Smart city#Adoption

Historically, cities functioned as centers of innovation, and the advent of the digital era presented opportunities and challenges to apply technology to create urban environments that are more efficient, sustainable, and livable.Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology. doi:10.1080/10630732.2014.942092Bernardi, M., & Diamantini, D. (2018). Shaping the sharing city: An exploratory study on Seoul and Milan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 203. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.132Caragliu, A., del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2), 65–82. doi:10.1080/10630732.2011.601117Vanolo, A. (2014). Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Studies, 51(5), 883–898. doi:10.1177/0042098013494427{{How|date=July 2024}}{{Cite book |last=Marchesani |first=Filippo |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781837975754 |title=The Global Smart City |publisher=Emerald |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-83797-576-1 |publication-date=2023 |doi=10.1108/9781837975754}}

The shift to smart cities necessitates a comprehensive restructuring of city management and operations, leading citizen participation and methods of public service delivery.

Cities seek to upgrade their infrastructure and service delivery to promote social inclusion, technological adoption, and economic development.{{Cite journal |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=Del Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Nijkamp |first3=Peter |date=April 2011 |title=Smart Cities in Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–82 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |issn=1063-0732}}{{Cite journal |last1=Linde |first1=Lina |last2=Sjödin |first2=David |last3=Parida |first3=Vinit |last4=Wincent |first4=Joakim |date=2021 |title=Dynamic capabilities for ecosystem orchestration A capability-based framework for smart city innovation initiatives |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=166 |pages=120614 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614 |issn=0040-1625}}

The transformation into a smart city involves modifications in planning, management, and operational processes.{{Cite journal |last1=Pittaway |first1=Jeffrey J. |last2=Montazemi |first2=Ali Reza |date=October 2020 |title=Know-how to lead digital transformation: The case of local governments |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0740624X1830457X |journal=Government Information Quarterly |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=101474 |doi=10.1016/j.giq.2020.101474}} This data can subsequently be analyzed to identify areas for improvement and optimize urban services.

The concept of smart cities emerged from global cities' recent adoption{{Cite journal |last1=Batty |first1=M. |last2=Axhausen |first2=K. W. |last3=Giannotti |first3=F. |last4=Pozdnoukhov |first4=A. |last5=Bazzani |first5=A. |last6=Wachowicz |first6=M. |last7=Ouzounis |first7=G. |last8=Portugali |first8=Y. |date=2012 |title=Smart cities of the future |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |journal=The European Physical Journal Special Topics |language=en |volume=214 |issue=1 |pages=481–518 |bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B |doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |issn=1951-6355 |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/61793}} of information and communications technologies.{{Cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Yirang |last2=Edelenbos |first2=Jurian |last3=Gianoli |first3=Alberto |date=2019 |title=Identifying the results of smart city development: Findings from systematic literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264275118314161 |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=95 |pages=102397 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2019.102397}}{{Cite journal |last1=Marsal-Llacuna |first1=Maria-Lluïsa |last2=Colomer-Llinàs |first2=Joan |last3=Meléndez-Frigola |first3=Joaquim |date=2015 |title=Lessons in urban monitoring taken from sustainable and livable cities to better address the Smart Cities initiative |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162514000456 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |language=en |volume=90 |pages=611–622 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2014.01.012}}

ICTs present challenges given financial limitations, technical obstacles, and privacy and security concerns. ICTs are also not uniformly accessible across communities, contributing to the digital divide.

No commonly accepted definition of "smart city" has emerged.{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-21101-7 |location=New York}}{{Rp|page=71}} Evaluating smart city initiatives becomes difficult without agreement on parameters. It also hampers the ability to compare projects and identify best practices.{{Citation |last1=Boes |first1=Kim |title=Conceptualising Smart Tourism Destination Dimensions |date=2015 |work=Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2015 |pages=391–403 |editor-last=Tussyadiah |editor-first=Iis |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29 |access-date=2024-03-27 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29 |isbn=978-3-319-14342-2 |last2=Buhalis |first2=Dimitrios |last3=Inversini |first3=Alessandro |editor2-last=Inversini |editor2-first=Alessandro}}{{Cite journal |last1=Camboim |first1=Guilherme Freitas |last2=Zawislak |first2=Paulo Antônio |last3=Pufal |first3=Nathália Amarante |date=2019 |title=Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=142 |pages=154–167 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014}}

Deakin and Al Waer list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:{{cite journal |year=2011 |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/7295 |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |s2cid=110580067 |editor-last1=Deakin |editor-first1=Mark |editor-last2=Al Waer |editor-first2=Husam}}

• Application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies
• Use of ICT in living and working environments
• Use of ICT in government systems
• The territorialisation of practices that brings ICT and people together to enhance innovation and knowledge.

Deakin defines the smart city as one that uses ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), based on community involvement.{{cite book |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1135124144 |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |page=15 |chapter=From intelligent to smart cities}} Studies of smart city projects can be used as an alternative to difficult-to-define broad definitions in order to clarify what smart cities are.{{Cite journal |last1=Camboim |first1=Guilherme Freitas |last2=Zawislak |first2=Paulo Antônio |last3=Pufal |first3=Nathália Amarante |date=May 2019 |title=Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |language=en |volume=142 |pages=154–167 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014}}

Notable disparities among smart city definitions include the relative focus on economic advantages versus environmental or social benefits and specific technology choices.

