Silifke

Turkish {{lang|tr|Silifke}} ({{IPA|tr|siˈlifce|lang}}) derives from Greek Seléfkeia ({{lang|el|Σελεύκεια}}, {{IPA|el|seˈlefci.a|label=modern pronunciation:}}), the late medieval and modern form of ancient Greek Seleúkeia ({{lang|grc|{{linktext|Σελεύκεια}}}}; {{langx|la|Seleucia}}), named for its founder Seleucus I Nicator, king of the Seleucid Empire. It was distinguished from the many other places of that name as Seleucia on the Calycadnus ({{lang|la|Seleucia ad Calycadnum}}), Seleucia in Cilicia, Seleucia in Isauria, Seleucia Trachea, and Seleucia Tracheotis.{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Seleucia |volume=24 |page=603}}

The site of the ancient city of Olba ({{langx|tr|Oura|links=no}}) is also within the boundaries of modern-day Silifke.

Located a few miles from the mouth of the Göksu River, Seleucia was founded by Seleucus I Nicator in the early 3rd century BC, one of several cities he named after himself. It is probable that there were already towns called Olbia (or Olba) and Hyria and that Seleucus I merely united them giving them his name. The city grew to include the nearby settlement of Holmi (in modern-day Taşucu) which had been established earlier as an Ionian colony but being on the coast was vulnerable to raiders and pirates.Stephanus of Byzantium; Strabo, XIV, 670) The new city up river was doubtless seen as safer against attacks from the sea so Seleucia achieved considerable commercial prosperity as a port for this corner of Cilicia (later named Isauria), and was even a rival of Tarsus.

Cilicia thrived as a province of the Romans, and Seleucia became a religious center with a renowned 2nd century Temple of Jupiter. It was also the site of a noted school of philosophy and literature, the birthplace of peripatetics Athenaeus and Xenarchus.{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0314.html |title=Classical Gazetteer, page 312 |access-date=2006-02-26 |archive-date=2012-12-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204190829/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0314.html |url-status=usurped }} The stone bridge was built by the governor L. Octavius Memor in 77 AD. Around 300 AD Isauria was established as an independent state with Seleucia as the capital.

Early Christian bishops held a Council of Seleucia in(variously cited) 325, 359, and 410. Seleucia was famous for the tomb of the virgin Saint Thecla of Iconium, converted by Saint Paul, who died at Seleucia,Acta Pauli et Theclae, an apocryphal work of the 2nd century the tomb was one of the most celebrated in the Christian world and was restored several times, among others by the Emperor Zeno in the 5th century, and today the ruins of the tomb and sanctuary are called Meriamlik.(Denkschriften der k. Akadem. der Wissenschaft. philos.-histor. Klasse, Vienna, XLIV, 6, 105-08) In the 5th century the imperial governor (comes Isauriae) in residence at Seleucia had two legions at his disposal, the Legio II Isaura and the Legio III Isaura. From this period, and perhaps later, dates the Christian necropolis, west of the town, which contains many tombs of Christian soldiers.{{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Robert W., "Seleukeia (Cilicia)" |title=The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology, ed., Paul Corby Finney |date=2016 |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing| location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |isbn=978-0-8028-9017-7| pages=491}} According to the Notitia Episcopatuum of the Patriarchate of Antioch, in the 6th century, the Metropolitan of Seleucia had twenty-four suffragan sees.(Echoes d'Orient, X, 145)

File:Seal of Paul, Metropolitan of Seleucia, 8th-9th centuries.jpg

In 705 Seleucia was captured by the Arab armies of Islam and was recovered by the Byzantines. Thus by 732 nearly all the ecclesiastical province of Isauria was incorporated into the Patriarchate of Constantinople; henceforth the province figures in the Notitiae of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, but under the name of Pamphylia.

In the Notitiae of Leo VI the Wise (ca. 900) Seleucia had 22 suffragan bishoprics;Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, 557. in that of Constantine Porphyrogenitus (ca 940) it had 23.(Georgii Cyprii descriptio orbis romani, ed. Gelzer, 76) In 968 Antioch again fell into the power of the Byzantines, and with the Province of Isauria, Seleucia was allocated to the Patriarchate of Antioch.(Gelzer, op. cit., 573) We know of several metropolitans of this see, the first of whom, Agapetus, attended the Council of Nicaea in 325; Neonas was at the Council of Seleucia in 359; Symposius at the Council of Constantinople in 381; Dexianus at the Council of Ephesus in 431; Basil, a celebrated orator and writer, whose conduct was rather ambiguous at the Second Council of Ephesus and at the beginning of the Council of Chalcedon in 451; Theodore was at the Fifth Ecumenical Council in 553; Macrobius at the Sixth Ecumenical Council and the Council in Trullo in 692.

