Sandringham line

The Melbourne and Suburban Railway Company opened their line from Princes Bridge (later amalgamated with Flinders Street station) to a temporary station on Punt Road in February 1859, then to Cremorne (now closed) in December of that year. Shortly after, the St Kilda and Brighton Railway Company opened their railway line from St Kilda to Bay Street (now North Brighton) in December 1859. Twelve months after that, the Melbourne and Suburban Railway Company extended their line from Cremorne to Chapel Street (now Windsor) station, on the St Kilda and Brighton Railway Company's line, providing a second route to the city from the Brighton line. The following year, again in December, the St Kilda and Brighton Railway Company extended their line to Beach (now Brighton Beach).

The link between St Kilda and Windsor, disused since 1862, was dismantled in 1867, although part of it at the Windsor end was used as a siding for some time afterwards. In 1865, the Melbourne and Hobson's Bay Railway Company, who owned the St Kilda line, purchased the Melbourne Suburban Railway Company and became the Melbourne and Hobson's Bay United Railway Company, and subsequently bought the St Kilda and Brighton Railway Company, which was in financial difficulties, for £99,500. The Victorian Government acquired the United railway company in July 1878.

In September 1887, the Brighton line was extended to Sandringham.

File:Windsor station signal box and level crossing.jpg

The Sandringham line became the first line in the state of Victoria to be provided with automatic signals, with the line as far as Elsternwick converted in stages from 1915 to 1918. Then in 1919, the Sandringham line became, with the line to Essendon, the first line in the country to be electrified (apart from a test installation on the Flemington Racecourse line).Fisher, Peter (2007). Victorian Signalling: by Accident or Design?. Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division). {{isbn|978-1-920892-50-0}} Automatic signalling was provided the rest of the way to Sandringham in two stages in during 1926.

When the underground City Loop line was designed, it was not intended to cater for trains on the Port Melbourne, St Kilda, and Sandringham lines. However, a crossover was installed near Richmond to allow Sandringham trains to cross to the tracks used by the Frankston, Pakenham, and Cranbourne line trains, which had access to the underground loop. In 1985, two Sandringham trains each way were altered to run via the underground loop, and in 1987, with the Port Melbourne and St Kilda lines converted to light rail operation, all off-peak and many peak trains were routed via the underground loop.{{cn|date=May 2024}} The commencement of operations involved the service stopping at three new stations—Parliament, Melbourne Central (formally Museum), and Flagstaff.{{Cite web |title=City Loop closure |url=https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/disruptions/city-loop-closure/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114102756/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/disruptions/city-loop-closure/ |archive-date=14 January 2023 |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=Public Transport Victoria |language=en-GB}} The Loop follows La Trobe and Spring Streets along the northern and eastern edges of the Hoddle Grid.{{Cite web |title=Guide to navigating the City Loop {{!}} Public Transport Users Association (Victoria, Australia) |url=https://www.ptua.org.au/tips/loop/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212120652/https://www.ptua.org.au/tips/loop/ |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=14 January 2023 |language=en-AU}} The Loop connects with Melbourne's two busiest stations, Flinders Street and Southern Cross, via the elevated Flinders Street Viaduct. From 2021, Sandringham line services stopped operating through the loop as part of a timetable restructure.{{Cite web |title=New timetable train line information |url=https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/more/the-new-timetable-for-victorias-train-network/new-timetable-train-line-information/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204042226/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/more/the-new-timetable-for-victorias-train-network/new-timetable-train-line-information/ |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=31 January 2021 |website=Public Transport Victoria |language=en-GB}}

In 2021, the metropolitan timetable underwent a major rewrite, resulting in all Sandringham line trains terminating at Flinders Street without operating through the City Loop.

As part of the opening of the new cross-city rail corridor being built by the Metro Tunnel, a reorganisation of the Melbourne rail network is planned.{{Cite web |title=PTV Network Development Plan Metropolitan Rail Overview |url=https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/PTV-default-site/footer/legal-and-policies/growing-our-rail-network-2018-2025/PTV_Network-Development-Plan_Metropolitan-Rail_Overview_2016update.pdf |access-date=18 December 2012 |website=Public Transport Victoria |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919131436/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/PTV-default-site/footer/legal-and-policies/growing-our-rail-network-2018-2025/PTV_Network-Development-Plan_Metropolitan-Rail_Overview_2016update.pdf |url-status=live }} Under the plan, Victorian Department of Transport and Planning plans to return the Frankston line to the City Loop.{{Cite web |last=Planning |first=Department of Transport and Planning |title=Transport strategies and plans |url=https://dtp.vic.gov.au/about/planning/transport-strategies-and-plans |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=dtp.vic.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212093612/https://dtp.vic.gov.au/about/planning/transport-strategies-and-plans |url-status=live }} This will mean Frankston line trains will no longer through-run with Werribee and Williamstown line trains, with the Sandringham line through-running services to Werribee and Williamstown for the first time.