Smart city definitions include:

• Caragliu et al. (2011): “A city is smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance.”{{Cite journal |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=Del Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Nijkamp |first3=Peter |date=2011 |title=Smart Cities in Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–82 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |issn=1063-0732}}
• Bakici, Almirall, & Wareham (2013): “Smart city as a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information, and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city, competitive and innovative commerce, and an increased life quality.”{{Cite journal |last1=Bakıcı |first1=Tuba |last2=Almirall |first2=Esteve |last3=Wareham |first3=Jonathan |date=2013 |title=A Smart City Initiative: the Case of Barcelona |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9 |journal=Journal of the Knowledge Economy |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=135–148 |doi=10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9 |issn=1868-7865}}
• Nam and Pardo (2011): “A smart city infuses information into its physical infrastructure to improve conveniences, facilitate mobility, add efficiencies, conserve energy, improve the quality of air and water, identify problems and fix them quickly, recover rapidly from disasters, collect data to make better decisions, deploy resources effectively, and share data to enable collaboration across entities and domains.”{{Cite book |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A. |date=2011-09-26 |publisher=ACM |isbn=978-1-4503-0746-8 |pages=185–194 |chapter=Smart city as urban innovation: Focusing on management, policy, and context |doi=10.1145/2072069.2072100 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2072069.2072100}}

The main issues surrounding smart city research include:{{Cite web |title=Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability |url=https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Everand}}

• Absence of intellectual exchange among researchers;
• Researcher inclination to pursue subjective avenues of research in isolation from their peers;
• The resulting division within the scientific community.

An important motivation for smart cities is projected population growth. The UN forecasts global population to reach 9.6 to 13.2 billion by 2100, with cities absorbing 80% of this growth.{{Cite web |title=Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability |url=https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Everand |language=en}}

An important goal of smart city initiatives is to use ICTs to address the tragedy of the commons problem.{{How|date=September 2024}} This phenomenon occurs when individuals acting in their own self-interest deplete a communal resource. For example, while each individual driver in a city saves time and flexibility by driving, the resultant excessive driving of the community causes traffic congestion and environmental issues. This situation is worsened when public transportation services get little attention due to the use of personal vehicles.{{Cite book |last1=Gassmann |first1=Oliver |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781787696136 |title=Smart Cities: Introducing Digital Innovation to Cities |last2=Böhm |first2=Jonas |last3=Palmié |first3=Maximilian |date=2019 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-78769-614-3 |doi=10.1108/9781787696136}}. Available at [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzKbDwAAQBAJ Google Books]

Philosophical predecessors of smart cities can be found in utopian works such as New Atlantis (1626).{{cite book |last=Cugurullo |first=F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VolEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT50 |title=Frankenstein Urbanism: Eco, Smart and Autonomous Cities, Artificial Intelligence and the End of the City |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-317-31362-5 |page=50 |access-date=2023-03-12}} Another was Ebenezer Howard's 1898 concept of Garden Cities. These were dense, size-limited cities founded in rural areas by private groups, combining the benefits of the city and the country.{{Cite web |title=Cities of Tomorrow by Peter Hall - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/cities-of-tomorrow/author/peter-hall/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.abebooks.co.uk |language=en-GB}} Other conceptions include those of Edward Bellamy, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier. Critics of smart cities draw parallels between the weaknesses of these utopian visions and the weaknesses of smart cities today.

The concept of "smart cities" emerged from global cities' recent adoption of information and communications technologies for urban use, which can be used to improve efficiency, sustainability, and livability in urban environments. Some of the earliest interventions in urban planning include the use of computational statistical analysis by the Community Analysis Bureau in Los Angeles in the late 1960s{{Cite web |date=2015-06-16 |title=Uncovering the Early History of "Big Data" and the "Smart City" in Los Angeles |url=https://boomcalifornia.org/2015/06/16/uncovering-the-early-history-of-big-data-and-the-smart-city-in-la/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Boom California}} and the establishment by Singapore of the National Computer Board in 1981.{{Cite journal |last=Montes |first=Jose |date=2020 |title=A Historical View of Smart Cities: Definitions, Features and Tipping Points |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3637617 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3637617 |issn=1556-5068 |s2cid=238125868}}

The smart city concept experienced a major surge around 2005. Tech companies sought to create information systems to enhance operational efficiency for cities.{{Cite book |last1=Oke |first1=Ayodeji Emmanuel |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781803824550 |title=Smart Cities: A Panacea for Sustainable Development |last2=Stephen |first2=Seyi Segun |last3=Aigbavboa |first3=Clinton Ohis |last4=Ogunsemi |first4=Deji Rufus |last5=Aje |first5=Isaac Olaniyi |date=2022-04-05 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-80382-456-7 |doi=10.1108/9781803824550}}Cisco. (2005). Dubai: The Smart City. Retrieved from http://www.cisco.com/ web/learning/le34/downloads/689/nobel/2005/docs/Abdulhakim_Malik.pdfIBM. (2009). IBM Offers Smarter City assessment tool to help cities. Prepare for challenges and opportunities of unprecedented urbanization. Retrieved from [https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/27791 www-03.ibm.com]{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}Siemens. (2004). Stadt der Zukunft. Retrieved from http://www. siemens.com/innovation/de/publikationen/zeitschriften_pic_future/PoF_ Fruehjahr_2004/SmartCity.htm

A global movement emerged advocating smart cities.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

IBM launched its Smarter Planet marketing initiative in 2008,{{Cite web |date=2017-11-29 |title=Smart city: smart story? |url=https://smartcityhub.com/governance-economy/smart-city-smart-story/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Smart City Hub}} which included the IBM Smarter Cities Challenge. In 2010, Cisco Systems, with $25 million from the Clinton Foundation, established its Connected Urban Development program in partnership with San Francisco, Amsterdam, and Seoul. In 2011, a Smart City Expo World Congress in Barcelona attracted 6000 people from 50 countries. The European Commission in 2012 established the Smart Cities Marketplace, a centralized hub for urban initiatives in the European Union.{{cite web |title=Creating smart cities together |url=https://smart-cities-marketplace.ec.europa.eu/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Smart Cities Marketplace}} The 2015 Chancellor's Budget for the United Kingdom proposed to invest £140 million in smart cities and IoT.{{cite web |last1=Doe |first1=Laurence |date=27 March 2015 |title=Budget 2015: IoT and smart cities set for investment |url=http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094213/http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot |archive-date=24 November 2016 |access-date=27 March 2015 |website=Land Mobile}} Smart city competitions were launched in the 2010s by Bloomberg Philanthropies, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the United States Department of Transportation. In 2016, AT&T launched an alliance with Cisco, Deloitte, Ericsson, General Electric, IBM, Intel, and Qualcomm, with municipal partners Atlanta, Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; and Dallas, Texas.