No longer a residential see, Seleucia in Isauria has been included in the list of titular sees of the Catholic Church, which has made no new appointments of a titular bishop to this eastern see since the Second Vatican Council.Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 968.

In the 11th century, the city was captured by the Seljuk Turks; they met with resistance and in 1137, Seleucia was besieged by Leon of Cilician Armenia. During this period of struggle between Armenians, Byzantines, Crusaders, and Turks, a stronghold was built on the heights overlooking the city. On June 10, 1190, the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa was drowned trying to cross the Calycadnus, near Seleucia during the Third Crusade.

In the 13th century Seleucia was in the possession of the Hospitallers, who lost it to the Karamanid Principality in the second half of the 13th century, and then it ended up in the hands of the Ottomans under general Gedik Ahmet Pasha in 1471.

Until 1933, Silifke was the capital of İçel Province, but then, İçel and Mersin provinces were merged. The merged province took the name of İçel but with its administrative centre at Mersin. Finally in 2002 the name of İçel was replaced with that of Mersin.

{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}

The economy of the district depends on agriculture, tourism and raising livestock. The town of Silifke is as a market for the coastal plain, which produces beans, peanuts, sesame, banana, orange, lemon, cotton, grapes, lentils, olives, tobacco, and canned fruits and vegetables. An irrigation project located at Silifke supplies the fertile Göksu Delta. In recent years there has been a large investment in glasshouses for producing strawberries and other fruit and vegetables in the winter season.

Silifke is also an industrial town, well-connected with other urban areas and producing beverages, chemicals, clothes, footwear, glass, plastics, pottery, and textiles.

Silifke has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) with hot and dry summers and mild and wet winters.

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| collapsed = yes

| metric first = yes

| single line = yes

| location = Silifke (1991–2020)

| Jan high C = 14.9

| Feb high C = 16.4

| Mar high C = 19.7

| Apr high C = 23.4

| May high C = 27.4

| Jun high C = 31.0

| Jul high C = 33.6

| Aug high C = 34.2

| Sep high C = 32.2

| Oct high C = 28.7

| Nov high C = 22.3

| Dec high C = 16.8

| year high C = 25.1

| Jan mean C = 10.5

| Feb mean C = 11.5

| Mar mean C = 14.6

| Apr mean C = 18.1

| May mean C = 22.2

| Jun mean C = 26.0

| Jul mean C = 28.8

| Aug mean C = 29.3

| Sep mean C = 26.7

| Oct mean C = 22.8

| Nov mean C = 16.8

| Dec mean C = 12.2

| year mean C = 20.0

| Jan low C = 7.4

| Feb low C = 8.0

| Mar low C = 10.3

| Apr low C = 13.3

| May low C = 17.2

| Jun low C = 21.1

| Jul low C = 24.1

| Aug low C = 24.6

| Sep low C = 21.7

| Oct low C = 18.4

| Nov low C = 13.2

| Dec low C = 9.1

| year low C = 15.7

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 109.79

| Feb precipitation mm = 74.4

| Mar precipitation mm = 46.96

| Apr precipitation mm = 26.87

| May precipitation mm = 26.79

| Jun precipitation mm = 5.26

| Jul precipitation mm = 1.54

| Aug precipitation mm = 2.06

| Sep precipitation mm = 8.96

| Oct precipitation mm = 34.18

| Nov precipitation mm = 86.53

| Dec precipitation mm = 131.65

| year precipitation mm = 554.99

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 8.4

| Feb precipitation days = 6.8

| Mar precipitation days = 4.9

| Apr precipitation days = 3.9

| May precipitation days = 3

| Jun precipitation days = 1.4

| Jul precipitation days = 1.2

| Aug precipitation days = 1

| Sep precipitation days = 1.6

| Oct precipitation days = 3.6

| Nov precipitation days = 4.6

| Dec precipitation days = 8.2

| year precipitation days = 48.6

| Jan humidity = 59.2

| Feb humidity = 58.6

| Mar humidity = 59.4

| Apr humidity = 62.3

| May humidity = 64.2

| Jun humidity = 64.7

| Jul humidity = 65.3

| Aug humidity = 63.7

| Sep humidity = 57.9

| Oct humidity = 53.8

| Nov humidity = 54.0

| Dec humidity = 58.9

| year humidity = 60.2

| Jan sun = 146.1

| Feb sun = 162.5

| Mar sun = 221.5

| Apr sun = 244.9

| May sun = 282.5

| Jun sun = 312.5

| Jul sun = 333.9

| Aug sun = 323.2

| Sep sun = 288.5

| Oct sun = 238.7

| Nov sun = 181.6

| Dec sun = 140.3

| year sun = 2876.2

| source = NOAA{{cite web

|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Silifke_17330.csv

|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Silifke

|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

|access-date = January 17, 2024}}

}}

There are 88 neighbourhoods in Silifke District:[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.

