Sassafras#Oil and aromatic uses

Sassafras trees grow from {{convert|9|–|35|m|ft|abbr=off}} tall with many slender sympodial branches and smooth, orange-brown bark or yellow bark.{{cite book|last=Dirr |first=Michael |title=Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses |page=938 |year=2009 |publisher=Stipes Publishing |edition=6th |isbn=9781588748706}} All parts of the plants are fragrant. The species are unusual in having three distinct leaf patterns on the same plant: unlobed oval, bilobed (mitten-shaped), and trilobed (three-pronged); the leaves are hardly ever five-lobed.Noble Plant Image Gallery [https://nobleapps.noble.org/plantimagegallery/Plant.aspx?PlantID=97&IndexType=CommonName&PlantMainName=Sassafras&PlantTypeID=3 Sassafras (includes photo of five-lobed leaf)] Three-lobed leaves are more common in Sassafras tzumu and S. randaiense than in their North American counterparts, although three-lobed leaves often occur on S. albidum. The young leaves and twigs are quite mucilaginous and produce a citrus-like scent when crushed. The tiny, yellow flowers are generally six-petaled; S. albidum and (the extinct) S. hesperia are dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate trees, while S. tzumu and S. randaiense have male and female flowers occurring on the same trees. The fruit is a drupe, blue-black when ripe.

File:Sassafras albidum, Sassafras pistillate flowers, Howard County, MD, Helen Lowe Metzman 2017-07-25-20.11 (38413696475).jpg|Pistillate (female) flowers

File:Sassafras albidum, Sassafras staminate flowers, Howard County, MD, Helen Lowe Metzman 2017-07-25-20.19 (24427586417).jpg|Staminate (male) flowers

The largest known sassafras tree in the world is in Owensboro, Kentucky, and is over {{convert|100|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} high and {{convert|21|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} in circumference.{{cite web|url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horticulture/kytreewebsite/pdffiles/SASSAFRAprint.pdf |publisher=Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service |title=Sassafras albidum |access-date=2009-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012121707/http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horticulture/kytreewebsite/pdffiles/SASSAFRAprint.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-12 |url-status=live}}{{Cite news|title=The biggest sassafras |magazine=American Forests |date=May–June 1994 |first=Whit |last=Bronaugh |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1016/is_n5-6_v100/ai_15473433/ |access-date=2009-06-15 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709222043/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1016/is_n5-6_v100/ai_15473433/ |archive-date=2012-07-09 |url-status=live}}

The genus Sassafras was first described by the Bohemian botanist Jan Presl in 1825.{{IPNI |id=21501-1 |taxon=Sassafras |access-date=2017-11-30 }} The name "sassafras", applied by the botanist Nicolas Monardes in 1569, comes from the French {{lang|fr|sassafras}}. Some sources claim it originates from the Latin {{lang|la|saxifraga}} or {{wikt-lang|la|saxifragus}}: "stone-breaking"; {{wikt-lang|la|saxum}} "rock" + {{wikt-lang|la|frango|frangere}} "to break").{{cite book |title=Bibliotheca Americana: Catalogue of the John Carter Brown Library in Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, Volume 1, Part 2 |date=1570 |location=Providence, RI |author=John Carter Brown Library |publisher=The Library |pages=246, 267, 346 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoYYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22sassafras%22 |access-date=2014-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518220801/https://books.google.com/books?id=VoYYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22sassafras%22 |archive-date=2015-05-18 |url-status=live }}{{cite book|title=Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary|date=1913|pages=1277–1280|edition=1913|url=http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=sassafras&use1913=on&use1828=on|access-date=2014-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210030639/http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=sassafras&use1913=on&use1828=on |archive-date=2014-12-10|url-status=dead}} Sassafras trees are not within the family Saxifragaceae.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Early European colonists reported that the plant was called winauk by Native Americans in Delaware and Virginia and pauane by the Timucua. Native Americans distinguished between white sassafras and red sassafras, terms which referred to different parts of the same plant but with distinct colors and uses.{{cite book |last=Austin |first=Daviel |date=November 29, 2004 |title=Florida Ethnobotany |url=https://archive.org/details/floridaethnobota00aust|url-access=limited |publisher=CRC Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/floridaethnobota00aust/page/n631 606] |isbn=978-0-8493-2332-4 }} Sassafras was known as fennel wood (German {{lang|de|Fenchelholz}}) due to its distinctive aroma.{{cite book |last=Weaver |first=William |date=December 19, 2000 |title=Sauer's Herbal Cures: America's First Book of Botanic Healing, 1762–1778 |publisher=Routledge |page=274 |isbn=978-0-415-92360-6 }}{{clarify|date=September 2015}}

