Scenes of Canada

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The design process for this series began in 1963 with a primary goal of creating banknotes that were more counterfeit-resistant than the 1954 Canadian Landscape series it was to replace.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=67}} The Bank of Canada requested design submissions from security printing companies, receiving several from both domestic and foreign companies.{{sfn|Curator's Pick}} One proposed design was received from Organisation Giori, a Swiss security printer based in Lausanne that had developed a multicolour printing press "that raised the bar on banknote security".{{sfn|Curator's Pick}} Its designs for the $10 and $20 banknotes were a "significant departure" from traditional Canadian banknote designs by incorporating more colours, new graphic elements, and different security features, but the design was rejected.{{sfn|Curator's Pick}} Final conceptual designs were created by Canadian Bank Note Company, British American Bank Note Company, and De La Rue, the latter being the first foreign firm involved in the design of Canadian banknotes.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=67}} The design by De La Rue was selected by the Bank of Canada in 1964 as the basis for the new series.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=67}}

Each denomination retained the dominant colour of the respective banknote from the Canadian Landscape series: green for the $1 banknote, orange (terracotta) for the $2 banknote, blue for the $5 banknote, mauve (purple) for the $10 banknote, burnt orange (red) for the $50 banknote, and brown for the $100 banknote.{{sfn|Ladysmith-Chemainus Chronicle|1970}}{{sfn|Montreal Gazette|1970}} Because of the multicoloured tints used to complement the design for each banknote, Bank of Canada staff began referring to the series as the "multicoloured series".{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=67}}

The portraits on the obverse of each denomination were larger than for the same denomination in the Canadian Landscape series.{{sfn|Montreal Gazette|1970}} Initially, all denominations were to feature the portrait of Elizabeth II, but portraits of former prime ministers were used for some denominations at the request of Edgar Benson, the Minister of Finance in 1968, to "reflect Canada's burgeoning national identity".{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=68}} The vertical borders of the obverse were curvilinear, the left edge of which had "multicoloured diamonds" bordering a circular frame within which was the Coat of Arms.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=69}} It also featured "sweeping guilloché" patterns.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=69}}

The reverse of each denomination had a scenic vignette.{{sfn|CBC News|2007}} The initial design by De La Rue included a circular watermark that was excluded from the final design.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=69}} A memorandum circulated to designers during the design process stated that the "subjects chosen represent a substantial improvement in range of contrast and detail", to improve security.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=72}}

The phrase "will pay to the bearer on demand" that appeared in earlier banknote series was replaced by the phrase "this note is legal tender", reflecting the fact that Canadian banknotes had long since ceased to be redeemable in gold.{{sfn|Cross|1997|p=237}}

Colourful, wavy patterns were part of each denomination's design.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=67}} The serial numbers on the obverse were printed in red on the left and blue on the right.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=70}}

In addition, this is the first series that has interleaving position of English and French text. The interleaving nature is by text on the same side, as well as by denomination. The following table is a complete representation of all positions of English texts on all denominations.

The dates stamped on the banknotes represent the year in which the original intaglio plates were produced for that denomination.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=70}} The most prominent designer for this series was C. Gordon Yorke, who engraved the portraits of Robert Borden and Wilfrid Laurier and the vignettes for four of the seven denominations.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=71}} The series was the first Bank of Canada series not to include a $1,000 note; the Canadian Landscape design of this bill continued to be printed during this series's run, with an updated $1,000 note appearing in the Birds of Canada series in 1992.

All notes measure 152.4 × 69.85 mm (6 × 2¾ inches).