{{div col|colwidth=12em}}

• Akdere
• Arkum
• Atakent
• Atayurt
• Atik
• Ayaştürkmenli
• Bahçe
• Bahçederesi
• Balandız
• Bayındır
• Bolacalıkoyuncu
• Bucaklı
• Bükdeğirmeni
• Burunucu
• Çadırlı
• Çaltıbozkır
• Cambazlı
• Camikebir
• Çamlıbel
• Çamlıca
• Çatak
• Çeltikçi
• Cılbayır
• Demircili
• Ekşiler
• Evkafçiftliği
• Gazi
• Gedikpınarı
• Gökbelen
• Göksu
• Gülümpaşalı
• Gündüzler
• Hırmanlı
• Hüseyinler
• İmambekirli
• İmamlı
• İmamuşağı
• Işıklı
• Kabasakallı
• Karahacılı
• Karakaya
• Kargıcak
• Kavak
• Keben
• Kepez
• Keşlitürkmenli
• Kıca
• Kırtıl
• Kızılgeçit
• Kocaoluk
• Kocapınar
• Kurtuluş
• Mara
• Mukaddem
• Narlıkuyu
• Nasrullah
• Nuru
• Ören
• Ortaören
• Ovacık
• Özboynuinceli
• Öztürkmenli
• Pazarkaşı
• Pelitpınarı
• Sabak
• Şahmurlu
• Saray
• Sarıaydın
• Sarıcalar
• Say
• Sayağzı
• Senir
• Seydili
• Seyranlık
• Sökün
• Sömek
• Taşucu
• Toros
• Tosmurlu
• Türkmenuşağı
• Ulugöz
• Uşakpınarı
• Uzuncaburç
• Yeğenli
• Yenibahçe
• Yenimahalle
• Yenisu
• Yeşilovacık

{{div col end}}

The town of Silifke has many interesting sites including:

• The prominent remains of the Silifke Castle high on a rock above the town,
• The city walls,
• A large water tank (Tekir ambarı) cut into the rock,
• An extensive necropolis of rock-cut tombs with inscriptions.
• Aya Tekla Church
• Silifke Museum
• Cyprus Memorial Forest in Silifke

Other notable sites outside the town are:

• The caves of "Heaven and Hell" ('Cennet ve Cehennem'), which have collapsed in two places revealing deep holes in the ground.
• Narlıkuyu is an attractive village, where people from Mersin come to eat fish and enjoy the seaside.
• Dana Island
• The archaeological sites Işıkkale, Karakabaklı, Gökkale, Meydan Castle, Sinekkale, Olba

Image:Silifke castle walls.jpg|Outer walls of the castle of Silifke

Image:Silifke castle arrival.jpg|Silifke castle

Image:Silifke castle bar.jpg|Bar next to the castle of Silifke

Image:Silifke castle panel.jpg| Touristic panel describing the castle of Silifke

Image:Cave church of Aya Tekla.jpg| Aya Tekla Church

Image:Tekir ambarı Silifke Mersin Province.jpg|Tekir ambarı cistern

{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}

The Turkmen community of Silifke has a strong tradition of folk music and dance including songs such as The Yogurt of Silifke (where the dancers imitate the actions of making yogurt) and another one where they wave wooden spoons about as they dance.

The cuisine includes breakfast of leaves of unleavened bread (bazlama) with a dry sour cottage cheese (çökelek) or fried meats. Many other dishes feature bulgur wheat. The annual Silifke Yoghurt Festival takes place in May.

• Other Seleucias

{{Reflist}}

• {{Catholic|wstitle=Seleucia Trachea}}

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.silifke.gov.tr/ District governor's official website] {{in lang|tr}}
• [https://silifke.bel.tr/ District municipality's official website] {{in lang|tr}}
• [https://turkeyphotoguide.com/silifke Silifke Guide and Photo Album]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090211230734/http://www.kumcenneti.com/ susanoğlu]
• [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/silifke Extensive photo site of Silifke, the temple and nearby sights]
• [https://charlvarchive.org/Site/17 Carefully documented photographic survey and plan of Silifke Castle]

{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Mersin}}

{{Mersin Province}}

{{Silifke District}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Çukurova

Category:Populated places in Silifke District

Category:Seleucid colonies in Anatolia

Category:Catholic titular sees in Asia

Category:Districts of Mersin Province

Category:Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey