Somalis in Ethiopia

File:Zeila_ruins.jpeg in Zeila, a kingdom led in the 16th century by Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi(Ahmad Gurey).]]

Somalis have inhabited the interiors of the Horn for thousands of years.{{cite journal |author=S. A. Brandt |year=1988 |title=Early Holocene Mortuary Practices and Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations in Southern Somalia |journal=World Archaeology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=40–56 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1988.9980055 |jstor=124524 |pmid=16470993}} According to linguists, the first Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing Neolithic period from the family's proposed "Urheimat" (Original Homeland) in the Nile Valley,Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research) or Near East.Diamond J, Bellwood P (2003) Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions SCIENCE 300, {{doi|10.1126/science.1078208}} Other scholars propose that the Afro-Asiatic family developed in the Horn of Africa, with its speakers subsequently dispersing from there.{{cite book |last1=Blench |first1=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C |title=Archaeology, Language, and the African Past |date=2006 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0759104662 |pages=143–144 |access-date=8 September 2014}}

Islam was introduced to the area early on by the first Muslims of Mecca fleeing prosecution during the first Hejira with Masjid al-Qiblatayn being built before the Qiblah faced towards Mecca. The town of Zeila's two-mihrab Masjid al-Qiblatayn dates to the 7th century, and is one of the oldest mosques in Africa.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkUbAQAAMAAJ&q=Zeila+7th+century |title=The Muslim World |date=1964 |publisher=Motamar al-Alam al-Islami; World Muslim Congress |pages=7 |language=en}}{{cite book |last=Briggs |first=Phillip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC |title=Somaliland |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2012 |isbn=978-1841623719 |page=7}} Consequently, the Somalis were some of the earliest non-Arabs to convert to Islam.{{cite book |last=Akou |first=Heather |title=The Politics of Dress in Somali Culture (African Expressive Cultures) |publisher=Indiana University Press; 1st Paperback Edition |year=2011}}{{Cite book |last=Ylönen |first=Aleksi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9PwEAAAQBAJ&dq=Masjid+labo+Qibla+Somali&pg=PA112 |title=The Horn Engaging the Gulf: Economic Diplomacy and Statecraft in Regional Relations |date=2024-01-25 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-7556-3515-3 |pages=112 |language=en}}

The first clear written Ethiopian reference of the ethnonym Somali dates back to the early 15th century during the reign of Ethiopian Emperor Yeshaq I who had one of his court officials compose a hymn celebrating a military victory over the Sultanate of Ifat.I.M. Lewis, A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa, 4, illustrated edition, (James Currey: 2002), p.25. Simur was also an ancient Harari alias for the Somali people.{{cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&q=simur+harari&pg=PA154 |title=The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3 |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521209816 |page=154 |access-date=10 March 2017}}

Somalis began building nation-state networks to various states in the form of sultanates.{{Cite book |last1=D. Laitin |first1=David |title=Somalia: Nation in Search of a State |last2=S. Samatar |first2=Said |publisher=Westview Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0865315556 |edition=1st |pages=5 |language=en}} The Adal Sultanate (ruled by the Somali Muslims with other signification Cushitic Muslim populations like Hararis and Afars) was one of the most powerful states with capital Zeila (in present-day Somalia).{{Cite book |last=Abdurahman |first=Abdullahi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1dDDwAAQBAJ&q=adal+sultanate+somali |title=Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1 |date=2017-09-18 |publisher=Adonis and Abbey Publishers |isbn=978-1-909112-79-7 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Shaw |first=Jeffrey M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbY_zgEACAAJ&q=adal+sultanate+somali |title=The Ethiopian-Adal War, 1529-1543: The Conquest of Abyssinia |date=2021-08-15 |publisher=Helion |isbn=978-1-914059-68-1 |language=en}}

In response to centuries of mistreatment by the Ethiopian Empire, the 16th century Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi united the Muslims of the Horn of Africa, and led an invasion of Abyssinia which brought much of the Christian polity under Muslim control.Saheed A. Adejumobi, The History of Ethiopia, (Greenwood Press: 2006), p.178Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2005), p.163John L. Esposito, editor, The Oxford History of Islam, (Oxford University Press: 2000), p. 501 The Ethiopians, as a last resort managed to secure the assistance of the Portuguese Empire and maintained their domain's autonomy, defeating Imam Ahmad at the Battle of Wayna Daga.Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492-1792 By Jeremy Black pg 9