Key characteristics that define innovative urban environments include:{{Cite journal |last1=Gracias |first1=Jose Sanchez |last2=Parnell |first2=Gregory S. |last3=Specking |first3=Eric |last4=Pohl |first4=Edward A. |last5=Buchanan |first5=Randy |date=2023-07-11 |title=Smart Cities—A Structured Literature Review |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1719–1743 |doi=10.3390/smartcities6040080 |issn=2624-6511 |doi-access=free}}

• Connectivity: IoT networks collect and transmit data from sensors throughout the urban environment.{{Cite journal |last1=Albino |first1=Vito |last2=Berardi |first2=Umberto |last3=Dangelico |first3=Rosa Maria |date=2015-01-02 |title=Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 |issn=1063-0732}}
• Data-driven decision making: Advanced analytics and artificial intelligence enable more informed and responsive governance.{{Cite journal |last1=Shahat Osman |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Elragal |first2=Ahmed |date=2021-02-28 |title=Smart Cities and Big Data Analytics: A Data-Driven Decision-Making Use Case |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=286–313 |doi=10.3390/smartcities4010018 |issn=2624-6511 |doi-access=free}}
• Sustainable infrastructure: Energy-efficient buildings, renewable energy, and intelligent transportation systems.{{Cite web |title=Smart and Sustainable Cities: What Does It Mean? |url=https://www.beesmart.city/en/smart-city-blog/smart-and-sustainable-cities-what-does-it-mean |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.beesmart.city |language=en}}
• Urban Optimization: Reduce resource usage, reduce ecological footprints, and enhance living standards to create more environmentally responsible urban spaces.{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities - Fabled Sky Research |url=https://fabledsky.com/knowledge-base/smart-cities/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}
• Citizen engagement: Facilitate communication between residents and government, promoting participation in urban planning and decision-making processes.{{Cite journal |last1=Cardullo |first1=Paolo |last2=Kitchin |first2=Rob |date=2019-02-01 |title=Being a 'citizen' in the smart city: up and down the scaffold of smart citizen participation in Dublin, Ireland |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |bibcode=2019GeoJo..84....1C |doi=10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8 |issn=1572-9893}}
• Smart mobility: Integrate public transit, bike-sharing, and autonomous vehicles, aim to reduce congestion and improve accessibility,{{Cite news |title=Smart Mobility in the Smart Cities of Tomorrow |url=https://rideamigos.com/smart-mobility-in-smart-cities |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=RideAmigos |language=en-US}} as well as analyzing mobility behavioral patterns of citizens to improve services and optimize the city infrastructure.{{Cite web|author = Ben-Gal, I., Weinstock, S., Singer, G., & Bambos, N. (2019)|title = Clustering Users by Their Mobility Behavioral Patterns |url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335278936|publisher = ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data (TKDD), 13(4), 45 }}
• Enhanced public services: Improve the delivery of essential services.{{Cite book |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |title=Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A. |date=2011-06-12 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-0762-8 |series=dg.o '11 |location=New York, NY, USA |pages=282–291 |chapter=Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions |doi=10.1145/2037556.2037602 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037602}}

It has been suggested that a smart city (or other community) uses information technologies to:{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

1. Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, built environment and other physical assets) through artificial intelligence and data analytics in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.
2. Engage effectively with local governance{{cite journal |last1=Johns |first1=Fleur |date=13 October 2021 |title=Governance by Data |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=53–71 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120920-085138 |issn=1550-3585 |s2cid=235546816 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_75698}} by use of open innovation processes and e-participation, improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through e-governance, with emphasis placed on citizen participation and co-design.{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M |year=2007 |title=From city of bits to e-topia: taking the thesis on digitally-inclusive regeneration full circle |url=http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395 |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=131–143 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318212436/http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395/ |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2014}}{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M |author2=Allwinkle, S |year=2007 |title=Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: the role of networks, innovation and creativity in building successful partnerships |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/1998 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=77–91 |doi=10.1080/10630730701260118 |s2cid=153965022}}
3. Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.{{cite journal |last=Coe |first=A. |author2=Paquet, G. |author3=Roy, J. |year=2001 |title=E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge |url=http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Social Science Computer Review |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=80–93 |doi=10.1177/089443930101900107 |s2cid=53380562 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233136/http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2014}}

They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of human intelligence, collective intelligence, and also artificial intelligence within the city.{{cite book |last=Komninos |first=N. |title=Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=9780415455923}}{{rp|112–113}}{{cite book |author1=Atlee, T. |url=http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |title=Evolutionary Nexus: connecting communities for emergence |author2=Pór, George |year=2006 |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019204929/http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |archive-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=usurped |name-list-style=amp}} According to Mitchell, the intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital telecommunication networks (the nerves), ubiquitously embedded intelligence (the brain), sensors and tags (the sensory organs), and software (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".{{cite journal |author=Mitchell, W. |year=2007 |title=Intelligent cities |url=http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |url-status=live |journal=e-Journal on the Knowledge Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228194411/http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=1 February 2015}}

The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.{{Cite web |title=Smart cities are about people |url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040256/https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Smart Cities World}} A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, robotics, IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.{{Cite web |title=Intelligent Cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems |url=http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516180354/http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=20 December 2016}}{{Cite journal |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A |title=Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions |url=https://www.ctg.albany.edu/media/pubs/pdfs/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf |department=Center for Technology in Government University at Albany, State University of New York, U.S. |journal=The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research}}

File:Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg

Intelligence in smart cities has been demonstrated in three ways:{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

1. Orchestration intelligence: Cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in Bletchley Park, where the Nazi Enigma cipher was decoded by a team led by Alan Turing. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.{{cite journal |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |last2=Al Waer |first2=Husam |year=2011 |title=From intelligent to smart cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |s2cid=110580067}}
2. Empowerment intelligence: Cities provide open platforms, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in Melbourne and Kyiv.{{cite web |author=Department of Sustainability and Environment |date=2005 |title=Melbourne 2030 |url=http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120605/http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=30 May 2015 |publisher=State Government of Victoria}}
3. Instrumentation intelligence: City infrastructure is made smart through real-time data collection, with analysis and predictive modelling across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to surveillance issues in smart cities.

