Shooting of Jesse Hartnett

Uniformed police officer Jesse Hartnett was driving his marked Chevrolet Impala patrol car at about 11:40 p.m. at 60th Street and Spruce Street in West Philadelphia, when Archer, who had had no previous contact with the police on that particular evening, suddenly rushed toward the patrol car and fired 13 shots at Harnett, shoving his gun through the window to fire at point blank range.{{cite book|last1=Mickolus|first1=Edward|title=Terrorism Worldwide 2016|date=February 2018|publisher=McFarland & Company|isbn=978-1476630267|page=196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JJMDwAAQBAJ&q=%22edward+archer%22+++philadelphia&pg=PA196|access-date=9 March 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/09/us/philadelphia-police-officer-wounded-in-ambush-on-his-patrol-car.html|title=Gunman Said He Shot Philadelphia Officer for ISIS, Police Say|work=The New York Times|date=January 8, 2016|access-date=January 8, 2016|first1=Jon|last1=Hurdle|first2=Richard|last2=Pérez-Peña}}{{cite web|url=http://6abc.com/news/suspect-arraigned-held-without-bail-in-shooting-of-philly-police-officer/1150918/|title=SUSPECT ARRAIGNED, HELD WITHOUT BAIL IN SHOOTING OF PHILADELPHIA POLICE OFFICER|work=WPVI-TV|date=January 9, 2016|access-date=January 9, 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://gma.yahoo.com/man-accused-shooting-philly-cop-pledged-allegiance-isis-184753565--abc-news-topstories.html|title=Man Accused of Shooting Philly Cop Pledged Allegiance to ISIS, Police Say|work=Yahoo! GMA|date=January 8, 2016|access-date=January 8, 2016|first=Emily|last=Shapiro}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/philadelphia-police-edward-archer-shooting-jesse-hartnett-name-of-islam/|title=Police probe man's claim of shooting cop in Islam's name|publisher=CBS News|agency=Associated Press|date=January 9, 2016|access-date=January 9, 2016}} The attacker, who was wearing a white thawb (a robe generally worn by Muslim men), reportedly waved down the police car, then began firing as the car slowed down.{{cite news|last1=Brynes|first1=Jesse|title=Police: Philadelphia officer shot by man inspired by ISIS|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/265230-police-philadelphia-officer-shot-by-man-inspired-by-isis/|access-date=January 8, 2016|work=The Hill|date=January 8, 2016}} He first fired through the driver's side window, then ran up to the car, reached through the shattered window, and continued firing directly at Hartnett, who shielded his head with his left arm.{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/philly-officer-ambushed-islam-loving-gunman-testifies-article-1.2559772|title=Philadelphia police officer ambushed by Islam-loving gunman testifies how he used arm as shield to protect his head|work=New York Daily News|date=March 10, 2016|access-date=March 17, 2016|first=David|last=Boroff}} Altogether, Archer fired 13 bullets at Harnett at close range; 3 of the bullets hit the officer.

Hartnett, badly wounded and bleeding from three gunshot wounds to his left arm, nevertheless managed to stop the car, get out, and give chase. He was able to fire off three gunshots,{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Officer-Jesse-Hartnett-Ambush-Edward-Archer-371629461.html|title=Ambushed Officers Takes Stand as Suspect Edward Archer Faces Attempted Murder Charges|publisher=NBC 10 Philadelphia|agency=Associated Press|date=March 10, 2016|access-date=March 17, 2016|first=Maryclaire|last=Dale}} shooting Archer in the buttocks before radioing for help.{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/12090359/Islamic-State-sympathiser-shoots-Philadelphia-police-officer.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108220850/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/12090359/Islamic-State-sympathiser-shoots-Philadelphia-police-officer.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 8, 2016|title=Islamic State sympathiser shoots Philadelphia police officer|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=January 8, 2016|access-date=January 8, 2016|first=Ruth|last=Sherlock}}{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/latest-phila-police-identify-officer-shot-123746465.html|title=The Latest: NYPD urges vigilance after Philadelphia shooting|publisher=Yahoo! News|agency=Associated Press|date=January 8, 2016|access-date=January 8, 2016}} Archer was arrested a block away by other responding officers.

