of labourers in exchange for a huge ransom. Nevertheless, on the night of 8 June 1943, the Ukrainian Hilfspolizei set the ghetto houses on fire. In the morning, all Jewish slave labourers were escorted to prison, loaded onto lorries and trucked to the killing fields at Radłowicze. The ghetto was no more; the city was declared "Judenrein". The Soviet Red Army liberated Sambor a year later amid heavy fighting with the retreating Germans, around 7 August 1944.{{cite journal |title=Wojska I-go frontu ukrainskiego 7 VIII szturmem zajely miasto Sambor |publisher=Rzeczpospolita, Organ Polskiego Komitetu Wyzwolenia Narodowego |location=Lublin |date=8 August 1944 |url=http://dlibra.umcs.lublin.pl/dlibra/plain-content?id=10937 |author=PKWN}}

Some Jews had managed to dig a tunnel leading to a sewer out of the ghetto and escaped to the partisans in the forest. A number of local gentiles aided some of the escapees. Those declared Righteous Among the Nations who helped Sambor Ghetto's Jews included the Plewa family,{{Cite web|url=http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4016950|title=Plewa FAMILY|website=db.yadvashem.org|access-date=2019-06-18}}{{cite web |title=The Plewa Family |publisher=Polish Righteous – Polscy Sprawiedliwi |work=Przywracanie Pamięci |url=http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/family/643,the-plewa-family/ |date=May 2012 |author=Magdalena Stankowska |translator=Joanna Sliwa |access-date=8 September 2016 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915102241/http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/family/643,the-plewa-family/ }} Celina Kędzierska,{{Cite web|url=https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/stories-of-rescue/be-good-person-story-sister-celina-aniela-kedzierska|title="Be a good person". The story of Sister Celina Aniela Kędzierska {{!}} Polscy Sprawiedliwi|website=sprawiedliwi.org.pl|access-date=2019-06-12}} the Bońkowski family{{Cite web|url=http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4016950|title=Bońkowski FAMILY|website=db.yadvashem.org|access-date=2019-06-18}} and the Oczyński family.{{cite web |publisher=The Righteous Among The Nations |title=Oczyński FAMILY; Oczyński Jan and Oczyński Mieczysław (1914 – ), SON |work=Rescue Story |issue=File 2678 |url=http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4039759 |author=Yad Vashem }}

In 1943, the Nazi police executed at least 27 people in Sambor for attempting to hide Jews.{{cite book |url=http://jhist.org/shoa/hfond_126.htm |author=И.А. Альтман |title=Холокост и еврейское сопротивление на оккупированной территории СССР |publisher=Центр и Фонд «Холокост» |year=2002 |isbn=5-88636-007-7}} Altogether, about 160 Jews survived, mostly by hiding with Poles and Ukrainians in the town or the surrounding countryside.

After the war, several members of the town's German civilian administration and security apparatus received prison sentences; others did not.{{Cite book|url=https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos|title=Encyclopedia of camps and ghettos, 1933-1945.|last1=Kruglov|first1=Alexander|last2=Patt|first2=Avinoam|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-253-35428-0|editor-last=Megargee|editor-first=Geoffrey P.|editor-link =Geoffrey P. Megargee |pages=824–826|chapter=Sambor|oclc=823622869}}

"During the Soviet era, the Jewish cemetery of Sambor lost its original function and was levelled. Plans were made to construct a sports field on the site." Since 1991, Sambir (Самбір) has been part of Ukraine. In 2000, attempts to preserve the site of the mass shootings for a Holocaust memorial park were halted.{{cite book |work=Global Perspectives on the Holocaust: History |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4438-8424-2 |page=367 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5nWCgAAQBAJ&q=Sambir+sports+field |title=Holocaust Memory in Western Ukraine |editor1=Nancy E. Rupprecht |editor2=Wendy Koenig |author=Nadja Weck}} In 2019, a deal was reached with the local village to allow the memorial to be built.{{cite web | url=https://www.cjnews.com/news/international/did-canada-honour-nazi-allies-or-support-a-jewish-cemetery | title=Did Canada honour Nazi allies or support a Jewish cemetery? | date=20 September 2019 }}

• List of Polish Righteous Among the Nations
• List of Ukrainian Righteous Among the Nations

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Category:Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Poland

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Category:The Holocaust

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Category:World War II sites in Poland