Stage 4 of the Network Development Plan – Metropolitan Rail proposed that the Upfield and Sandringham lines be joined via a reconfigured City Loop sometime in the 2030s.{{Cite web |title=Growing Our Rail Network 2018–2025 |url=https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/footer/legal-and-policies/growing-our-rail-network-2018-2025/ |access-date=8 February 2023 |website=Public Transport Victoria |language=en-GB |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812025052/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/footer/legal-and-policies/growing-our-rail-network-2018-2025/ |url-status=live }}

Services on the Sandringham line operates from approximately 5:00am to 12:00am (midnight) daily and all night on Friday and Saturday nights.{{Cite news |date=22 August 2022 |title=More Melburnians could hop on a train or tram every 10 minutes under ambitious Greens proposal |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-23/melbourne-train-tram-services-victorian-greens-state-election/101357298 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217181820/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-23/melbourne-train-tram-services-victorian-greens-state-election/101357298 |archive-date=17 December 2022}} Services run every 7–8 minutes during peak hour, with services running every 15 minutes during the inter-peak period on weekdays, and every 20 minutes at night and during the day on weekends (with the exception of early Sunday mornings when services run every 40 minutes until 10:00am). Additionally, services run every 60 minutes overnight on Friday and Saturday nights as part of the Night Network. Services don't run via the City Loop, instead they run direct to Flinders Street.{{Cite web |title=Growing Our Rail Network 2018–2025 |url=https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/footer/legal-and-policies/growing-our-rail-network-2018-2025/ |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=Public Transport Victoria |language=en-GB |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812025052/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/footer/legal-and-policies/growing-our-rail-network-2018-2025/ |url-status=live }}

As of December 2024, one express train during a weekday on the Sandringham line is being the 6:05pm Flinders Street service from Sandringham.

Legend — Station status

• ◼ Premium Station – Station staffed from first to last train
• ◻ Host Station – Usually staffed during morning peak, however this can vary for different stations on the network.

Legend — Stopping patterns
Services do not operate via the City Loop

• ● – All trains stop
• ◐ – Some services do not stop
• ▲ – Only inbound trains stop
• | – Trains pass and do not stop

{{Table alignment}}

The Sandringham line has had a total of 11 operators since its opening in 1859. The line was initially operated by the Melbourne and Suburban Railway Company, the St Kilda and Brighton Railway Company, the Melbourne Railway Company, and the Melbourne and Hobson's Bay Railway Company over the course of 19 years from 1859 till nationalisation in 1878. The majority of operations throughout its history have been government run: from 1878 until the 1999 privatisation of Melbourne's rail network, four different government operators have run the line."Melbourne's Rail Network to be Split" Railway Digest November 1997 page 12 These operators, Victorian Railways, the Metropolitan Transit Authority, the Public Transport Corporation and Bayside Trains have a combined operational length of 121 years.

Bayside Trains was privatised in August 1999 and later rebranded M>Train. In 2002, M>Train was placed into receivership and the state government regained ownership of the line, with KPMG appointed as receivers to operate M>Train on behalf of the state government.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2836793/National-Express-walks-out-of-Australian-rail-service.html National Express walks out of Australian rail service] The Daily Telegraph (London) 17 December 2002[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/12/23/1040511007915.html Receivers take over train, tram group] The Age 24 December 2002[https://www.railexpress.com.au/victorian-passenger-services-get-new-managers/ Victorian passenger services get new managers] Rail Express 28 January 2003 Two years later, rival train operator Connex Melbourne took over the M>Train operations including the Sandringham line. Metro Trains Melbourne, the current private operator, then took over the operations in 2009. These private operators have had a combined operational period of {{Age|1999|08|29}} years.{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Mex |date=25 June 2009 |title=New train, tram operators for Melbourne |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/new-train-tram-operators-for-melbourne-20090625-cxgx.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101122206/https://www.theage.com.au/national/new-train-tram-operators-for-melbourne-20090625-cxgx.html |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=The Age}}