The 9mm Glock 17 that Archer used to shoot Officer Harnett was recovered at the scene; the pistol had been stolen from the home of a police officer in 2013.{{cite news|last1=Palmer|first1=Chris|title=Philly cop's accused ISIS-inspired shooter scheduled for trial Monday|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/crime/isis-philly-cop-edward-archer-jesse-hartnett-shooter-trial-20180122.html|access-date=5 March 2018|publisher=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=22 January 2018}}{{Cite web|last=WRITER|first=By Stephanie Farr, STAFF|title=Gun used to shoot Police Officer Jesse Hartnett traced to fellow Philly cop|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/20160902_Gun_used_to_shoot_Police_Officer_Jesse_Hartnett_traced_to_fellow_Philly_cop.html|access-date=2021-12-03|website=inquirer.com|date=September 2016 |language=en}}

After he was arrested, Archer told investigators, "I follow Allah," and, "I pledge allegiance to the Islamic State, and that's why I did what I did."{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Calmert|title=Philadelphia Police Investigate Claim That Shooting Suspect Linked to Radicals; Edward Archer is accused of opening fire on police officer|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=11 January 2016|id={{ProQuest|1755366380}}}}{{cite news|last1=Matza|first1=Michael|title=Shooter in Philly cop's ambush said he did it for ISIS, but friends, relatives wonder|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20160208_Shooter_in_Philly_cop_s_ambush_said_he_did_it_for_ISIS__but_friends__relatives_wonder.html|access-date=5 March 2018|publisher=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=8 February 2016}}{{cite web|first1=Meg|last1=Wagner|first2=Laurie|last2=Hanna|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/philadelphia-officer-shot-3-times-attempted-murder-article-1.2489799|title=Suspected Philadelphia gunman Edward Archer used stolen police gun in attempted 'assassination' of Officer Jesse Hartnett, claimed allegiance to ISIS: cops|work=New York Daily News|date=January 8, 2016|access-date=January 8, 2016}}{{cite news|last=Berman|first=Mark|title=Philadelphia police: Attacker 'tried to execute' officer, pledged allegiance to the Islamic State|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/01/08/philadelphia-police-say-attacker-tried-to-execute-officer/?hpid=hp_hp-top-table-main_phillycopshot_pn_130pm%3Ahomepage%2Fstory|access-date=January 8, 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|date=January 8, 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Philadelphia-Officer-Shot-Ambush-Shooting-Jesse-Hartnett-Edward-Archer-Police-Shooting-Islam-364741041.html|title=Fundraising Page Created for Philly Officer Wounded in Ambush Shooting|work=NBC Philadelphia|date=January 9, 2016|access-date=January 9, 2016|first=Steve|last=Beck}}

Edward Archer, aged 30, was unemployed and living with his mother at Yeadon, Pennsylvania, at the time of the shooting.{{cite web|url=http://6abc.com/news/more-on-the-man-charged-in-police-officer-shooting/1152007/|title=ARCHER HAD TRAVELED TO MIDDLE EAST TWICE IN RECENT YEARS|work=WPVI-TV|date=January 8, 2016|access-date=January 8, 2016|first=Wendy|last=Saltzman}} He was allegedly armed with a 9mm Glock 17 handgun capable of carrying 13 rounds, which was reported stolen from the home of a police officer in October 2013; the gun was recovered shortly after the shooting in Archer's thawb.{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/fbi-probes-shooting-of-philadelphia-police-officer-as-suspected-terrorism-1452721128|title=FBI Probes Shooting of Philadelphia Police Officer as Suspected Terrorism|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=January 13, 2016|access-date=January 14, 2016|first=Devlin|last=Barrett}} Archer confessed that he committed the attack "in the name of Islam", that Allah ordered him to commit the attack, and that he targeted a police officer because they defended laws that went against the teachings of the Quran.{{cite news|last1=Sanchez|first1=Ray|last2=Hanna|first2=Jason|last3=Prokupecz|first3=Shimon|title=Police: Suspect in officer's shooting claims allegiance to ISIS|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/08/us/philadelphia-police-officer-shot/|access-date=January 8, 2016|publisher=CNN|date=January 8, 2016}}{{Cite book|page=177|title=Unholy Alliance: The Agenda Iran, Russia, and Jihadists Share for Conquering the World|last=Sekulow|first=Jay|date=2017-06-20|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781501141461|language=en}}

Archer was said to have become interested in Islam during his teenage years.{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/philadelphia-police-shooting-cop-shot-islamic-state-414557|title=PHILADELPHIA COP SHOOTER'S ASSOCIATES ALSO RADICAL, SAYS TIPSTER|work=Newsweek|date=January 12, 2016|access-date=January 12, 2016|first=Lauren|last=Walker}} He was well known to Asim Abdur Rashid, imam of Masjid Mujahideen on south 60th Street in West Philadelphia, who knew him by his Muslim name, Abdul Shaheed.{{cite news|last1=Matza|first1=Michael|title=Imam knew police shooter, but by Muslim name|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20160111_Imam_knew_police_shooter__but_by_Muslim_name.html|access-date=5 March 2018|publisher=11 January 2016|date=11 January 2016}} According to Imam Rashid, Archer had made the Haj to Mecca and had studied for perhaps six months in Egypt. He was described by local Muslims as devout, interested in the religion, and closely involved in the establishment of community activities.