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The original design for the $1 banknote used green as the dominant colour, but final designs used black to mitigate possible confusion with the $20 banknote.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=69}}

The portrait on the obverse is of Elizabeth II,{{sfn|Montreal Gazette|1970}} the engraving for which was created by George Gunderson, master engraver at British American Bank Note Company.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=78}} A tugboat is prominent in the foreground of the vignette on the reverse, which depicts the Ottawa River with a broken log boom with Parliament Hill in the background.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=75}} It was engraved by Yorke based on a 1963 photograph taken by Malak Karsh.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=75}}

The banknote was first circulated in June 1974 and was printed by both CBN and BABN.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=75}} The final print run for the banknote was on 20 April 1989, two years after the $1 coin had been introduced. The run was circulated by the end of June 1989, after which banks were required to refrain from circulating the banknotes and to send collected $1 banknotes to the Bank of Canada for destruction.{{sfn|Montgomery|2016}}

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The portrait on the obverse is of Elizabeth II.{{sfn|Montreal Gazette|1970}}

The reverse of the $2 banknote features a scene of six men of an Inuit family preparing their kayaks for a hunt, based on a 1950s photograph of Joseph Idlout and his relatives taken at Pond Inlet in Baffin Island by Douglas Wilkinson.{{sfn|CBC News|2014}} It was engraved by Yorke, and was originally intended to be used on the reverse of the $100 banknote.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=75}}

The $2 banknote was first circulated in August 1975 and was printed by BABN.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=75}}

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The portrait on the obverse is of Wilfrid Laurier,{{sfn|Montreal Gazette|1970}} the engraving for which was created by Yorke.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=76}}

The vignette on the reverse was based on a photograph by George Hunter and engraved by George Gunderson and Yorke.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=75}} It depicts a salmon seiner in the Johnstone Strait, a channel along the northeast coast of Vancouver Island.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=76}}

The $5 banknote was first circulated in December 1972 and was printed by CBN.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=76}} An updated version was issued in 1979, for which the serial numbers were moved to the bottom centre of the reverse and the central obverse guilloché was modified.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=76}}

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The portrait on the obverse is of John A. Macdonald,{{sfn|Montreal Gazette|1970}} for which the engraving was created by Gunderson.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=77}}

A scene depicting the operations of Polymer Corporation in Sarnia, Ontario is on the reverse, chosen because the Crown corporation had "achieved a world-wide reputation" and the image "provided detail ideally suited to engraving", according to a Bank of Canada memorandum.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=77}} The engraving was made by De La Rue based on a photograph taken by Hunter.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=77}}

The $10 banknote was first circulated in November 1971 and was printed by CBN.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=77}}

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The portrait on the obverse is of Elizabeth II.{{sfn|Montreal Gazette|1970}} The reverse depicts a scene of the Canadian Rockies,{{sfn|Montreal Gazette|1970}} specifically Moraine Lake in the Valley of the Ten Peaks, based on a photograph from the Canadian Pacific Railway archives taken by Nicholas Morant.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=78}} The original engraving for the reverse was prepared by De La Rue, but because the mountains "did not seem authentic", an engraving prepared by BABN was used instead.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=78}}

It was unveiled at a press conference by the Bank of Canada on 18 June 1970, and released into circulation four days later.{{sfn|Montreal Gazette|1970}} It was printed by CBN and BABN.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=78}} An updated version was issued in December 1978 (dated 1979), for which the serial numbers were moved to the bottom centre of the reverse, the central obverse design was modified, and the secondary colours were more strongly emphasized to further differentiate the $20 banknote from the $1 banknote.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=78}} It was both the first and last of the Scenes of Canada banknotes to be printed, with the final printings taking place in 1993, seven years after the Birds of Canada series of banknotes had been introduced.

The portrait on the obverse is of William Lyon Mackenzie King,{{sfn|Montreal Gazette|1970}} based on a photograph by Karsh and engraved by Gunderson.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=79}}