The genus Sassafras includes four species, three extant and one extinct. Sassafras plants are endemic to North America and East Asia, with two species in each region that are distinguished by some important characteristics, including the frequency of three-lobed leaves (more frequent in East Asian species) and aspects of their sexual reproduction (North American species being dioecious).{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Taiwanese sassafras, Taiwan, is treated by some botanists in a distinct genus as Yushunia randaiensis (Hayata) Kamikoti, though this is not supported by recent genetic evidence, which shows Sassafras to be monophyletic.Kamikoti, S. (1933). Ann. Rep. Taihoku Bot. Gard. 3: 78

File:Sassafras hesperia 01.jpg leaf from Early Ypresian, Klondike Mountain Formation, Washington, USA]]

• Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Nees – sassafras, white sassafras, red sassafras, or silky sassafras, eastern North America, from southernmost Ontario, Canada through the eastern United States, south to central Florida, and west to southern Iowa and East Texas, formerly, Wisconsin{{Silvics |first=Margene M. |last=Griggs |volume=2 |genus=Sassafras |species=albidum}}
• †Sassafras hesperia (Berry) – western North American, from the Eocene Klondike Mountain Formation of Washington and British Columbia; extinct, known only from fossils.

• Sassafras tzumu (Hemsl.) Hemsl. – Chinese sassafras or tzumu, central and southwestern China
• Sassafras randaiense (Hayata) Rehd. – Taiwan

Many Lauraceae are aromatic, evergreen trees or shrubs adapted to high rainfall and humidity, but the genus Sassafras is deciduous. Deciduous sassafras trees lose all of their leaves for part of the year, depending on variations in rainfall.{{Cite book |title=Physiology of woody plants|last1=Pallardy |first1=Stephen G. |date=2010|publisher=Elsevier |last2=Kozlowski |first2=T. T. |isbn=9780080568713 |edition=3rd |location=Amsterdam|page=75|oclc=228148187}} In deciduous tropical Lauraceae, leaf loss coincides with the dry season in tropical, subtropical and arid regions.

Sassafras is commonly found in open woods, along fences, or in fields. It grows well in moist, well-drained, or sandy loam soils and tolerates a variety of soil types, attaining a maximum in southern and wetter areas of distribution.{{cite book |last=Small |first=Ernest |date=September 23, 2013 |title=North American Cornucopia: Top 100 Indigenous Food Plants |publisher=CRC Press |pages=603–606 |isbn=978-1-4665-8592-8 }}

Sassafras albidum ranges from southern Maine and southern Ontario west to Iowa, and south to central Florida and eastern Texas, in North America. S. tzumu may be found in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang, China.{{cite book |last1=Wiersema |first1=John |last2=León|first2=Blanca|date=February 26, 1999 |title=World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference |publisher=CRC Press |page=616 |isbn=978-0-8493-2119-1 }} S. randaiense is native to Taiwan.{{cite journal |last1=Nie |first1=Z.-L. |last2=Wen |first2=J. |last3=Sun |first3=H. |year=2007 |title=Phylogeny and biogeography of Sassafras (Lauraceae) disjunct between eastern Asia and eastern North America |journal= Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=267 |issue=1–4 |pages=0378–2697 |doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0550-1 |bibcode=2007PSyEv.267..191N |citeseerx=10.1.1.669.8487 |s2cid=44051126 }}