According to an FBI official, Archer spent time in Saudi Arabia from October to November 2011 for Hajj (the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca). He also traveled to Egypt for eight months in 2012 to study Arabic.{{cite book|last1=Claude Moniquet|author-link=Claude Moniquet|title=Daech, la main du diable|date=2016|publisher=Archipel|isbn=978-2809820775|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfNwDQAAQBAJ&q=%22jesse+Hartnett%22+++%22Edward+Archer%22&pg=PT48|access-date=6 March 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/01/08/philadelphia-police-say-attacker-tried-to-execute-officer/|title=Philadelphia police: Man who tried to kill officer pledged allegiance to the Islamic State|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=January 8, 2016|access-date=January 8, 2016|first=Mark|last=Berman}} According to acquaintances, Archer was the target of racist comments during his time in Egypt, which came to a point where he returned to the U.S. prematurely. The FBI began investigating both of the trips following the shooting, citing that Archer, who was unemployed and had no prior foreign travels, could not have been able to acquire a passport and pay for an extended stay in the Middle East; suspicions of the trips being funded by people or organizations with links to terrorism have been raised.{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/suspect-in-philadelphia-shooting-of-policeman-is-said-to-have-traveled-to-saudi-arabia-egypt-1452360141|title=Suspect in Philadelphia Police Shooting Had Visited Egypt and Saudi Arabia|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=January 9, 2016|access-date=January 9, 2016|first1=Scott|last1=Calvert|first2=Devlin|last2=Barrett}} It was later found that the trip was funded by a group of local Muslim men who would give donations to finance such trips for newcomers.

In March 2015, Archer pleaded guilty to a firearms offense, aggravated assault, and making terroristic threats, among other offenses, in relation to an incident that occurred in January 2012, in which he and two other men confronted the husband of Archer's ex-wife. He was sentenced to prison, but the sentence was reduced to time served and he was released and placed on probation. In November 2015, he had been found guilty of several charges that included fraud and forgery; he was out on probation and awaiting sentencing for that case at the time of the shooting.

According to Archer's mother, he suffered from head injuries from playing football and a moped accident. She also added that he had some form of mental illness, specifying that he would hear voices in his head.{{cite web|url=http://heavy.com/news/2016/01/edward-ed-archer-jesse-hartnett-philadelphia-philly-cop-shooting-suspect-terrorist-isis-islam-yeadon-facebook-page/|title=Edward Archer: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know|work=Heavy|date=January 8, 2016|access-date=January 8, 2016|first=Paul|last=Farrell}} In addition, she claimed he felt targeted by police. A former classmate recalled that Archer was a loner in high school who had a passion for football and was not religious.{{cite web|url=http://mobile.philly.com/beta?wss=/philly/news&id=364873501|title=Police continue to investigate tip that cop shooter worked with others|work=Philly.com|date=January 11, 2016|access-date=January 11, 2016|first1=Aubrey|last1=Whalen|first2=Mari|last2=Schaefer}} Two associates stated that he had become more drastic and combative following his trips to the Middle East, though another said the trips seemed to have a calming effect on him.

Discussion of whether this shooting was an instance of lone wolf terrorism inspired by Islamist propaganda, or was a crime committed by an individual suffering from some form of mental illness began immediately and have continued, provoked by Archer's claim, made shortly after he was arrested, that he shot the police officer in the name of Islam.{{cite news|last1=French|first1=David|title=Lone Wolf Terror in Philadelphia? Man Reportedly Tries to Execute Philly Police Officer "In the Name of Islam"|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/blog/corner/man-tries-execute-philadelphia-police-officer-name-islam/|access-date=13 March 2018|publisher=National Review|date=8 January 2016}}{{cite news|last1=Roebuck|first1=Jeremy|title=Police shooting: Lone-wolf terror attack?|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20160110_Attempted_murder_charges_for_Archer_in_officer_s_ambush.html|access-date=13 March 2018|publisher=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=10 January 2016}} In February 2016, Clive Watts, a homeland security expert, asserted that "This is headline-inspired, not ISIS-inspired. It tends to happen after a successful attack, like what happened in Paris. People who already have psychological issues pick up a weapon and decide to act. It's more personal than ideological."{{cite web|url=http://mobile.philly.com/beta?wss=/philly/news&id=367990801|title=Shooter in Philly cop's ambush said he did it for ISIS, but friends, relatives wonder|work=Philly.com|date=February 8, 2016|access-date=February 9, 2016|first=Michael|last=Matza}}

A 2016 report by the Congressional Research Service included this shooting as one of a group of "Attacks in the United States 'Inspired' by the Islamic State."{{cite journal|last1=Bjelopera|first1=Jerome P.|title=The Islamic State's Acolytes and the Challenges They Pose to U.S. Law Enforcement|journal=Congressional Research Service|date=13 June 2016|url=http://www.sameshield.com/PDF/CRS.pdf|access-date=14 March 2018}}