Examples of instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in Amsterdam.{{cite web |author=Amsterdam Smart City |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Projects |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922030047/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=30 May 2015}} This is realized through:

1. A common IP infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.
2. Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.
3. A number of homes being provided with smart energy meters to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.
4. Solar power garbage compactors, car recharging stations and energy saving lamps.

Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} A variety of different datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart energy infrastructure.{{cite journal |last1=Donti |first1=Priya L. |last2=Kolter |first2=J. Zico |date=18 October 2021 |title=Machine Learning for Sustainable Energy Systems |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=719–747 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-020220-061831 |issn=1543-5938 |s2cid=238321691 |doi-access=free}} Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even positive energy districts that produce more energy than they consume.{{cite news |last1=Tuominen |first1=Pekka |date=May 12, 2020 |title=Yes to positive energy districts |url=https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=VTT News - Beyond the Obvious |agency=VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland}}{{How|date=July 2024}}

A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, smart buildings, distributed energy resources (DER), data analytics, and smart transportation. Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities.{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Kim |date=15 June 2017 |title=Pittsburgh, San Diego city officials put utilities as major players in smart-city partnerships |url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5836-pittsburgh-san-diego-city-officials-put-utilities-major-players-smart-city-partnerships/ |access-date=25 September 2017 |work=Daily Energy Insider}}

According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the Edison Electric Institute, two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid."{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Kim |date=16 November 2017 |title=America needs smart grid investments pronto, stakeholders say at NARUC event |url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/ |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=11 December 2017 |work=Daily Energy Insider}}

Smart grids are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Energy Data Management Systems (EDMS) can help to save cities energy by recording data and using it to increase efficiency.{{Cite news |title=Smart City Technologies and Solutions to Deliver Better a Living {{!}} COPA-DATA |url=https://www.copadata.com/en/industries/smart-city/smart-city-insights/smart-city-solutions-better-living/ |access-date=2021-12-08 |website=www.copadata.com}}

For a smart city to function, it is necessary for it to manage an enormous amount of data collected through the embedded devices and systems in its environment.{{cite journal |last1=Gharaibeh |first1=A. |last2=Salahuddin |first2=M. A. |last3=Hussini |first3=S. J. |last4=Khreishah |first4=A. |last5=Khalil |first5=I. |last6=Guizani |first6=M. |last7=Al-Fuqaha |first7=A. |year=2017 |title=Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and Enabling Technologies |journal=IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=2456–2501 |doi=10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886 |s2cid=206578345}} This is also important for the cities growth and security.{{Cite web |last=Nisenbaum |first=Amit |title=What's Holding Smart Cities Back? |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040251/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/ |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Scientific American Blog Network}} Smart cities use a variety of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies, in conjunction with data security and privacy measures, in attempting to encourage innovation and improve citizens' quality of life. This can relate to topics including utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.

Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data.{{Cite journal |last1=Boyle |first1=D. |last2=Yates |first2=D. |last3=Yeatman |first3=E. |year=2013 |title=Urban Sensor Data Streams: London 2013 |journal=IEEE Internet Computing |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=1 |doi=10.1109/MIC.2013.85 |s2cid=17820999}}{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Dilshan |last2=Ghanem |first2=Moustafa |last3=Guo |first3=Yike |year=2012 |title=WikiSensing: An Online Collaborative Approach for Sensor Data Management |journal=Sensors |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=13295–13332 |bibcode=2012Senso..1213295S |doi=10.3390/s121013295 |pmc=3545568 |pmid=23201997 |doi-access=free}}

Electronic cards (known as smart cards) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government-provided services (or e-services) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate data about citizens and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.

Cognitive technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.{{cite news |last1=Ark |first1=Tom Vander |date=June 26, 2018 |title=How Cities Are Getting Smart Using Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803 |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=Forbes}}

Bicycle-sharing systems are an important element in smart cities.{{Cite book |last1=Chiariotti |first1=Federico |title=2018 7th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST) |last2=Pielli |first2=Chiara |last3=Cenedese |first3=Angelo |last4=Zanella |first4=Andrea |last5=Zorzi |first5=Michele |date=May 2018 |isbn=978-1-5386-4788-2 |pages=1–6 |chapter=Bike sharing as a key smart city service: State of the art and future developments |doi=10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |s2cid=49187242}}

Intelligent transportation systems and CCTV systems are also being developed.{{cite book |last1=Pribadi |first1=Arif |title=2017 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA) |last2=Kumiawan |first2=Fachrul |last3=Hariadi |first3=Mochamad |last4=Nugroho |first4=Supeno Mardi Susiki |date=August 2017 |isbn=978-1-5386-2708-2 |pages=21–24 |chapter=Urban distribution CCTV for smart city using decision tree methods |doi=10.1109/ISITIA.2017.8124048 |s2cid=194177}}

Retractable bollards allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic passCarbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54 but can even be done by means of ANPR cameras connected to the bollard system.{{Cite web |date=6 December 2018 |title=Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083504/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=1 September 2020}}

According to McKinsey, smart city initiatives can have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.{{Cite web |title=Smart city technology for a more liveable future {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221105/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=www.mckinsey.com}} The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.{{Cite web |title=United Smart Cities (USC) – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}