The reverse depicts a dome formation from the Musical Ride of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)."Mountie Money", Christopher Boyer, p. 35, Numismatist, Volume 118, Number 9, September 2005 The vignette was suggested by Sterling Suggett, a researcher and banknote designer employed by the Bank of Canada, to honour the RCMP's centennial in 1973{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=68}} and was based on a photograph taken by Donald K. Guerrette.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=73}} The image made this banknote the most popular of the series.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=68}} Originally, the vignette was to depict a frozen lake based on a photograph taken near Sudbury, Ontario, but it was rejected because the orange ink had a limited tonal range.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=73}} A photograph from a National Ballet of Canada performance of Swan Lake that had been proposed for the $1,000 banknote was chosen instead as the well-proportioned scene provided "an opportunity for truly virtuoso engraving".{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=73}} A proof engraving was prepared by George Gunderson using slate grey as the dominant colour, but disappointed with the result suggested using "a shade between orchid and claret".{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=73}} This led to the change to the Musical Ride image.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=73}}

The banknote's colouration was to be the same as that of the $50 banknote of the 1954 Series, but because the Bank of Canada discontinued using the heavy metal required to make the "traditional brilliant orange tint" ink, the colour was thus changed to red.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=68}}

The banknote was first circulated in March 1975 and printed by CBN.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=79}}

The portrait on the obverse is of Robert Borden,{{sfn|Montreal Gazette|1970}} for which the engraving was prepared by Yorke.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=71}} The vignette on the reverse is of the harbour at Lunenburg in Nova Scotia, based on a photograph taken by G. Hedley Doty of the Nova Scotia Information Service and engraved by Yorke.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=79}}

It was printed by BABN, first circulated in May 1976, and was the last of the Scenes of Canada series banknotes to be introduced.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=79}}

The banknote printers had to buy new equipment to be able to print the banknotes for this series.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=70}} Originally, the obverse was printed with one intaglio plate and three lithographic plates and the reverse was printed with one intaglio plate and two lithographic plates, except for the $50 banknote, for which an intaglio plate was not used.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=70}}{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=79}} In 1984, the Bank of Canada changed the printing process used for printing the reverse of each banknote, using only lithography instead of the steel engraving and lithography that had been previously used, and continued to be used for the obverse{{sfn|Ottawa Citizen|1984}} This resulted in a smoother reverse and "slightly sharper" obverse.{{sfn|Ottawa Citizen|1984}}

In 1979, the design of the $5 and the $20 was modified and the printing process updated to enable automated processing of the banknotes using machines.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=70}}

Each printing of the banknote series is signed by the Governor of the Bank of Canada and the deputy governor.

Offset printing could not accurately reproduce the range of tints complementing the dominant colour of the banknotes, resulting in a dramatic reduction of counterfeits in circulation.{{sfn|Moxley|Meubus|Brown|2007|p=48}} The counterfeit ratio remained very low from 1977 to 1990.{{sfn|Moxley|Meubus|Brown|2007|p=49|loc=Chart 1: Counterfeit Canadian Bank Notes Passed for Every One Million Genuine Notes in Circulation (PPM)}}

In October 1984, counterfeit $20 banknotes deemed to be of "good quality" were found circulating in Niagara Falls, leading to the confiscation of counterfeit banknotes with a face value of $2.2 million.{{sfn|Oakes|1986}}

In 2007, counterfeit $100 banknotes were found circulating in Regina and Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. These lacked the fine line details present in the genuine banknotes, and had a different texture.{{sfn|CBC News|2007}} In 2012, counterfeit $50 banknotes were found circulating in parts of Nova Scotia.{{sfn|CBC News|2012}} Banknotes from this series (and all prior to the 2011 polymer series) are now considered unfit for circulation due to their lacking of modern security features like that of a metallic stripe.{{cite web |url=https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/unfit_notes_poster.pdf |title=Unfit Bank Notes |author= |date=October 2012 |website=bankofcanada.ca |publisher=Bank of Canada |access-date=15 January 2020}} Financial institutions must return the banknotes to the Bank of Canada, which will destroy them. Individuals may keep the banknotes indefinitely.{{sfn|CBC News|2000}}

By 1989, the Bank of Canada had sold over 50,000 uncut sheets of the $1 banknote, each containing 40 notes with sequential serial numbers.{{sfn|Reynolds|1989|p=5}} It earned over $3 million in revenue from the sale of uncut sheets of the $1 banknote.{{sfn|Montgomery|2016}}