In their 2017 book The Age of Lone Wolf Terrorism, Mark Hamm, a criminologist at Indiana State University and Ramon Spaaij, a sociologist at Victoria University, Australia, describe Archer as a lone wolf terrorist, a type of individual who, according to Hamm and Spaaij, are usually unemployed, single, white males with a criminal record who tend to be older, and who are likely to have less education, and also more likely to have a record of mental illness, than other violent criminals.{{cite news|last1=Worth|first1=Katie|title=Lone Wolf Attacks Are Becoming More Common — And More Deadly|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/lone-wolf-attacks-are-becoming-more-common-and-more-deadly/|access-date=14 March 2018|publisher=PBS Frontline|date=14 July 2016}} Hamm and Spaaij define lone wolf terrorists as attackers who are politically motivated and have acted entirely alone.{{cite news|last1=Bojani|first1=Fatima|title=America's lone-wolf terrorists are unpredictable in almost every regard—except one|url=https://qz.com/807997/lone-wolf-terrorists-gun-control-us/|access-date=14 March 2018|publisher=Quartz|date=19 October 2016}}

The authors of an article in the CTC Sentinel entitled "Is There a Nexus Between Terrorist Involvement and Mental Health in the Age of the Islamic State?" discuss this shooting as a case in which "mental health problems were alluded to by non-experts (often family, friends, neighbors) but latched onto by the wider media as concrete evidence of a disorder’s presence (and presumably direct role in the violent intent/actions)." They conclude that media reports about Archer's mental health problems show "disturbingly low levels of evidence," that Archer suffered from "a mental disorder."{{cite journal|last1=Corner|first1=Emily|last2=Gill|first2=Paul|title=Is There a Nexus Between Terrorist Involvement and Mental Health in the Age of the Islamic State?|journal=CTC Sentinel|date=January 2017|volume=10|issue=1|url=https://ctc.usma.edu/is-there-a-nexus-between-terrorist-involvement-and-mental-health-in-the-age-of-the-islamic-state/|access-date=13 March 2018}}

In his book Unholy Alliance: The Agenda Iran, Russia, and Jihadists Share for Conquering the World, First Amendment attorney Jay Sekulow places Archer in a group of "Muslims (who) choose to bring Islam to the West through violent acts of jihadist terrorism." By contrast, in their book Countering Terrorism, political science professor Martha Crenshaw and criminology professor Gary LaFree argue that despite Archer's "claim(s) to be acting in the name of Allah and ISIS," his "motives were obscure."{{cite book|last1=Crenshaw|first1=Martha|last2=LaFree|first2=Gary|title=Countering Terrorism|date=2017|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0815727668|page=84}}

Philadelphia Mayor Jim Kenney condemned the shooting, but asserted that, "In no way, shape or form does anybody in this room believe that Islam or the teaching of Islam" have anything to do with the shooting, a statement for which he was taken to task by Dorothy Rabinowitz, who accused the Mayor of making an assertion that was "bizarre in their determined denial of the deluge of facts delivered by top police officials standing next to him," at the press conference held shortly after the attack.{{cite news|last1=Rabinowitz|first1=Dorothy|title=Denying the Obvious About Islamist Terror|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=12 January 2016|id={{ProQuest|1755719228}}}} Kenny's statement was also harshly criticized by political commentator Dana Loesch in her book Flyover Nation: You Can't Run a Country You've Never Been To. In Loesch's opinion, the shooter ought to have still been serving his 10-year sentence for a 2012 conviction on felony gun possession (his sentence has been reduced.) Loesch characterizes such early releases of convicted criminals as "a deadly judicial pattern."{{cite book|last1=Loesch|first1=Dana|title=Flyover Nation: You Can't Run a Country You've Never Been To|date=2016|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0399563898|page=108}} General Michael Flynn called Mayor Kenny's statement, "absurd."{{cite book|last1=Flynn|first1=Michael|title=The Field of Fight: How We Can Win the Global War Against Radical Islam and Its Allies|date=2016|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1250106230|pages=124, 125}}