There is no evidence that Ethiopia controlled any Somali inhabited territory at any point in history prior the Menelik's Expansions to south and south-east in the late 19th century.{{Cite web |title=The Disputed Ogaden: the Roots of Ethiopia and Somalia's conflict. |url=https://www.mironline.ca/the-disputed-ogaden-the-roots-of-ethiopia-and-somalias-conflict/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=MIR |language=en-CA}}{{Cite journal |last=Waterfield |first=Gordon |date=1958 |title=The Horn of Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/719062 |journal=African Affairs |volume=57 |issue=226 |pages=11–19 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a094522 |jstor=719062 |issn=0001-9909}} Rather independent historical accounts are unanimous that prior to Ethiopian penetration into the Ogaden and Hararghe in the late 1880s, Somali clans were free of Ethiopian and Shewan control.{{Sfn|FitzGibbon|1985|p=29}}

In 1884, during the Scramble for Africa, a vast land of Somalia fell under three colonial domains: the British protectorate of Somaliland was established through a number of Anglo-Somali Treaties of Protection.{{Cite web |title=British Somaliland and Sokotra. |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/a22000954/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}{{Cite book |last=Section |first=Great Britain Foreign Office Historical |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=249QAAAAYAAJ&q=1884+british+somaliland |title=British Somaliland and Sokotra |date=1920 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}} In the same manner, the Italians took direct claims of Italian Somalia and its coast in 1889. This was resolved in 1891 Anglo-Italian Treaty with British colonial powers on their sphere of influence in the East Africa (mainly Ethiopia, Somalia, and Eritrea).{{Cite journal |last=Iadarola |first=Antoinette |date=1975 |title=Ethiopia's Admission into the League of Nations: An Assessment of Motives |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216698 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=601–622 |doi=10.2307/216698 |jstor=216698 |issn=0361-7882}}

File:Italo-Somali-War 1896.jpg ]]

In accordance with Treaty of Wuchale (1889) signed between Ethiopia and Italy, Italy, acting as protector of Ethiopia, demarcated the boundary between Ethiopia and British Somaliland as follows:

The boundary of the spheres of influence of Great Britain and of Italy in the regions of the Gulf of Aden shall be constituted by a line which, starting from Gildessa [Jeldesa] and running toward the eighth degree of north latitude, skirts the north-east frontier of the territories of the Girrhi, Bertiti, and Rer Ali Tribes, leaving to the right the villages of Gildessa, Darmi, Gig, and Milmil. On reaching the eighth degree of the north latitude the line follows that parallel as far as its intersection with the 48th degree of longitude east of Greenwich.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIhYWZ10uFIC&dq=The+boundary+of+the+spheres+of+influence+of+Great+Britain+and+of+Italy+in+the+regions+of+the+Gulf+of+Aden+shall+be+constituted+by+a+line+which,+starting+from+Gildessa+%5BJeldesa%5D+and+running+toward+the+8th+degree+of+north+latitude,+skirts+the+north-east+frontier+of+the+territories+of+the+Girrhi,+Bertiti,+and+Rer+Ali+Tribes,+leaving+to+the+right+the+villages+of+Gildessa,+Darmi,+Gig,+and+Milmil.+On+reaching+the+8th+degree+of+the+north+latitude+the+line+follows+that+parallel+as+far+as+its+intersection+with+the+48th+degree+of+longitude+east+of+Greenwich.&pg=RA2-PA2 |title=International Boundary Study |date=1975 |publisher=Geographer, Department of State |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=No. 153 – January 9, 1978 - Ethiopia – Somalia Boundary |url=http://library.law.fsu.edu/Digital-Collections/LimitsinSeas/pdf/ibs153.pdf}}

Menelik proposed boundary extension of his Empire to Western Somali territories of Ogaden and submitted to Italy on 24 June 1896, and one year later. Italy unilaterally agreed its boundaries by only telegraphing without proper agreement.{{Cite journal |last=Muhumed |first=Abdirahman A. H. M. E. D. |title=Ethiopian Somalis in Spotlight |url=https://www.academia.edu/25526352}} In 1897, the Ethiopian Empire continued its expansion territories of the south and southeast where Somali people settled, reached an agreement with the British to demarcate border between Ethiopia and British Somaliland, excluding Haud in Ethiopia.{{Cite web |title=Ogaden, The |url=https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/ogaden |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=rpl.hds.harvard.edu |language=en}} In the treaty, British ceded Somali territory to the Menelik in exchange for his help fighting against Somali clans.{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=Relief and Rehabilitation Network |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/97993/networkpaper04.pdf}} However, the treaty occurred when Ethiopia, the British administration and Somali people were not consulted and informed. In addition, the treaty violated an agreement between the British and Somali clans in which it was one of the main reasons that Somali's denied the validity of the treaty.{{Cite book |date=3 August 2022 |title=A Question of Boundary Lines - De Gruyter |chapter=Chapter 13. A Question of Boundary Lines |pages=154–163 |publisher=Harvard University Press |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674594364.c15 |isbn=978-0-674-59436-4 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674594364.c15/pdf}}

In 1907, Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement demarcated their boundary with the British East African protectorate (Kenya).{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=No. 153 – January 9, 1978 - Ethiopia – Somalia Boundary |url=http://library.law.fsu.edu/Digital-Collections/LimitsinSeas/pdf/ibs153.pdf}} This placed Italian Somaliland in a rectangular point where Dewa and Genale rivers conjoin.{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=Local history of Ethiopia : Jib Dur - Jilfale |url=https://nai.uu.se/download/18.39fca04516faedec8b248dfb/1580829012458/ORTJI05.pdf}}

In December 1934, the Welwal incident was erupted in Welwal located in Dollo Zone of the Somali, as the beginning of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and Italian occupation of Ethiopia.{{Cite journal |date=3 August 2022 |title=The Italian-Ethiopian Dispute and the League of Nations |jstor=2190673 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2190673|last1=Spencer |first1=John H. |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=614–641 |doi=10.2307/2190673 |s2cid=147253785 }} During an occupation, the British Somaliland annexed to Italian East Africa to Haud and Ogaden region.{{Cite web |title=HISTORY OF SOMALIA |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad20 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=www.historyworld.net}} From this point, Italy promoted and initiated the idea of "Greater Somalia", constituting Somali settled territories. By September 1940, Benito Mussolini declared the formation of Greater Somalia into the Italian Empire.{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |date=1963 |title=Pan-Africanism and Pan-Somalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/159026 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=147–161 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00001038 |jstor=159026 |s2cid=155073157 |issn=0022-278X}}

File:SNM training academy (Aware).png recruits training for combat in Aware, Ethiopia]]

In 1941, the British entered the Italian Somaliland, Haud and Ogaden with the help of Ethiopian armies.{{Cite journal |last=Eshete |first=Tibebe |title=The Root Causes of Political Problems in the Ogaden, 1942-1960 |date=1991 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43660334 |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=9–28 |jstor=43660334 |issn=0740-9133}} Soon after the restoration of Haile Selassie rule, the Haud and Ogaden region immediately placed under British military administration until Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement of 1942 warranted its sovereignty status in 1944. The first Somali nationalist group was emerged in May 1943 called Somali Youth Club (later renamed SYL) by thirteenth young Somali nationalist operating its field offices in Ogaden region, particularly in Jijiga and Kenya.{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Cedric |date=2007-07-01 |title=The Somali Youth League, Ethiopian Somalis and the Greater Somalia Idea, c.1946–48 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17531050701452564 |journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=277–291 |doi=10.1080/17531050701452564 |s2cid=143480501 |issn=1753-1055}}

In 1946, the British foreign secretary, Ernest Bevin, proposed to the Allied Council of Foreign Ministers a plan to place the Somali-inhabited territories under the British Military Administration. Unfortunately the Bevin Plan was rejected and the Soviet Union, United States and France blatantly stood against that plan.