For example, arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.{{Cite web |title=engagingcommunities2005.org |url=http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235327/http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.engagingcommunities2005.org}}{{cite book |last1=Borda |first1=Ann |title=Museums and Digital Culture |last2=Bowen |first2=Jonathan P. |author-link2=Jonathan Bowen |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-97456-9 |editor1-last=Giannini |editor1-first=Tula |editor-link1=Tula Giannini |series=Series on Cultural Computing |pages=523–549 |chapter=Smart Cities and Digital Culture: Models of Innovation |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27 |issn=2195-9064 |editor2-last=Bowen |editor2-first=Jonathan P. |editor-link2=Jonathan Bowen |s2cid=159042161}} Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.{{cite news |last1=Eger |first1=John M. |date=24 July 2015 |title=Creativity in the Smart City Is What Makes a City Really Smart |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342 |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=HuffPost}}{{cite web |last1=Malanga |first1=Steven |date=23 December 2015 |title=The Curse of the Creative Class |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195230/https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |archive-date=11 August 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=City Journal}}

Since mobility is a key area of smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.{{Clarification needed|reason=How does the workforce help with this? What exactly is meant by "mobility"?|date=July 2024}} A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.{{Cite web |last=Moser |first=Mary Anne |title=What is Smart about the Smart Communities Movement? |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210151210/http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.ucalgary.ca |publisher=University of Calgary EJournal 10–11(1)}}

Numerous Smart city programs also focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.{{cite web |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward L. |last2=Berry |first2=Christopher R. |title=Why Are Smart Places Getting Smarter? |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=Harvard University}} This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.

The development of a knowledge economy is also central to Smart city projects.{{Cite web |title=Smarter cities for smarter growth: How cities can optimize their systems for the talent-based economy |url=https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090251/https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.zurich.ibm.com}} Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.

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Smart cities leverage a number of technologies:

• Mobile devices (such as smartphones and tablets) are a key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.{{Cite web |date=17 April 2018 |title=With smart cities, your every step will be recorded |url=https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}{{Cite web |title=Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}{{Cite web |date=12 October 2016 |title=Smartphones – not flying cars – will define the smart cities of the future |url=https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085510/https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}
• Smart homes and specifically, the technology used in them, contribute data and connection to smart cities as a whole.{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Cornel |title=Next Generation Teletraffic and Wired/Wireless Advanced Networking |last2=Kaefer |first2=Gerald |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-85499-9 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=5174 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |pages=260 |chapter=From Smart Homes to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges from an Industrial Perspective |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24}}{{Cite book |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Siddharth |title=2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT) |last2=Dhande |first2=Rashi |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4673-7910-6 |pages=1236–1239 |chapter=Smart cities and smart homes: From realization to reality |doi=10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380652 |access-date=8 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090010/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=14156800}}{{Cite news |title=The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020 |last1=Maxwell |first1=Lily }}{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=How smart homes can connect to smart cities |url=https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090008/https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}{{Cite news |title=Redefining the smart home in smart cities |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020 |last1=Maxwell |first1=Lily }}
• Digital libraries have been established in several cities,{{cite book |last1=Koukopoulos |first1=Zois |title=Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics |last2=Koukopoulos |first2=Dimitrios |last3=Jung |first3=Jason J. |date=2019 |isbn=9781450361903 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Sustainability Services for Public Libraries within a Smart City Environment |doi=10.1145/3326467.3326473 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3326467.3326473 |s2cid=160010103}}{{cite journal |last1=Tripathi |first1=Sneha |last2=Singh |first2=Manendra Kumar |last3=Tripathi |first3=Aditya |date=7 February 2017 |title=Smart Library for Smart Cities |journal=SRELS Journal of Information Management |pages=439–446 |doi=10.17821/srels/2016/v53i6/89406}}{{cite news |last1=Aiyappa |first1=Manu |date=July 1, 2021 |title=Smart Cities miss key awards as projects move at snail's pace {{!}} Bengaluru News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/smart-cities-miss-key-awards-as-projects-move-at-snails-pace/articleshow/84001391.cms |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=The Times of India}}{{Cite web |title=Windsor Public Library: a brick-and-mortar library that also has an ebook lending service |url=https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023075326/https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=17 September 2020}}{{Cite web |title=Shivamogga Smart City Digital Library |url=https://www.sscldl.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222113332/https://www.sscldl.com/ |archive-date=22 February 2021 |access-date=17 September 2020}}{{Cite web |title=Tumakuru Digital Library |url=https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715110211/https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=17 September 2020}} and contribute to the dissemination of information within and across cities.

Additional supporting technology and trends include remote work,{{Cite web |title=Smart cities and telecommuting in Ecuador |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326050523/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856_Smart_cities_and_telecommuting_in_Ecuador |archive-date=26 March 2021 |access-date=9 June 2020}}{{Cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=Innovation vs Technology. Redefining "Smart" in Smart-Cities |url=https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105640/https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020}}{{Cite web |title=Remote Work Revolution and the Future of (Smart) Cities |url=https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104855/https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020}} telehealth,{{Cite web |title=Telecommunication Infrastructures for Telemedicine in Smart Cities |url=http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072813/http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=9 June 2020}}{{Cite web |title=Telemedicine and Smart Cities |url=https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104905/https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020}} the blockchain,{{Cite book |last1=Li |first1=Shuling |title=2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT) |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5386-8543-3 |pages=276–2766 |chapter=Application of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Infrastructure |doi=10.1109/SmartIoT.2018.00056 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8465562 |s2cid=52288306}}{{Cite journal |last1=Kundu |first1=Debasish |year=2019 |title=Blockchain and Trust in a Smart City |journal=Environment and Urbanization ASIA |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=31–43 |bibcode=2019EnUrA..10...31K |doi=10.1177/0975425319832392 |s2cid=159098611 |doi-access=free}} and online banking technology,{{Cite web |title=How Traditional Banks Should Work in Smart City |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312232742/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133_How_Traditional_Banks_Should_Work_in_Smart_City |archive-date=12 March 2021 |access-date=8 June 2020}}

A "ubiquitous city"(U-city) is one concept of a smart city that provides access to public services through any connected device, bringing easy accessibility to every infrastructure.{{Cite book |last1=Anthopoulos |first1=Leonidas |url=https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side |title=Next Generation Society. Technological and Legal Issues |last2=Fitsilis |first2=Panos |date=23 September 2009 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=9783642116292 |editor-last=Sideridis |editor-first=Alexander B. |series=Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering |volume=26 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side/page/n361 360]–372 |chapter=From Online to Ubiquitous Cities: The Technical Transformation of Virtual Communities |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-11631-5_33 |editor-last2=Patrikakis |editor-first2=Charalampos Z. |url-access=limited}}

{{See also|Surveillance issues in smart cities}}

Criticisms of smart cities include:

• Big data collection and analytics raised questions over surveillance in smart cities, particularly over predictive policing.
• Over-emphasis on smart cities means ignoring other domains.{{cite book |author=Greenfield, A. |title=Against the Smart City. |publisher=Verso |year=2013 |location=London |asin=B00FHQ5DBS}}
• Urban development is often haphazard. A data-based approach "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".{{Cite news |last=Sennett |first=Richard |date=4 December 2012 |title=No one likes a city that's too smart |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004523/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |work=The Guardian}}
• Technological and networked infrastructures have downsides that may offset the benefits.{{cite book |author=Graham, S. |title=Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place |author2=Marvin, S. |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9780203430453 |location=London}}
• The capital mobility that allows business to take advantage of smart cities also allows them to leave for a better offer.
• Urban data collection involves surveillance, which potentially invades individual privacy. Without protections that have frequently failed scanning, identification, location tracking (including time and direction) can empower bad actors.{{Cite journal |last=Rubisz |first=Szymon |date=2020 |title=Some Issues with the Right to Privacy in Smart Cities |journal=Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology – Organization and Management Series |volume=2020 |issue=147 |pages=237–246 |doi=10.29119/1641-3466.2020.147.18 |s2cid=232592742 |doi-access=free}}
• Smart city approaches are irrelevant to cities without the means to implement the required technologies, such as in developing countries.
• Persons with disabilities are not always accommodated by smart city technologies.
• Digital technologies can have a significant environmental footprint that may be visited onto other communities.{{Cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Steffen |last2=Pohl |first2=Johanna |last3=Santarius |first3=Tilman |date=2020-10-01 |title=Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand? |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=176 |pages=106760 |bibcode=2020EcoEc.17606760L |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760 |issn=0921-8009 |s2cid=224947774}}{{Cite journal |last1=Morley |first1=Janine |last2=Widdicks |first2=Kelly |last3=Hazas |first3=Mike |date=2018-04-01 |title=Digitalisation, energy and data demand: The impact of Internet traffic on overall and peak electricity consumption |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |volume=38 |pages=128–137 |bibcode=2018ERSS...38..128M |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.018 |issn=2214-6296 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Sovacool |first1=Benjamin K. |last2=Hook |first2=Andrew |last3=Martiskainen |first3=Mari |last4=Brock |first4=Andrea |last5=Turnheim |first5=Bruno |date=2020-01-01 |title=The decarbonisation divide: Contextualizing landscapes of low-carbon exploitation and toxicity in Africa |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=60 |pages=102028 |bibcode=2020GEC....6002028S |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102028 |issn=0959-3780 |s2cid=214411810 |doi-access=free}}
• "Smart city" can be used as a slogan merely to stimulate land revenue generation.{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |date=23 March 2022 |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734 |s2cid=259149515}}
• Clark claimed that technologies actually adopted tended to be those that deliver digital services directly to residents (e.g., ride-hailing services and online food ordering) or which solve a specific problem of municipal government, rather than enhancing infrastructure.
• Digital technology has the potential to be used in negative as well as positive ways, and its use is inherently political. Smart cities can perpetuate or mitigate inequalities{{cite journal |last1=Nesti |first1=Giorgia |date=27 August 2019 |title=Mainstreaming gender equality in smart cities: Theoretical, methodological and empirical challenges |journal=Information Polity |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=289–304 |doi=10.3233/IP-190134 |s2cid=201340073 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11577/3305997}}{{cite book |last1=Fernanda Medina Macaya |first1=Javiera |title=14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |last2=Ben Dhaou |first2=Soumaya |last3=Cunha |first3=Maria Alexandra |date=6 October 2021 |isbn=9781450390118 |pages=398–405 |chapter=Gendering the Smart Cities:: Addressing gender inequalities in urban spaces |doi=10.1145/3494193.3494308 |access-date=27 August 2022 |chapter-url=http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:8632/t09-p53-76.pdf |s2cid=245881057}}{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Manlin |last2=Woolrych |first2=Ryan |date=13 December 2021 |title=Experiences of Older People and Social Inclusion in Relation to Smart "Age-Friendly" Cities: A Case Study of Chongqing, China |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |pages=779913 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.779913 |pmc=8721664 |pmid=34988053 |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |last1=Ivan |first1=Loredana |last2=Beu |first2=Dorin |last3=van Hoof |first3=Joost |date=January 2020 |title=Smart and Age-Friendly Cities in Romania: An Overview of Public Policy and Practice |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=14 |pages=5202 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17145202 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=7400252 |pmid=32708488 |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |last1=Shamsuddin |first1=Shomon |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Sumeeta |date=2 January 2021 |title=Just Smart or Just and Smart Cities? Assessing the Literature on Housing and Information and Communication Technology |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181?journalCode=rhpd20 |journal=Housing Policy Debate |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=127–150 |doi=10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181 |s2cid=216206034 |access-date=28 August 2022}}

The African Union Commission pledged to utilize ICTs to advance sustainable urban development.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

The "smart communities" movement took shape as a strategy to involve more users in IT. Primary issues included traffic congestion, school overcrowding and air pollution.

China's smart cities movement began with a pilot program launched in 2012 through its Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development.{{Rp|pages=58–59}} China's National New-Type Urbanization Plan for 2014-2020 included smart cities.{{Rp|pages=59–60}} It identified six important aspects for developing smart cities:{{Rp|page=60}}

• information network and broadband
• digitization of planning management
• smart infrastructure
• convenience of public services
• modernizing industrial development
• sophisticated social governance.

As of 2016, approximately 500 smart city projects had launched.{{Rp|page=59}} In 2021, China took first in all categories of the International AI City Challenge – "by some estimates, China has half of the world’s smart cities".{{Cite magazine |last=Johnson |first=Khari |title=A Global Smart-City Competition Highlights China's Rise in AI |url=https://www.wired.com/story/global-smart-city-competition-highlights-china-rise-ai/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |magazine=Wired |issn=1059-1028}}

Alibaba created City Brain.{{Cite web |title=City Brain |url=https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170824/https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}{{Cite web |title=The City Brain: Practice of Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence in the Real World |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313035758/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538_The_City_Brain_Practice_of_Large-Scale_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Real_World |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=4 June 2020}} Its first overseas implementation began in 2018 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024}}{{Rp|page=82}}

Baidu developed Apollo, a self-driving technology.{{Cite web |title=Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent Clash To Lead China's Tech Future While A New 'B' Arises |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=Forbes}} Tencent launched medical technology, such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS).{{Cite web |date=11 February 2018 |title=How Tencent's medical ecosystem is shaping the future of China's healthcare |url=https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165928/https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}

As of 2024, "Safe City" digital products were marketed abroad by Chinese companies including Dahua Technology, Huawei, ZTE, and Hikvision.{{Rp|page=80}} Huawei's Safe City Compact Solution focuses on improving safety.{{Cite web |title=Huawei Announces Safe City Compact Solution to Protect Citizens in Small and Medium Cities |url=https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170858/https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}{{Cite web |title=Safe cities: Using smart tech for public security |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210042218/http://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |archive-date=10 February 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}{{cite journal |last=Hillman |first=Jonathan E. |date=2019-11-04 |title=Watching Huawei's "Safe Cities" |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019214841/https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies}} In 2018, Serbia announced a Safe City project for Belgrade in conjunction with Huawei, using one thousand cameras with advanced facial recognition and license plate recognition capabilities.{{Rp|page=82}}

EU members began working on smart city developments and ICT initiatives in the mid-2010s. The Digital Agenda for Europe framework emphasizes harnessing ICTs. The 2014-15 budget of the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, included approximately 200 million Euros to expedite smart cities.{{Cite book |last=Directorate-General for Communication (European Commission) |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2775/41229 |title=Digital agenda for Europe :rebooting Europe's economy |date=2014 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-79-41904-1 |location=LU |doi=10.2775/41229}}{{cite journal |last=Komninos |first=N. |year=2009 |title=Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=337 |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022726}}{{rp|337–355}}{{cite journal |author=Paskaleva, K |date=25 January 2009 |title=Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe |url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=405–422(18) |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022730 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616082818/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020}}

As of 2024 Estonia had proceeded furthest towards digitizing public services.

The Smart Cities Mission is a retrofitting and urban renewal program spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development.{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Smart Cities Mission |url=http://smartcities.gov.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192239/http://www.smartcities.gov.in/ |archive-date=12 February 2017 |access-date=3 August 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India}}

ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN) is a collaborative platform to advance smart city efforts across ASEAN by catalysing bankable projects, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

The New Urban Agenda emphasized the importance of smart city development, establishing a fundamental commitment for the UN's 193 member states.{{Cite book |last=European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2018-2020/main/h2020-wp1820-energy_en.pdf |title=Horizon 2020 - Work Programme 2018-2020 |year=2017}}{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2015 |title=THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf |access-date=22 March 2024}}{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2017 |title=New Urban Agenda |url=https://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf |access-date=22 March 2024}}

The United States allocated more than $160 million toward smart city initiatives. Challenges include traffic congestion, economic growth, crime, climate change, and public services.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Taiwan has actively promoted smart city development through government-led initiatives such as the Smart City Taiwan program, launched in 2018 by the Ministry of Economic Affairs. The program partners with local governments and private companies to deploy pilot projects in areas including healthcare, transportation, public safety, environmental monitoring, and education.{{Cite news|url=https://taiwannews.com.tw/news/4898601|title=Taiwan's goal of resilient smart cities|language=en|last=Shelton|first=Paul|date=2023-05-22|publisher=Taiwan News}}

Taipei,{{Cite web|url=https://smartcity.taipei/|title=Smart City Taipei|language=zh-tw|access-date=2025-04-14|work=smartcity.taipei}} Taoyuan,{{Cite news|url=https://www.storm.mg/localarticle/5352815|title=桃園智慧城市再升級 張善政：讓市民生活更安全、便捷

|language=zh-tw|author=王維傑|date=2025-04-08|publisher=The Storm Media}} and Tainan{{Cite news|url=https://money.udn.com/money/story/5635/8537116|title=臺南市智慧城市推動總召集人 趙卿惠副市長接任

|language=zh-tw|author=張傑|date=2025-02-27|publisher=Commercial Times}} have emerged as leading smart cities, implementing solutions such as AI-assisted traffic management, smart street lighting, and real-time air quality sensors. The government also supports a Public-Private-People Partnership (P-P-P-P) model to involve citizens in the co-creation of services.{{Cite news|url=https://www.ecct.com.tw/ppp-2-0-in-taiwan/|title=PPP 2.0 in Taiwan|language=en|date=2020-07-27|publisher=European Chamber of Commerce Taiwan}}

Taiwan's approach emphasizes the integration of 5G, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI) to improve urban livability and sustainability. The annual Smart City Summit & Expo in Taipei has become a major platform for showcasing Taiwan's innovations and fostering international collaboration.{{Cite news|url=https://news.tvbs.com.tw/english/2804801|title=Taiwan's Smart City Summit & Expo to kick off on March 18|language=en|last=wang|first=Isabel|date=2025-03-11|publisher=TVBS}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/18/3044748/0/en/Taiwan-hosts-Smart-City-Summit-and-Net-Zero-City-Expo-for-global-collaboration.html|title=Taiwan hosts Smart City Summit and Net-Zero City Expo for global collaboration|language=en|date=18 March 2025|publisher=GlobeNewswire}}

The most common characteristics of a "smart city" are networked infrastructure; emphasis on business-led urban development; social inclusion of various resident groups; and an emphasis on the environment.