File:AbbotV1Tab02A.jpg.{{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Capinera |editor-first=John L. |editor-link= |entry=Butterfly gardening |title=Encyclopedia of Entomology |edition=2 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2008 |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA683 |page=683 |isbn=9781402062421}}]]

The leaves, bark, twigs, stems, and fruits are eaten by birds and mammals in small quantities. For most animals, sassafras is not consumed in large enough quantities to be important, although it is an important deer food in some areas. Carey and Gill rate its value to wildlife as fair, their lowest rating. Sassafras leaves and twigs are consumed by white-tailed deer and porcupines. Other sassafras leaf browsers include groundhogs, marsh rabbits, and American black bears. Rabbits eat sassafras bark in winter. American beavers will cut sassafras stems. Sassafras fruits are eaten by many species of birds, including bobwhite quail, eastern kingbirds, great crested flycatchers, phoebes, wild turkeys, gray catbirds, northern flickers, pileated woodpeckers, downy woodpeckers, thrushes, vireos, and northern mockingbirds. Some small mammals also consume sassafras fruits.This section incorporates text from a public domain work of the US government: {{FEIS |type=tree |genus=Sassafras |species=albidum |last=Sullivan |first=Janet |year=1993}}

Sassafras oil contains safrole, which may have a carcinogenic effect.

All parts of sassafras plants, including roots, stems, twig leaves, bark, flowers, and fruit, have been used for culinary, medicinal, and aromatic purposes, both in areas where they are endemic and in areas where they were imported, such as Europe. The wood of sassafras trees has been used as a material for building ships and furniture in China, Europe, and the United States, and sassafras played an important role in the history of the European colonization of the Americas in the 16th and 17th centuries. Sassafras twigs have been used as toothbrushes and fire starters.

{{Hatnote|See Sassafras albidum § Culinary use for more information on culinary use specific to the extant North American species, and legislation in the United States restricting the use of products derived from sassafras.}}

Sassafras albidum is an important ingredient in some distinct foods of the US. It has been the main ingredient in traditional root beers and sassafras root teas, and the ground leaves of sassafras are a distinctive additive in Louisiana's Cajun cuisine. Sassafras is used in filé powder, a common thickening and flavoring agent in Louisiana gumbo. Methods of cooking with sassafras combine this ingredient native to America with traditional North American and European culinary techniques; they contribute to the unique Creole cuisine, which is heavily influenced by the blend of cultures in Louisiana and other states along the Gulf coast.{{citation|last=Nobles|first=Cynthia Lejeune|chapter=Gumbo|title=New Orleans Cuisine: Fourteen Signature Dishes and Their Histories|editor-last=Tucker|editor-first=Susan|editor2-last=Starr|editor2-first=S. Frederick|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|year=2009|page=110|isbn=978-1-60473-127-9|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/neworleanscuisin00tuck_0/page/110}}

Sassafras, once a key ingredient in commercial American root beers, is no longer used, as its oil was banned in 1960 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in all commercially mass-produced foods and medications. The FDA's directive was in response to health concerns about the carcinogenicity of safrole, a major constituent of sassafras oil, in animal studies.{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/tx7000527 | pmc = 2504026 |date=Apr 2007 |author1=Dietz, B |author2=Bolton, Jl | title = Botanical dietary supplements gone bad. | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 586–90 | issn = 0893-228X | pmid = 17362034 | journal = Chemical Research in Toxicology }}Safrole: Human Health Effects. Toxnet: Toxicology Data Network. https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+2653 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029065409/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+2653 |date=2017-10-29 }}