In 1948, the British administration withdrew from Ogaden and without formal concession using secret agenda, the British handed the region to Ethiopia.{{Cite journal |last=Morone |first=Antonio M. |date=2015 |title=The Unsettled Southern Ethiopian-Somali Boundary on the Eve of Decolonization: Political Confrontation and Human Interactions in the Ogaadeen Borderland |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/nortafristud.15.2.0093 |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=93–116 |doi=10.14321/nortafristud.15.2.0093 |jstor=10.14321/nortafristud.15.2.0093 |s2cid=146236776 |issn=0740-9133}} Thus, the modern Somali Region united to Ethiopia. In 1955, the British administration withdrew from the Haud and the Reserved Area, and Ethiopia took all over the territories. In March 1955, the National United Front (NUF) attempted to retake the Haud and the Reserved Area and to end the Somalia rule under British protectorate, culminating in series violent clashes and conflicts.{{Cite book |last=Mukhtar |first=Mohamed Haji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&dq=In+1955,+the+British+administration+withdrew+from+the+Haud+and+the+Reserved+Area,+and+Ethiopia+took+all+over+the+territories.+In+March+1955,+the+National+United+Front+(NUF)&pg=PR33 |title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia |date=2003-02-25 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6604-1 |language=en}}

In 1958, the UN Trusteeship Council appointed arbitration tribunal for the disputed territories between Ethiopia and Somalia with futile effort. Somalia constantly denied the Anglo-Ethiopian delimitation of 1897 and provided no legal recognition. In 1948 and 1954 discontent led to liberate and cede the Greater Somalia and subsequently denied the validity of Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement of 1897.{{Cite journal |last=Farrell |first=Michael |date=2012-12-22 |title=Manufacturing territorial integrity with the International Court of Justice: the Somaliland-Puntland dispute and uti possidetis |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=15466981&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA325495877&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Washington University Global Studies Law Review |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=817–844}}

File:The Somaliland Protectorate Constitutional Conference, London.png

Following Somalia's independence in 1960, its successive government launched campaign what they called "lost territories" and raised the issues to regional and international communities like the United Nations and Organization of Islamic countries.{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=The Political Development of Somaliland and its Conflict |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/p200.pdf}} Consecutive governments of Somalia attempted to incorporate the regions and established the Somali Republic to achieve Greater Somalia. The hostility between Ethiopia and Somalia relations grew faster, even garnered international interests involving Somali pastoralists and Ethiopian police forces in the region. In February 1964, a brief war was started in the border until Sudan mediates in front of Organization of African Unity. Minister from both sides met in Khartoum to announce ceasefire with 15 km military withdrawal from both sides.{{Cite web |title=Horn of Africa Bulletin, Vol.6 No.5 (Sep-Oct 94) |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/hab_ocsp.html |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=www.africa.upenn.edu}}

In 1966, Ethiopia suspended martial law in the Somali Region and neighboring Oromo region accompanied by shocking retribution against herders to force them renounce their support for the fighters. Many of these were applied through confiscation, arbitrary arrests, to control water points and destroying their livestock.{{Cite journal |date=2008-06-12 |title=Collective Punishment: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity in the Ogaden area of Ethiopia's Somali Region |journal=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/06/12/collective-punishment/war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity-ogaden-area |language=en |last1=Lefkow |first1=Leslie }}

File:Mappa Ogaden.svg region]]

In 1973, Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) was established and recruit reluctant inhabitants of the region.{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c4bale.pdf}} Somalia supported WSLF, Somali Abo Liberation Front (SALF) and Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) to weaken the Ethiopian forces in the region as well to destabilize the country. In 1977, large-scale war launched known as Ogaden War after Somali National Army crossed the border into Ethiopia and carried out military operations in Degehabur, Kebri Dahar, Warder and Godey taking control of Jijiga and other western region in the first few weeks of the war. The Soviet Union, Cuba, and South Yemen supported Ethiopia's Derg government led by Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam and force Somali troops back to the area occupied and led to weakening the government. In March 1978, Siad Barre recalled his army from Ethiopia.{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=THE SECRET WARS TO CRUSH THE SOUTHEAST, 1978-84 |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c5ogaden.pdf}}