*Operated part of the route

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The Sandringham line forms a somewhat linear route with minor curves from the Melbourne central business district to its terminus in Sandringham. The route is {{convert|17.9|km}} long and is predominantly doubled tracked, however between Flinders Street station and Richmond, the track is widened to 12 tracks, narrowing to 6 tracks between Richmond and South Yarra before again narrowing to 2 tracks between South Yarra and Sandringham.{{Cite web |last=Carey |first=Adam |date=4 June 2015 |title=Multimillion-dollar Richmond railway station revamp in limbo |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/multimilliondollar-richmond-railway-station-revamp-in-limbo-20150604-ghgyos.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212123654/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/multimilliondollar-richmond-railway-station-revamp-in-limbo-20150604-ghgyos.html |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=The Age}} After departing from its terminus at Flinders Street, the Sandringham line traverses mainly flat country with few curves and fairly minimal earthworks for most of the line. However, sections of the line have been elevated or lowering into a cutting to eliminate level crossings.{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Marcus |date=10 May 2021 |title=Level crossing removals in 1920s Melbourne |url=https://wongm.com/2021/05/melbourne-1920s-level-crossing-removals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212120708/https://wongm.com/2021/05/melbourne-1920s-level-crossing-removals/ |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=Waking up in Geelong}} Despite historical removals, there are numerous level crossings still present on the line with no current plans to remove them.{{Cite web |last=Anderton |first=Gary |date=20 November 2020 |title=Key level crossing removals must feature in this year's State Budget – Michael O'Brien MP, Member for Malvern |url=https://www.michaelobrien.com.au/key-level-crossing-removals-must-feature-in-this-years-state-budget/ |access-date=15 February 2023 |website=Michael O'Brien MP |language=en-AU |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215095437/https://www.michaelobrien.com.au/key-level-crossing-removals-must-feature-in-this-years-state-budget/ |url-status=live }}

The line follows the same alignment as the Cranbourne, Pakenham, and Frankston lines with the four services splitting onto different routes at South Yarra. The Sandringham line continues on its south eastern alignment, whereas the Cranbourne, Pakenham, and Frankston lines takes an eastern alignment towards their final destinations.{{Cite web |last=Wray |first=Tyson |title=Melbourne's train lines definitively ranked from best to worst |url=https://www.timeout.com/melbourne/blog/melbournes-train-lines-definitively-ranked-from-best-to-worst-011917 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212120710/https://www.timeout.com/melbourne/blog/melbournes-train-lines-definitively-ranked-from-best-to-worst-011917 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=Time Out Melbourne|date=19 January 2017 }} From Balaclava, the line is never more than ~{{convert|2|km|mi|1}} from the eastern shore of Port Phillip. All of the rail line goes through built-up suburbs towards its terminus in Sandringham.

The line serves 14 stations across {{convert|17.9|km}} of track. The stations are a mix of elevated, lowered, and ground level designs. The majority of stations are at ground level, with elevated or lowered stations constructed in conjunction with historical level crossing removals works.{{Cite web |last1=Woodcock |first1=Ian |last2=Stone |first2=John |date=2016 |title=The Benefits Of Level Crossing Removals. Lessons from Melbourne's historical experience |url=https://msd.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/2733112/LXRA-Report_low_resolution.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109020042/https://msd.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/2733112/LXRA-Report_low_resolution.pdf |archive-date=9 January 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |page=18}}

{{Main|2 = Siemens Nexas|3 = Comeng (train)|l3 = Comeng}}

File:Metro Trains Melbourne Siemens at Sunshine.jpg

The Sandringham line uses two different types of electric multiple unit (EMU) trains that are operated in a split six-car configuration. The primary rolling stock featured on the line is the Comeng EMUs contain three doors per side on each carriage and can accommodate up to 556 seated passengers in each six-car configuration.{{Cite web |title=VICSIG |url=https://vicsig.net/suburban/train/Comeng |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=vicsig.net}} These trains were originally built between 1981 and 1988 and were later refurbished by Alstom & EDi Rail between 2000 and 2003 and UGL Rail between 2017 and 2021. Since 2021, Comeng EMUs are progressively being retired as new rolling stock is introduced to the rail network.{{cite web |last=Thum |first=Max |date=25 November 2021 |title=Comeng… Retirement Plans |url=https://medium.com/the-gauge/comeng-retirement-b6138e8ac83b |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=The Gauge - Archived |language=en}} The second type of rolling stock is the Siemens Nexas EMUs contain two doors per side on each carriage and can accommodate up to 432 seated passengers in each six-car configuration.[http://ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/PTV/PTV%20docs/Partnership-agreements/Train-Franchise-Agreement-Vol-2-of-2.pdf Train Franchise Agreement Volume 2] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301010405/http://ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/PTV/PTV%20docs/Partnership-agreements/Train-Franchise-Agreement-Vol-2-of-2.pdf|date=1 March 2014}} Public Transport Victoria The trains were originally built between 2002 and 2005 with a total of 72 three-car sets constructed.{{cite web |date=4 October 2005 |title=Media Release: New Train Hits the Tracks |url=http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/97735a0de321c545ca257091000166ff!OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831033620/http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/97735a0de321c545ca257091000166ff!OpenDocument |archive-date=31 August 2007 |publisher=Minister for Public Transport}}