Amara Chaudhry Kravitz of Upon Further Review (a journal published by the Philadelphia Bar Association,) criticized the Philadelphia District Attorney's prosecution of Archer and argued that Archer can, and should, be prosecuted pursuant to Pennsylvania's criminal terrorist statute, 18 Pa.C.S.A. 2717, based upon facts known to investigators at this time. She also argued that such a prosecution would double the maximum statutory sentence Archer could receive in state court and, at the same time, would not preclude a subsequent federal prosecution if investigators were to find sufficient facts to justify a federal terrorism prosecution.{{cite web|last1=Kravitz|first1=Amara Chaudhry|title=Calling a Terrorist a "Terrorist": Why Philadelphia's Cop-Shooting Jihadist Should Be Prosecuted Under PA's Criminal "Terrorism" Statute (Instead of Waiting on the Feds)|url=https://uponfurtherreview.philadelphiabar.org/page/Article?articleID=23c974f8-840d-4fff-9a44-8525f067d2ab|website=Upon Further Review|publisher=Philadelphia Bar Association|date=April 26, 2016|access-date=May 17, 2016}} Fellow Upon Further Review writer Susan Lin responded critically to Kravitz's article, citing Archer's apparent mental health issues.{{cite web|url=http://uponfurtherreview.philadelphiabar.org/page/Article?articleID=eaf142f3-b8df-4843-bd96-59619d712066|title=Not Every Violent Crime is Terrorism: Why Edward Archer Should Not Be Prosecuted Under PA's Criminal Terrorism Statute|website=Upon Further Review|publisher=Philadelphia Bar Association|date=May 16, 2016|access-date=May 29, 2016|first=Susan|last=Lin}}

Officer Jesse James Hartnett,{{cite web|url=http://mobile.philly.com/beta?wss=/philly/news&id=364690881|title='Warrior' cop is a 'quality young man'|work=Philly.com|date=January 8, 2016|access-date=January 9, 2016|first=Stephanie|last=Farr}} aged 33, was at the time a four-year veteran with the Philadelphia Police Department.{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/man-accused-shooting-philly-cop-confessed-committing-act/story?id=36169588|title=Man Accused of Shooting Philly Cop Pledged Allegiance to ISIS, Police Say|work=ABC News|date=January 8, 2016|access-date=January 8, 2016|first=Emily|last=Shapiro}} He graduated from Monsignor Bonner High School in 2001.{{cite news|last1=EditorialBoard|title=Editorial: Heroic actions of another officer shot in line of duty|url=http://www.delcotimes.com/article/DC/20180131/NEWS/180139923|access-date=5 March 2018|publisher=Delaware County Daily Times|date=31 January 2018}} Hartnett previously served with the United States Coast Guard, joining right after the September 11 attacks occurred and serving on active duty throughout August 2008. He then served with the Coast Guard Reserve from 2009 to November 2015.{{cite news|last1=Farr|first1=Stephanie|title=Shooter tangled with 'warrior'|publisher=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=10 January 2016|id={{ProQuest|1755681065}}}} In September 2010, he became an officer for the East Lansdowne police force and worked there until July 2011, which was when he transferred to the Philadelphia Police Department.

Hartnett was struck by 3 bullets, suffering a broken arm and nerve damage. He was classified as being in critical but stable condition, and went into surgery at Penn Presbyterian Medical Center. He was wearing a bulletproof vest at the time of the shooting. An online fundraising campaign was set up on January 9 to aid Hartnett in recovering from his injuries, Hartnett was discharged from the hospital on January 22.{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/philadelphia-officer-wounded-in-shooting-leaves-hospital|title=Philadelphia officer wounded in shooting leaves hospital|work=FOX News|date=January 22, 2016|access-date=January 22, 2016}} but reparative surgery and recuperation were still ongoing a year later.{{cite news|last1=Farr|first1=Stephanie|title=Wounded cop honored: Jesse Hartnett, shot in his patrol car in January, receives valor award|publisher=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=8 December 2016|id={{ProQuest|1847051618}}}}

On April 11, 2016, Hartnett was honored by the Philadelphia Phillies by being invited to throw the opening pitch, and also permitted to propose marriage to his girlfriend on the ballfield. He was given the Sgt. Robert Wilson III Valor Award by the Philadelphia Police Department.

Archer was taken into custody immediately after the shooting.

Immediately after the shooting, the FBI searched two residences connected to the suspect.{{cite web|url=http://mobile.philly.com/beta?wss=/philly/news&id=364624321|title=Police: Gunman who shot cop pledged allegiance to the Islamic State|work=Philly.com|date=January 8, 2016|access-date=January 8, 2016|first1=Aubrey|last1=Whalen|first2=Mari A.|last2=Schaefer|first3=Jeremy|last3=Roebuck|first4=Stephanie|last4=Farr}} They also began scouring through the suspect's online activities and phone records.