When first issued into circulation, there were about 370 million banknotes in circulation from the 1954 Series, 1937 Series, and 1935 Series, having a total face value of about $3.4 billion.{{sfn|Ladysmith-Chemainus Chronicle|1970}} With the release of the first banknote in June 1970, newspaper articles began referring to the banknote series as "multicoloured money" and the "rainbow series", and stating that multicoloured banknotes were returning to Canada since the Bank of Canada had assumed the role as the country's only banknote supplier in 1935.{{sfn|Montreal Gazette|1970}} Some retailers did not believe that the $20, the first banknote of the series issued into circulation, was real currency.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=67}}

Because of wearing from use, the average banknote had a life expectancy of between nine and twelve months before being withdrawn from circulation.{{sfn|Schenectady Gazette|1989}} In June 1987, the Bank of Canada announced that the $1 banknote would be replaced by the loonie, a $1 coin with a longer lifespan that would reduce production costs for the central bank by about $175 million over 20 years.{{sfn|Milwaukee Journal|1987}} It expected to cease distribution of the $1 banknote by January 1989,{{sfn|Milwaukee Journal|1987}} but ultimately delayed the final distribution until 30 June 1989.{{sfn|Schenectady Gazette|1989}} About 19 million banknote stack wrappers were printed with the words "Be ready for the change! Order and use the new coin now!" in preparation for the change.{{sfn|Brent|1989|p=1}} The Bank of Canada stated that withdrawing most of the 300 million $1 banknotes from circulation would take about three months.{{sfn|Reynolds|1989|p=5}} The Royal Canadian Mint also increased the number of loonies released into circulation from 1 million in January 1989 to 9.8 million during one week in June.{{sfn|Schenectady Gazette|1989}} Acceptance of the loonie was initially poor, so banks and retailers continued to conduct transactions using the banknotes.{{sfn|Milwaukee Sentinel|1988}} By March 1989, support for the change to the $1 coin was 39% among Canadians surveyed by the Royal Canadian Mint, and 36% were opposed to the change.{{sfn|Brent|1989|p=1}}

Withdrawal of the $1 banknote resulted in operational cost reductions for some businesses and organizations, such as the Toronto Transit Commission which previously invested over {{currency|500000|USD}} paying individuals to unfold banknotes collected in fare boxes.{{sfn|Reynolds|1989|p=5}}

The city of Hull in Quebec purchased the tugboat depicted on the $1 banknote, named Missinaibi, which is now housed behind the Canadian Museum of History beside the Ottawa River.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=75}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}