After the Derg collapse, many Somalis returned to Ethiopia in May 1991 after they evacuated in 1960s.{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia: External and Internal Opponents ~a HREF="/et_00_00.html#et_05_04" |url=https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_05_04.html |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=memory.loc.gov}} Some of these were senior military leaders and political entrepreneurs to form the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). In 1994, new constitution was drafted marked with the creation of Somali Region drawn to other regions.{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/Somalia-Constitution2012.pdf}}

With a staggering population of over 14.6 million almost all of the major Somali clan families are represented in Ethiopia. The Issa and Gadabuursi subclans of the Dir primarily inhabit the northern Sitti zone and the Awbare woreda in Fafan zone.{{Cite web |title=Changing Pastoralism in Region 5 |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/past0698.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010194046/https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/past0698.html |archive-date=2021-10-10 |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=www.africa.upenn.edu}}{{cite web |year=1994 |title=Sociology Ethnology Bulletin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaAaAQAAMAAJ&q=Gadabursi%20Sociology%20Ethnology%20Bulletin%20of%20Addis%20Ababa%20University |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219211113/https://books.google.com/books?id=RaAaAQAAMAAJ&q=Gadabursi |archive-date=2022-02-19 |access-date=2021-08-23 |quote=Different aid groups were also set up to help communities cope in the predominantly Gadabursi district of Aw Bare. |df=dmy-all}}{{cite web |year=2018–2019 |title=Theoretical and Practical Conflict Rehabilitation in the Somali Region of Ethiopia | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | Refugee |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/408504136/Theoretical-and-Practical-Conflict-Rehabilitation-in-the-Somali-Region-of-Ethiopia%20Theoretical%20and%20Practical%20Conflict%20Rehabilitation%20in%20the%20Somali%20Region%20of%20Ethiopia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426141420/https://www.scribd.com/document/408504136/Theoretical-and-Practical-Conflict-Rehabilitation-in-the-Somali-Region-of-Ethiopia |archive-date=2021-04-26 |access-date=2021-07-02 |page=8 |format=PDF |quote=The Gadabursi, who dominate the adjacent Awbare district north of Jijiga and bordering with the Awdal Region of Somaliland, have opened the already existing camps of Derwanache and Teferi Ber to these two communities. |df=dmy-all}}

The Habr Awal, Garhajis, Habr Je'lo and Arap clans of the Isaaq clan family inhabit the northern part of the region bordering Somaliland. The Habr Awal primarily inhabit the Fafan zone making up the majority in Harshin woreda as well as making up a significant portion of the population of the Kebribeyah woreda as well as the lucrative towns of Wajaale and Hart Sheik. The Garhajis and Habr Je'lo make up the majority of Awaare and Misrak Gashamo woredas in Jarar zone with a significant presence in the Danot woreda.

Subclans of the Hawiye inhabit the western and southern areas of the region, with large presence of Degodia being majority in Liben and significant presence in some regions. Karanle and Sheekhaal present in the western areas bordering the Oromia region and the Hawadle and Habar Gidir subclans are present in the Shabelle zone. The closely related Samaale subclan of Garre are also present in the Liben zone and Dawa zone where they make up the majority.

Various subclans of the Darod clan family primarily inhabit the central and eastern parts of the region, with the Ogaden and Jidwaq inhabiting the interior as well as the major towns of Jijiga, Gode, Kebridehar. The Harti as well as the Leelkase clans inhabit the Dollo zone where they make up the majority while the Marehan clan inhabit the Shilavo woreda and the Liben zone.

In 2009, Ethiopia had an estimated 135,000 asylum seekers and refugees, mostly from Somalia (64,000).{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs) |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/ethiopia-population |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}

• [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340630138_Somali_Region_in_Ethiopia_Historical_Developments_during_the_Period_1884-1995 Somali Region in Ethiopia: Historical Developments during the Period 1884-1995]

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book |last=FitzGibbon |first=Louis |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/15018961 |title=The Evaded Duty |publisher=Rex Collings |year=1985 |isbn=0860362094 |location=London |oclc=15018961}}

{{Somali diaspora}}

Category:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia

Category:Ethnic Somali people

Category:Somali Region