Sassafras leaves and flowers have also been used in salads, and to flavor fats or cure meats.{{cite book |last=Duke |first=James |date=September 27, 2002 |title=CRC Handbook of Medicinal Spices |publisher=CRC Press |page=274 |isbn=978-0-8493-1279-3 }}{{cite book |last=Weatherford |first=Jack |date=September 15, 1992 |title=Native Roots: How the Indians Enriched America |publisher=Ballantine Books |page=52 |isbn=978-0-449-90713-9 }} The young twigs can also be eaten fresh or dried. Additionally, the subterranean portion of the plant can be peeled, dried and boiled to make tea.{{Cite book |author=United States Department of the Army |author-link=United States Department of the Army|chapter=Sassaras |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xhc6TnJzA4EC&pg=PA89 |pages=89 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}

{{missing information|scientific evidence for or against effectiveness|date=July 2023}}

Numerous Native American tribes used the leaves of sassafras to treat wounds by rubbing the leaves directly into a wound and used different parts of the plant for many medicinal purposes such as treating acne, urinary disorders, and sicknesses that increased body temperature, such as high fevers.{{cite book |last=Duke |first=James |date=December 15, 2000 |title=The Green Pharmacy Herbal Handbook: Your Comprehensive Reference to the Best Herbs for Healing |publisher=Rodale Books |page=195 |isbn=978-1-57954-184-2 }} East Asian types of sassafras such as S. tzumu (chu mu) and S. randaiense (chu shu) are used in Chinese medicine to treat rheumatism and trauma.b:Traditional Chinese Medicine/From Sabal Peregrina To Syzygium Samarangense Some modern researchers conclude that the oil, roots and bark of sassafras have analgesic and antiseptic properties. Different parts of the sassafras plant (including the leaves and stems, the bark, and the roots) have been used to treat scurvy, skin sores, kidney problems, toothaches, rheumatism, swelling, menstrual disorders, sexually transmitted diseases, bronchitis, hypertension, and dysentery. It is also used as a fungicide, dentifrice, rubefacient, diaphoretic, perfume, carminative and sudorific.Tiffany Leptuck, "Medical Attributes of 'Sassafras albidum' – Sassafras"], Kenneth M. Klemow, Ph.D., Wilkes-Barre University, 2003 Before the twentieth century, Sassafras enjoyed a great reputation in the medical literature, but became valued for its power to improve the flavor of other medicines.Keeler, H. L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.

Sassafras root was an early export from North America, as early as 1609.{{Cite book|last=Lyle|first=Katie Letcher|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/560560606|title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, Mushrooms, Fruits, and Nuts: How to Find, Identify, and Cook Them|publisher=FalconGuides|year=2010|isbn=978-1-59921-887-8|edition=2nd|location=Guilford, CN|pages=155|oclc=560560606|orig-year=2004}}

Sassafras wood and oil were both used in dentistry. Early toothbrushes were crafted from sassafras twigs or wood because of its aromatic properties. Sassafras was also used as an early dental anesthetic and disinfectant.{{cite book |last=Barceloux |first=Donald |date=March 7, 2012 |title=Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals |publisher=Wiley |asin=B007KGA15Q }}{{cite book |last=Dental Protective Association of the United States |date=June 7, 2010 |title=Dental Digest |volume=6 |publisher=Nabu Press |page=546 |isbn=978-1-149-86231-5 }}

Sassafras albidum is often grown as an ornamental tree for its unusual leaves and aromatic scent. Outside of its native area, it is occasionally cultivated in Europe and elsewhere.U.S. Forest Service: [http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Sassafras%20albidum.pdf Sassafras albidum (pdf file)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004213702/http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Sassafras%20albidum.pdf |date=October 4, 2012 }} The durable and beautiful wood of sassafras plants has been used in shipbuilding and furniture-making in North America, in Asia, and in Europe (once Europeans were introduced to the plant).{{cite book |last=De-Yuan |first=Hong |date=June 30, 2015 |title=Plants of China: A Companion to the Flora of China |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=313 |isbn=978-1-107-07017-2 }} Sassafras wood was also used by Native Americans in the southeastern United States as a fire-starter because of the flammability of its natural oils found within the wood and the leaves.{{cite book |last=Bartram |first=William |date=December 1, 2002 |title=William Bartram on the Southeastern Indians (Indians of the Southeast) |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |page=270 |isbn=978-0-8032-6205-8 }}

Steam distillation of dried root bark produces an essential oil which has a high safrole content, as well as significant amounts of varying other chemicals such as camphor, eugenol (including 5-methoxyeugenol), asarone, and various sesquiterpenes. Many other trees contain similarly high percentages and their extracted oils are sometimes referred to as sassafras oil,{{cite book |last=Abel |first=G. |author-link= |year=1997 |title=Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs |volume=3 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |pages=123–127|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-60367-9_11 |chapter=Safrole – Sassafras Albidum |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KeHVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT175 |isbn=978-3-540-60181-4 }} which once was extensively used as a fragrance in perfumes and soaps, food and for aromatherapy. Safrole is a precursor for the clandestine manufacture of the drugs MDA and MDMA, and as such, sales and import of sassafras oil (as a safrole-containing mixture of above-threshold concentration) are heavily restricted in the US.{{cite act |title=Code of Federal Regulations |type=Title |number=21 |pages=a.h.1, f.1.i |quote=... the threshold is determined by the weight of the listed chemical in the chemical mixture |date=January 27, 2012 |article=§ 1310.04 |article-type=Article |url=http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1310/1310_04.htm |access-date=2016-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417093716/http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1310/1310_04.htm |archive-date=April 17, 2016 |url-status=live }}

Sassafras oil has also been used as a natural insect or pest deterrent, and in liqueurs (such as the opium-based Godfrey's Cordial), and in homemade liquor to mask strong or unpleasant smells. Sassafras oil has also been added to soap and other toiletries. It is banned in the United States for use in commercially mass-produced foods and drugs by the FDA as a potential carcinogen.

For a more detailed description of uses by indigenous peoples of North America, and a history of the commercial use of Sassafras albidum by Europeans in the United States in the 16th and 17th centuries, see the article on the extant North American species of sassafras, Sassafras albidum.

In modern times, the sassafras plant has been grown and harvested for the extraction of sassafras oil. It is used in a variety of commercial products or their syntheses, such as the insecticide synergistic compound piperonyl butoxide.Metcalf, Robert L. (2002). "Insect Control", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a14_263}} These plants are primarily harvested for commercial purposes in Asia and Brazil.{{cite web |url=http://www.tni.org/archives/blickman_harvestingtrees |title=Harvesting Trees |last1=Blickman |first1=Tom |date=February 3, 2009 |website=Transnational Institute |access-date=April 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411024601/http://www.tni.org/archives/blickman_harvestingtrees |archive-date=April 11, 2015 |url-status=live }}

{{Reflist|2}}

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• [http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/plantoftheweek/articles/sassafras.htm U of Arkansas: Division of Agriculture Plant of the Week: Sassafras]
• [http://www.gardenguides.com/plants/plantguides/shrubs/plantguide.asp?symbol=SAAL5 GardenGuides.com Sassafras – Shrub Plant Guide]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090424022419/http://www.pfaf.org/leaflets/sassafra.php Plants for a Future: Plant Portrait – Sassafras albidum]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20031210035025/http://www.tva.gov/river/landandshore/stabilization/plants/sassafras.htm TVA: Native Plant – Sassafras]
• [http://www.missouriplants.com/Yellowalt/Sassafras_albidum_page.html Missouri Plants – Sassafras albidum]
• [http://www.monticello.org/library/exhibits/lucymarks/gallery/sassafras.html The Jefferson Monticello: The Lucy Meriwether Lewis Marks exhibit – article by Wendy Cortesi]
• [http://www.fossilmuseum.net/plantfossils/Sassafras-hesperia/Sassafras.htm FossilMuseum.net: Rare Sassafras Plant Fossils]
• [https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/sasalb/all.html US Forest Service]

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Category:Lauraceae genera

Category:Medicinal plants

Category:Non-timber forest products

Category:Lauraceae