• {{cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/435913277|title=Changing the small change: it's the loons over the notes|last=Brent|first=Bob|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=1 April 1989|access-date=7 October 2014|id={{ProQuest|435913277}} }}
• {{cite book|title=The Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Government Paper Money|edition=10th|editor-last=Cross|editor-first=W. K.|publisher=The Charlton Press|location=Toronto|year=1997|isbn=0-88968-190-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/charltonstandard0000unse_y6i0}}
• {{cite news|url=http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2016/04/20/history-apr-20-1989-last-day-for-the-canadian-dollar-banknote/|title=History: Apr. 20. 1989: Last day for the Canadian dollar banknote|last=Montgomery|first=Marc|publisher=Radio Canada International|date=20 April 2016|accessdate=9 December 2016}}
• {{cite journal|journal=Bank of Canada Review|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/moxley-meubus-brown.pdf|title=The Canadian Journey: An Odyssey into the Complex World of Bank Note Production|last1=Moxley|first1=Jill|last2=Meubus|first2=Helen|last3=Brown|first3=Maura|publisher=Bank of Canada|date=Autumn 2007}}
• {{cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/435466480|title=Man, 36, jailed 2 years after bogus bills seized|last=Oakes|first=Gary|newspaper=Toronto Star|page=F19|date=26 September 1986|access-date=21 September 2014|id={{ProQuest|435466480}} }}
• {{cite news|title='Loonie' coin in Canada: Is it for the birds?|last=Reynolds|first=Richard|newspaper=Toledo Blade|date=1 July 1989}}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/bank-note-series/past-series/1969-1979/|title=Scenes of Canada|publisher=Bank of Canada|accessdate=3 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Bank of Canada: Scenes of Canada}} }}
• {{cite book|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/promo_art.pdf|title=The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|publisher=Bank of Canada|date=6 December 2006|accessdate=27 September 2014|isbn=0660632462|ref={{harvid|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006}} }}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.currencymuseum.ca/2010/05/04/10638/curators-pick/|title=Curator's Pick – Bank of Canada, 10 and 20 dollar models by Giori|publisher=Bank of Canada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805230841/http://www.currencymuseum.ca/2010/05/04/10638/curators-pick/|archive-date=5 August 2014|ref={{harvid|Curator's Pick}} }}
• {{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-rcmp-caution-against-counterfeit-vintage-cash-1.691122|title=Sask. RCMP caution against counterfeit vintage cash|publisher=CBC News|date=6 April 2007|accessdate=20 September 2014|ref={{harvid|CBC News|2007}} }}
• {{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/fake-50s-circulated-around-n-s-1.1225224|title=Fake $50s circulated around N.S.|publisher=CBC News|date=22 May 2012|accessdate=20 September 2014|ref={{harvid|CBC News|2012}} }}
• {{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/dnto/2014/05/06/human-flagpoles-dark-story-behind-inuit-scene-on-2-bill/|title=Inuit scene on $2 bill has a dark, storied history|publisher=CBC News|date=6 May 2014|accessdate=20 September 2014|ref={{harvid|CBC News|2014}} }}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.currencymuseum.ca/1969-%E2%80%93-1979-series-scenes-of-canada/|title=1969 – 1979 Series, Scenes of Canada|publisher=Currency Museum, Bank of Canada|accessdate=3 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Currency Museum}} }}
• {{cite news|title=New series of bank notes being printed in Canada|volume=62|number=45|newspaper=Ladysmith-Chemainus Chronicle|page=10|date=8 July 1970|ref={{harvid|Ladysmith-Chemainus Chronicle|1970}} }}
• {{cite news|title=Canada is shifting to a dollar coin|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal|page=7A|date=30 June 1987|ref={{harvid|Milwaukee Journal|1987}} }}
• {{cite news|title='Loonie' replaces paper dollar|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Milwaukee Sentinel|page=2 (part 4)|date=5 July 1988|ref={{harvid|Milwaukee Sentinel|1988}} }}
• {{cite news|title=Multicolored banknotes back|agency=Canadian Press|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|page=5|date=19 June 1970|ref={{harvid|Montreal Gazette|1970}} }}
• {{cite news|title=Banknotes change|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|page=39|date=27 March 1984|ref={{harvid|Ottawa Citizen|1984}} }}
• {{cite news|title=Canada issues no dollar bills, only 'loonies'|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Schenectady Gazette|date=1 July 1989|ref={{harvid|Schenectady Gazette|1989}} }}
• {{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/bank-of-canada-kills-1000-bill-1.235393|title=Bank of Canada kills $1000 bill|publisher=CBC News|date=26 September 2000|accessdate=2 March 2014|ref={{harvid|CBC News|2000}} }}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/bank-note-series/past-series/1986-series-birds-of-canada/|title=Birds of Canada|publisher=Bank of Canada|accessdate=1 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Bank of Canada}} }}

{{refend}}

{{Portal|Canada|Money|Numismatics}}

• [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/eppp-archive/100/201/301/bank_can_review/2006/spring/cover/en/banknotes/general/character/1969-79.html 1969-1979 Series, Scenes of Canada] at the Collections Canada archive of the Bank of Canada website

{{Canadian currency and coinage}}

Category:Banknotes of Canada

Category:1969 introductions