Single-reed instrument#Classification

{{Short description|Class of woodwind instruments}}

File:Saxophone reeds-alto, tenor.jpeg

A single-reed instrument is a woodwind instrument that uses only one reed to produce sound. The very earliest single-reed instruments were documented in ancient Egypt, ancient Greece as well as the Middle East, and the Roman Empire.{{cite book|last=Hoeprich|first=E|title=The Clarinet|year=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}} The earliest types of single-reed instruments used idioglottal reeds, where the vibrating reed is a tongue cut and shaped on the tube of cane. Much later, single-reed instruments started using heteroglottal reeds, where a reed is cut and separated from the tube of cane and attached to a mouthpiece of some sort. By contrast, in a double reed instrument (such as the oboe and bassoon), there is no mouthpiece; the two parts of the reed vibrate against one another. Reeds are traditionally made of cane and produce sound when air is blown across or through them. The type of instruments that use a single reed are clarinets and saxophone. The timbre of a single and double reed instrument is related to the harmonic series caused by the shape of the corpus.{{clarify|date=November 2024|reason=Does this mean the body of the instrument?}} E.g. the clarinet is only including the odd harmonics due to air column modes canceling out the even harmonics.Donald Murray Campbell, Arnold Myers; et al. (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=D_15UtgRVJsC&q=%22double%20reed%22 Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music], p.53-5. Oxford. {{ISBN|9780198165040}}. This may be compared to the timbre of a square wave.Foster, Caxton C. and Soloway, Elliott (1981). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0swmAAAAMAAJ&q=double+reed+square+wave Real Time Programming], p.165. Addison-Wesley. {{ISBN|9780201019377}}. "One will play a square wave and sound rather like a bagpipe or other double-reed instrument."

File:Reeds kataglott anaglott.jpg. Also used in bagpipes, and reedpipes or clarinet family: bülban, diplica, dili tuiduk, dozaleh, early chalumeaus, cifte, launeddas, mijwiz, pilili, reclam de xeremies, sipsi, and zummara.]]

Most single-reed instruments are descended from single-reed idioglot instruments called 'memet', found in Egypt as early as 2700 BCE.{{cite book|editor-last=Midgley |editor-first=R|title=Musical Instruments of the World|year=1976|publisher=Diagram Visual Information Ltd.|location=United States}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}} Due to their fragility, no instruments from antiquity were preserved but iconographic evidence is prevalent. During the Old Kingdom in Egypt (2778–2723 BCE), memets were depicted on the reliefs of seven tombs at Saqqarra, six tombs at Giza, and the pyramids of Queen Khentkaus.{{cite book|last=Rice|first=A.R.|title=The Baroque Clarinet|year=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}} Most memets were double-clarinets, where two reed tubes were tied or glued together to form one instrument. Multiple pipes were used to reinforce sound or generate a strong beat-tone with slight variations in tuning among the pipes.{{cite book|last=Rendall|first=G.F.|title=The Clarinet: Some notes upon its history and construction|year=1971|publisher=W.W. Norton and Company|location=New York, NY}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}} One of the tubes usually functioned as a drone, but the design of these simple instruments varied endlessly.{{cite book|last=Kroll|first=O|title=The Clarinet|year=1968|publisher=Taplinger Publishing Company|location=New York, NY}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}} The entire reed entered the mouth, meaning that the player could not easily articulate so melodies were defined by quick movement of the fingers on the tone holes.{{page needed|date=June 2020}} These types of double-clarinets are still prevalent today, but also developed into simplified single-clarinets and hornpipes. Modern-day idioglots found in Egypt include the arghul and the zummara.{{page needed|date=June 2020}}