Alongside the passenger trains, Sandringham line tracks and equipment are maintained by a fleet of engineering trains. The four types of engineering trains are: the shunting train; designed for moving trains along non-electrified corridors and for transporting other maintenance locomotives, for track evaluation; designed for evaluating track and its condition, the overhead inspection train; designed for overhead wiring inspection, and the infrastructure evaluation carriage designed for general infrastructure evaluation.{{Cite web |date=1 February 2011 |title=NETWORK SERVICE PLAN {{!}} Addenda |url=https://www.vline.com.au/pdf/networkaccess/networkserviceplan/addenda.pdf/addenda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307165249/https://www.vline.com.au/pdf/networkaccess/networkserviceplan/addenda.pdf/addenda |archive-date=7 March 2011}} Most of these trains are repurposed locomotives previously used by V/Line, Metro Trains, and the Southern Shorthaul Railroad.

When the line was electrified, the Sandringham line initially used a fleet of Swing Door and Tait EMUs. Until the 2000s, the line generally used all types of EMUs operating in Melbourne.

From 1982, as the Comeng EMUs entered service, the remaining Tait stock were cascaded onto the Sandingham line, as well as on the Port Melbourne and St Kilda lines as they were banned from running in the City Loop. At the same time, the refurbished Harris trains were put into service on those said three lines. From 1991, the line went back to using the regular Hitachi and Comeng trains until its displacement with the Siemens EMU.

Hitachi EMUs were removed from the line in December 2013.

In compliance with the Disability Discrimination Act of 1992, all stations that are new-built or rebuilt are fully accessible and comply with these guidelines.{{Cite web |title=Accessibility – Public Transport Ombudsman Victoria |url=https://www.ptovic.com.au/improving-pt/accessibility |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103084345/https://www.ptovic.com.au/improving-pt/accessibility |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.ptovic.com.au}} The majority of stations on the corridor are fully accessible, however, there are some stations that haven't been upgraded to meet these guidelines.{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Station accessibility features |url=https://www.metrotrains.com.au/station-accessibility-features/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208020143/https://www.metrotrains.com.au/station-accessibility-features/ |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Metro Trains Melbourne}} These stations do feature ramps, however, they have a gradient greater than 1 in 14. Stations that are fully accessible feature ramps that have a gradient less than 1 in 14, have at-grade paths, or feature lifts. These stations typically also feature tactile boarding indicators, independent boarding ramps, wheelchair accessible myki barriers, hearing loops, and widened paths.{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Accessing public transport |url=https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/community/health-support-services/accessing-melbourne/Pages/public-transport.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206144538/https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/community/health-support-services/accessing-melbourne/Pages/public-transport.aspx |archive-date=6 December 2022 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=City of Melbourne}}

Individual upgrade projects designed around improving station accessibility have occurred in recent years, with works making significant strides in improving network accessibility, with more than 71% of Sandringham line stations classed as fully accessible.{{Cite web |date=12 June 2022 |title=Left behind: the fight for accessible public transport in Victoria |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/jun/13/left-behind-the-fight-for-accessible-public-transport-in-victoria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103084335/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/jun/13/left-behind-the-fight-for-accessible-public-transport-in-victoria |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=the Guardian}}

The Sandringham line uses three position signalling which is widely used across the Melbourne train network.{{Cite web |title=A walk around Gunning |url=http://vrhistory.com/walks/Gunning/Gunning.htm |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=vrhistory.com |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815134339/http://vrhistory.com/walks/Gunning/Gunning.htm |url-status=live }} Three position signalling was first introduced in 1915, with the final section of the line converted to the new type of signalling in 1926.{{Cite web |title=National Code 3-Position Speed Signalling |url=http://www.sa-trackandsignal.net/Pdf%20files/ARTC/ASig%20descr.pdf |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207082457/http://www.sa-trackandsignal.net/Pdf%20files/ARTC/ASig%20descr.pdf |url-status=live }} The Sandringham line was the first line in Victoria to be equipped with this technology and was also the first (along with part of the Craigieburn line) to have a regular electric service.{{Cite web |title=Safety First on line for Passengers {{!}} Kingston Local History |url=https://localhistory.kingston.vic.gov.au/articles/242 |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=localhistory.kingston.vic.gov.au |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212051913/https://localhistory.kingston.vic.gov.au/articles/242 |url-status=live }}

{{reflist}}

• {{commons category-inline}}
• [https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/12/sandringham/ Sandringham line timetable]
• [https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/more/maps/#networkmaps Network map]

{{Victorian Railway Lines|selected=melbourne}}

Category:Railway lines in Melbourne

Category:Railway lines opened in 1857

Category:1857 establishments in Australia

Category:Transport in the City of Yarra

Category:Public transport routes in the City of Melbourne (LGA)

Category:Transport in the City of Bayside

Category:Transport in the City of Port Phillip

Category:Transport in the City of Glen Eira