On January{{spaces}}10, three days after the shooting, an unidentified woman stopped a police officer on a street and informed him that the suspect was "part of a [radical] group that consists of three others", that he "is not the most radical of the four", and that "the threat to police is not over". The tipster also informed the officer that the other three men frequented the area where Hartnett was shot and claimed to have an affiliation with the group. As a result, all law enforcement agencies in Philadelphia were put on high alert, officers were ordered to work in pairs, and an investigation into the tip by a federal and local Joint Terrorism Task Force was launched.{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Philadelphia-Police-Investigating-Possible-Threat-Against-Officers-After-Ambush-364790541.html|title=Philadelphia Police, FBI Investigate New Threat Against Law Enforcement After Ambush, Shooting of Officer|work=NBC 10 Philadelphia|date=January 10, 2016|access-date=January 10, 2016|first=Morgan|last=Zalot}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2016/01/police_probe_into_threats_connected_to_philly_ambu.html|title=Threats reportedly continue after ambush shooting of Philadelphia cop|work=NJ.com|date=January 11, 2016|access-date=January 11, 2016|first=Brittany M.|last=Wehner}}{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/pennsylvania-police-reportedly-warned-3-radical-associates-of-terror-suspect-on-the-loose/|title=Pennsylvania police reportedly warned 3 'radical' associates of terror suspect on the loose|work=FOX News|date=January 11, 2016|access-date=January 11, 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/woman-warns-philly-police-alleged-cop-shooter-part/story?id=36200212|title=Woman Warns Philly Police That Alleged Cop Shooter Was Part of Radical Group|work=ABC News|date=January 10, 2016|access-date=January 11, 2016|first=Emily|last=Shapiro}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/11/us/philadelphia-police-officer-shot/|title=Philadelphia police looking into report that man who shot officer had radical ties|work=CNN|date=January 11, 2016|access-date=January 11, 2016|first=Michael|last=Pearson}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/police-seek-three-possibly-tied-gunman-who-shot-philadelphia-cop-n494376|title=Police Seek Three Possibly Tied to Gunman Who Shot Philadelphia Cop|work=NBC News|date=January 11, 2016|access-date=January 11, 2016|first1=Richard|last1=Esposito|first2=Stephanie|last2=Gosk|first3=Tom|last3=Winter}} Investigators are aware of the names of two of the three men in question, but are still seeking the identity of the third.

On January 13, six days after the shooting, FBI Director James Comey announced that the FBI was investigating the shooting as a terrorist attack.{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/fbi-says-probing-philadelphia-police-shooting-terrorist-attack-235156703.html|title=FBI says probing Philadelphia police shooting as terrorist attack|publisher=Yahoo! News|agency=Reuters|date=January 13, 2016|access-date=January 13, 2016|first1=Eric|last1=Walsh|first2=Julia|last2=Edwards}} The next day, Comey announced that the FBI at the time had not found any evidence that Archer was involved with any terrorist cells or that there were any other planned attacks in Philadelphia.{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/fbi-no-evidence-man-attacked-cop-part-organized-202630005.html|title=FBI: No evidence man who attacked cop part of organized cell|publisher=Yahoo! News|agency=Associated Press|date=January 14, 2016|access-date=January 14, 2016|first=Errin Haines|last=Whack}} He also downplayed the significance of the January 10 tip.{{cite web|url=http://mobile.philly.com/beta?wss=/philly/news&id=365306011|title=FBI director: cop shooter loyal to ISIS likely acted alone|work=Philly.com|date=January 14, 2016|access-date=January 14, 2016|first=Jeremy|last=Roebuck}}

On January 9, Archer was arraigned on one count of attempted murder, along with charges of aggravated assault on a police officer, reckless endangerment, making terroristic threats, possessing an instrument of crime, violating a uniform firearms act, and related offenses. He was held without bail. A preliminary hearing was scheduled for January 25.{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/philadelphia-police-investigate-claim-that-shooting-suspect-linked-to-radicals-1452479316|title=Philadelphia Police Investigate Claim That Shooting Suspect Linked to Radicals|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=January 10, 2016|access-date=January 11, 2016|first=Scott|last=Calvert}} This hearing was postponed to March 10{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Ambush-Shooting-Philadelphia-Police-Officer-Jesse-Hartnett-Edward-Archer-366415101.html?_osource=SocialFlowTwt_PHBrand|title=Preliminary Hearing for Suspect Charged in Ambush Shooting of Philly Officer Continued to March|work=NBC 10 Philadelphia|date=January 25, 2016|access-date=January 25, 2016}} and scheduled to be held in Philadelphia Municipal Court.

