South Bird's Head languages

The languages are as follows,{{cite web |url=https://glottolog.org |title=Glottolog |version=4.0 |editor1-last=Hammarström |editor1-first=Harald |editor2-last=Forkel |editor2-first=Robert |editor3-last=Haspelmath |editor3-first=Martin |date=2019 |location=Jena |publisher=Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History}}

{{tree list}}

• South Bird's Head
• Konda-Yahadian (Yabin): Konda, Yahadian
• Inanwatan (West South Bird's Head): Duriankere, Inanwatan (Suabo)
• South Bird's Head proper (East South Bird's Head):
• Kais (Kampong Baru)
• Iwaro–Kaburi
• Kaburi
• Puragi (Iwaro)
• Kokoda–Arandai
• Kokoda (Tarof, Kasuweri)
• Arandai
• Kemberano (Weriagar, Barau)
• Dombano (Tomu)

{{tree list/end}}

Noting low cognacy rates, Holton and Klamer (2018) tentatively consider the following three language groups to each be independent language families, pending further evidence.{{cite book |last1=Holton |first1=Gary |last2=Klamer |first2=Marian |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird’s Head |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=569–640 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}

• Konda–Yahadian
• Inanwatan–Duriankere
• Nuclear South Bird's Head

Usher classifies the South Bird's Head languages as part of a wider Berau Gulf branch of Trans–New Guinea.Usher, Timothy. [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/berau-gulf/north-berau-gulf New Guinea World, North Berau Gulf]

The pronouns are:

:

{{gcl|3SG}} *ni is reconstructable for SBH proper. There appears to be both a plural vowel change from *a to *i, as in proto-TNG, and a plural suffix *-ri.

Below are cognates in Nuclear South Bird's Head languages (Arandai, Kokoda, Kemberano, Kaburi, Kais, Puragi) demonstrating their relatedness, as listed by Holton & Klamer (2018):

:

South Bird's Head basic vocabulary quoted by Holton & Klamer (2018) from de Vries (2004), showing diverse non-cognate vocabulary across different language groups:de Vries, Lourens. 2004. A Short Grammar of Inanwatan: An endangered language of the Bird’s Head of Papua, Indonesia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

:

Except for the outlier languages Konda and Yahadian, all South Bird's Head languages have nouns classified according to masculine and feminine genders, which are determined with final vowel quality. West Bird's Head languages also mark nouns for gender.

Unlike many other languages of the Bird's Head Peninsula which display SVO word order (such as Abun, Mpur, Maibrat, West Bird's Head, and others), the South Bird's Head languages have SOV word order.{{rp|588–590}}

• {{cite journal| last1 = Berry| first1 = Keith| last2 = Berry| first2 = Christine| year = 1987| title= A survey of the South Bird's Head Stock| journal = Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures|volume = 4| pages = 81–117}}
• Cowan, H. K. J. 1953. Voorlopige Resultaten van een Ambtelijk Taalonderzoek in Nieuw-Guinea [Tentative Results of a Governmental Linguistic Study in New Guinea]. ’S-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.
• Galis, Klaas Wilhelm. 1955. Talen en dialecten van Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea [Languages and dialects of Netherlands New Guinea]. Tijdschrift Nieuw-Guinea 16: 109–118, 134–145, 161–178.
• Smits, Leo and Clemens L. Voorhoeve. 1998. The J.C. Anceaux Collection of Wordlists of Irian Jaya Languages B: Non-Austronesian (Papuan) languages (Part II). Leiden-Jakarta: Department of Cultures and Languages of Southeast Asia and Oceania.

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{Malcolm Ross Pronouns}}

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• [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/berau-gulf/north-berau-gulf/south-bird-s-head/eastl-south-bird-s-head East South Bird's Head]. New Guinea World.

{{South Bird's Head languages}}

{{Papuan languages}}

Category:Languages of Papua New Guinea

Category:Berau Gulf languages