Smart city initiatives require collaboration and involvement from government agencies, businesses, community organizations, academia, and citizens. Collaborating with businesses and academia brings technical know-how and research capabilities.{{Cite journal |last1=Abid |first1=Nabila |last2=Marchesani |first2=Filippo |last3=Ceci |first3=Federica |last4=Masciarelli |first4=Francesca |last5=Ahmad |first5=Fayyaz |date=December 2022 |title=Cities trajectories in the digital era: Exploring the impact of technological advancement and institutional quality on environmental and social sustainability |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652622039506 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |language=en |volume=377 |pages=134378 |bibcode=2022JCPro.37734378A |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134378}}{{Cite journal |last1=Lei |first1=Sut Ieng |last2=Ye |first2=Shun |last3=Wang |first3=Dan |last4=Law |first4=Rob |date=2020 |title=Engaging Customers in Value Co-Creation Through Mobile Instant Messaging in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1096348019893066 |journal=Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research |language=en |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=229–251 |doi=10.1177/1096348019893066 |issn=1096-3480 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10397/104788}}{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Fang |last2=Fashola |first2=Olushola I. |last3=Olarewaju |first3=Tolulope I. |last4=Onwumere |first4=Ijeoma |date=2021 |title=Smart city research: A holistic and state-of-the-art literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026427512100305X |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=119 |pages=103406 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2021.103406}}

Collaborations with community organizations can improve equity and inclusivity.

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Carfree city
• Career-oriented social networking market
• Connected car
• Community-driven development
• DFAD
• Eco-cities
• Energy informatics
• Global brain
• Government by algorithm
• Intelligent environment
• Intelligent transportation system
• Mass surveillance
• Municipal wireless network
• Net metering
• Pervasive informatics
• Planned community
• Resilient city
• Short food supply chains
• Smart grid
• Smart highway
• Smart port
• Smart village
• Sustainable city
• Technocracy
• Ubiquitous computing
• Urban computing
• Urban farming
• Urban informatics
• Urban vitality
• Vertical farming
• Chennai Smart City
• 15-minute city

{{div col end}}

==Further reading==

• {{cite book |author=Shepard, Mark |title=Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City |publisher=Architectural League of New York |year=2011 |isbn=978-0262515863}}
• {{cite journal |author=Batty, M. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Smart Cities of the Future |journal=European Physical Journal ST |volume=214 |issue=1 |pages=481–518 |bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B |doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/61793}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Stratigea |first1=Anastasia |date=30 October 2012 |title=The concept of 'smart cities'. Towards community development? |journal=Networks and Communication Studies |volume=36 |issue=3/4 |pages=375–388 |doi=10.4000/netcom.1105 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10654/36935}}
• {{Cite book |author-last=Townsend |author-first=Antony |title=Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2013 |isbn=978-0393082876}}
• {{cite web |last1=Moir |first1=E. |last2=Moonen |first2=T. |last3=Clark |first3=C. |year=2014 |title=What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf |publisher=Foresight Future of Cities Project and Future Cities Catapult}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Viitanen |first1=J. |last2=Kingston |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector |url=http://polired.upm.es/index.php/ciur/article/view/3498 |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=803–819 |bibcode=2014EnPlA..46..803V |doi=10.1068/a46242 |s2cid=145283799}}
• {{cite magazine |last=LaFrance |first=Adrienne |date=10 July 2015 |title=When You Give a Tree an Email Address |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/ |magazine=The Atlantic}}
• {{cite book |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7 |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |last2=D Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Kourtit |first3=Karima |last4=Nijkamp |first4=Peter |date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080970875 |edition=Second |pages=113–117 |chapter=Smart Cities |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Saraju P. |author-link1=Saraju Mohanty |last2=Choppali |first2=Uma |last3=Kougianos |first3=Elias |date=July 2016 |title=Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities |url=http://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2016/Mohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf |journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879 |s2cid=206450227}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Borsekova |first1=Kamila |last2=Vanova |first2=Anna |last3=Vitalisova |first3=Katarina |date=June 2016 |title=The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |volume=223 |pages=51–57 |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.289 |doi-access=free}}
• {{citation |last=Hamilton |first=Emily |title=The Benefits and Risks of Policymakers' Use of Smart City Technologies |date=October 31, 2016 |url=https://www.mercatus.org/publications/urban-economics/benefits-and-risks-policymakers-use-smart-city-technology |publisher=Mercatus Center at George Mason University}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Cavada |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions? |url=https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/631805/8/Do%20smart%20cities%20realise%20their%20potential%20for%20lower%20carbon%20dioxide%20emissions.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability |volume=169 |issue=6 |pages=243–252 |doi=10.1680/jensu.15.00032}}
• {{cite web |date=April 2017 |title=Smart Cities Technology Roadmap |url=https://www.atis.org/smart-cities-roadmap/ |access-date=28 July 2017 |website=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions}}
• {{cite book |last1=Del Signore |first1=Marcella |title=Urban Machines : public space in a digital culture |date=2018 |isbn=9788898774289 |location=[Trento]}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |date=23 March 2022 |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734 |s2cid=259149515}}

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/ British Standards Institute initiative on Smart Cities]
• [https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-of-cities Future of Cities] UK government 'Foresight' project on cities

{{Ambient intelligence}}{{Cities}}

Category:Urban studies and planning terminology

Category:Government by algorithm

Category:Urban planning in China