Archer appeared in court at the March 10 preliminary hearing, which was attended by several police officers. Hartnett testified at the hearing, describing the details of his attack and the aftermath.{{cite web|url=http://www.delcotimes.com/general-news/20160310/philly-cop-details-ambush-attack-yeadon-man-held-for-trial|title=Philly cop details ambush attack; Yeadon man held for trial|publisher=Delaware County Daily Times|agency=Associated Press|date=March 10, 2016|access-date=March 17, 2016|first=Maryclaire|last=Dale}} Municipal Court Judge Marsha H. Neifield ordered Archer to be held "on all charges, including attempted murder and aggravated assault, assaulting a law enforcement officer, several gun counts, and receiving stolen property" referring to the stolen pistol used in the shooting.{{cite news|last1=Slobodzian|first1=Jonothan|title=Hartnett says W. Phila. shooter said nothing in ambush|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20160311_Hearing_set_for_man_charged_with_wounding_cop.html|access-date=5 March 2018|publisher=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=11 March 2016}}

He was formally arraigned in Common Pleas Court on March 31, 2016.{{cite web|url=http://www.phillyvoice.com/suspect-in-ambush-of-philadelphia-officer-due-in-c/|title=Defendant in ambush shooting of Officer Jesse Harnett held for trial|publisher=Philly Voice|agency=Associated Press|date=March 10, 2016|access-date=March 17, 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2016/03/31/formal-arraignment-for-suspect-accused-of-shooting-philly-police-officer/|title=Formal Arraignment For Suspect Accused Of Shooting Philly Police Officer|work=CBS Local Philadelphia|date=March 31, 2016|access-date=April 22, 2016}}

On December 18, 2017, an attempt by Archer's attorney to persuade the court that Archer was mentally unfit to stand trial failed when the court ruled that Archer was mentally competent to stand trial.{{cite news|last1=Palmer|first1=Chris|title=Man ruled competent for trial in officer's shooting: Trial|publisher=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=19 December 2017|id={{ProQuest|1978504492}}}}{{cite news|last1=Chris Palmer|title=Philly cop's accused ISIS-inspired shooter scheduled for trial Monday|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/crime/isis-philly-cop-edward-archer-jesse-hartnett-shooter-trial-20180122.html|access-date=17 March 2018|work=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=22 January 2018|quote=Judge Leon W. Tucker disagreed, ruling that Archer was aware of the charges against him and simply chose to avoid participating in his defense.}}

The trial was scheduled to begin on Monday, January 22, 2018.

A video of Archer was shown at the trial, in which he states that “I did what I did because I pledge my allegiance to the Islamic State.” In the video, he continues speaking asserting that police officers enforce a law that is not Allah's law and stating that he will fight against disbelievers. When the judge asked Archer whether he wished to testify, he responded only by saying, “Speak to Allah.”{{cite news|title=Man Who Shot Philadelphia Officer In Name Of ISIS Found Guilty|url=http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2018/02/01/edward-archer-guilty/|access-date=5 March 2018|publisher=CBS|date=1 February 2018}}

Archer was convicted of attempted murder and aggravated assault on February 1, 2018.{{cite news|last1=Lozano|first1=Alicia|title=Shooter Who Attacked Philadelphia Police Officer Jesse Hartnett in the Name of Islamic State Found Guilty|url=https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Edward-Archer-Jesse-Hartnett-Philadelphia-Police-Shooting-472202323.html|access-date=5 March 2018|publisher=NBC 10|date=1 February 2018}}{{cite news|last1=Palmer|first1=Chris|title=Gunman who pledged ISIS allegiance convicted in 2016 shooting of Philly cop|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/crime/isis-inspired-gunman-guilty-shooting-philadelphia-cop-jesse-hartnett-20180201.html|access-date=5 March 2018|publisher=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=1 February 2018}}{{cite news|title=Man guilty of attempted murder in ambush shooting of officer|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-bc-us--philadelphia-officer-ambushed-20180201-story.html|access-date=9 March 2018|agency=AP|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=4 February 2018}} He was sentenced to the maximum term available to the court for this crime, between 48.5 and 97 years behind bars.

In their 2017 book The Age of Lone Wolf Terrorism, Mark Hamm and Ramon Spaaij regard this shooting as part of a 21st-century pattern of "targeting uniformed police and military personnel" by lone wolf terrorists.{{cite book|last1=Hamm|first1=Mark|last2=Spaaij|first2=Ramon|title=The Age of Lone Wolf Terrorism|date=2017|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231181747|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYWhDgAAQBAJ&q=philadelphia+2016+&pg=PT293|access-date=13 March 2018}} Writing in the journal CTC Sentinel, Sam Mullins describes this shooting as an instance of "jihadist-inspired violence," noting that such attacks may be carried out not only by individuals "directed and funded by foreign terrorist organizations" and by "autonomous groups and individuals who are often lacking substantial overseas connections but nevertheless share the same murderous ideology," but also by "troubled individuals who seem to be driven at least as much by mental illness as by exposure to jihadi propaganda or related media coverage."{{cite journal|last1=Mullins|first1=Sam|title=The Road to Orlando: Jihadist-Inspired Violence in the West, 2012-2016|journal=CTC Sentinel|date=June 2016|volume=9|issue=6|url=https://ctc.usma.edu/the-road-to-orlando-jihadist-inspired-violence-in-the-west-2012-2016/|access-date=13 March 2018}}

Writing in the Journal of Strategic Security, Martin J. Gallagher, describes this crime and Archer's assertion of motivation as one of a series of "known lone wolf terrorist attacks in 2016." Gallagher, a British police official charged with the investigation of and response to serious crime national crisis events, discusses the "wave" of which this shooting is part as "a tsunami of attacks

perpetrated by individuals" who fit the definition of lone wolf terrorist offered by Michael Becker in his 2014 paper, Explaining Lone Wolf Target Selection in the United States.Gallagher, Martin J.. "The 2016 ‘Lone Wolf’ Tsunami - Is Rapoport’s ‘Religious Wave’ Ending?." Journal of Strategic Security 10, no. 2 (2017): : 60-76.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.10.2.1584 Gallagher asserts that "there must be an unequivocal acceptance that mental health is a

factor in lone wolf terrorism, and that the actions of those who are ill need

to be seen as those of a terrorist when appropriate.

The Wall Street Journal placed this shooting in the context of a series of ISIS-inspired lone wolf incidents in the United States, including the 2015 San Bernardino attack, pointing out that some 60 individuals were arrested in 2015 in the United States charged with giving support to ISIS; the Journal quoted Michael Nacht, a former official with the U.S. Defense Department, now a Professor at the University of California, Berkeley's Goldman School of Public Policy, who stated that calling on Muslims worldwide to attack non-Muslims is "a very effective ISIS strategy."{{cite news|last1=ExCathedraEditorial|title=The Long Reach of Islamic State|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-long-reach-of-islamic-state-1458507650|access-date=8 March 2018|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=20 March 2016}}

The case was revisited by the press in December 2017 when an immigrant from Egypt who was a naturalized citizen of the United States, Ahmed El-Mofty, opened fire on police just outside the Pennsylvania State Capitol Building in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The Harrisburg attacker was shot and killed, but the incident sparked a debate about his motivation that was compared with the debate over Archer's motive.{{cite news|last1=Roebuck|first1=Jeremy|title=Was Harrisburg shooting a terror attack?|publisher=Philadelphia Daily News|date=27 December 2017|id={{ProQuest|1980844850}}}}

In light of this attack, and a similar attack on French police that occurred earlier on the same day, officers of the New York City Police Department were instructed to "exercise heightened vigilance" and take "proactive measures".{{cite news|last1=DeStefano|first1=Anthony|title=NYPD warns cops after attacks on police in Philadelphia, Paris|url=http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/nypd-warns-cops-after-attacks-on-police-in-philadelphia-paris-1.11305820|access-date=January 9, 2016|publisher=Newsday|date=January 8, 2016}} A SWAT unit and two units assigned to the Philadelphia Police Department's counter-terrorism unit were added to the police patrols in recent days.{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/philadelphia-police-keep-watch-neighborhood-where-officer-shot-223511935.html|title=Philadelphia police keep watch on neighborhood where officer shot|publisher=Yahoo! News|agency=Reuters|date=January 11, 2016|access-date=January 11, 2016|first=Daniel|last=Kelley}}

On January 12, five days after the shooting, a march was held in Philadelphia in support for Hartnett and other police officers.{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Community-to-Walk-for-Peace-in-Response-to-Assassination-Attempt-on-Officer-364888981.html|title=After Assassination Attempt on Philadelphia Officer, Community Walks for Peace|work=NBC 10 Philadelphia|date=January 11, 2016|access-date=January 12, 2016|first1=Morgan|last1=Zalot|first2=David|last2=Chang}}

Police Commissioner Richard Ross denounced the shooting as "absolutely evil". He also commended Officer Hartnett's survival, which he called "absolutely amazing". Governor Tom Wolf said in a statement, "This alleged intentional act of violence against an officer seeking to help a fellow citizen is horrifying and has no place in Pennsylvania." Pennsylvania Senators Pat Toomey and Bob Casey, Jr. both decried the shooting, with Toomey calling it an act of terror. Republican U.S. presidential candidates Jeb Bush and Marco Rubio also reacted to the shooting.

• 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa
• 2014 Tours police station stabbing
• 2014 Queens hatchet attack
• January 2016 Paris police station attack

{{Reflist|2}}

Category:2016 in Philadelphia

Category:Anti-police violence in the United States

Category:Attacks in the United States in 2016

Category:Crimes in Philadelphia

Category:Islamic terrorism in the United States

Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2016

Category:January 2016 crimes in the United States

Category:Terrorist incidents in Pennsylvania

Category:Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2016

Category:Violence in Pennsylvania

Category:Crimes against police officers in the United States

Category:Non-fatal shootings