Soviet integrated circuit designation

The nomenclature for integrated circuits has changed somewhat over the years as new standards were published:

• 1968 – NP0.034.000 (Russian: НП0.034.000) {{rp|pages=19–23}}
• 1973 – GOST 18682—73 (Russian: ГОСТ 18682—73) {{rp|pages=19–23}}{{rp|pages=12–17}}
• 1980 – OST 11.073.915—80 (Russian: ОСТ 11.073.915—80) {{rp|pages=10–16}}{{rp|pages=6–11}}{{rp|pages=8–10}}
• 2000 – OST 11.073.915—2000 (Russian: ОСТ 11.073.915—2000)
• 2010 – GOST RV 5901-005—2010 (Russian: ГОСТ РВ 5901-005—2010) {{cite web

| title=ГОСТ РВ 5901-005—2010

| trans-title=GOST RV 5901-005—2010

| publisher=Russian State Library

| place=Moscow

| url=https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01005447359

| language=ru

| date=14 June 2012

| access-date=17 November 2016

}}

Throughout this article the standards are referred to by the year they came into force. Before 1968 each manufacturer used its own integrated circuit designation.{{cite web

| title=Обозначения первых микросхем

| trans-title=Designations of the first integrated circuits

| publisher=Музей электронных раритетов

| url=http://www.155la3.ru/oldtimers.htm

| language=ru

| access-date=17 November 2016

}} Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the standards were not as strictly enforced, and a number of manufacturers introduced manufacturer-specific designations again. These were typically used in parallel with the standards. However, integrated circuits for military, aerospace, and nuclear applications in Russia still have to follow the standard designation. Underlining this, the 2010 standard is explicitly labelled a Russian military standard. Beside Russia the 2010 standard is applied in Belarus as well. Companies in Ukraine mostly stayed with the 1980 standard and prefixed the designation with the letter У (U), e.g. УМ5701ВЕ51. The 1980 standard was published in Ukraine as DSTU 3212—95 ({{langx|uk|ДСТУ 3212-95|italic=yes}}). Bulgarian designations for bipolar integrated circuits, e.g. 1УО709С,{{cite book

|title=Техническа информация 1985

|trans-title=Technical information 1985

|publisher=NPSK Botevgrad

|url=https://www.sandacite.bg/%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA/

|language=bg

|access-date=2017-11-11

}} look confusingly similar to the 1968 Soviet designations but the standards differ. The functional group is also indicated by two letters in the Cyrillic alphabet and many groups were obviously copied from the Soviet standard (АГ, ИД, ИЕ, ЛБ, ЛН, ЛП, МП, ПК, СА, УС). Some subgroups differ (ТД, УМ, УО) and some groups are completely different (НС, ОИ, РН). For the number after the functional group there is no concept of a series. Instead, that number usually matches the Western counterpart (e.g. the 1УО709С is equivalent to a μA709).

Also as a consequence of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, COCOM restrictions were lifted and Russian integrated circuit design firms gained access to foundries abroad. In that sense it could be argued that the importance of the Soviet designation has spread across the globe. When foundries are not able to label the circuit in the Cyrillic alphabet then the Latin alphabet is used (e.g. KF1174PP1{{cite web |title=КФ1174ПП1 |trans-title=KF1174PP1 |language=ru |publisher=AO "NIIMA Progress" |place=Moscow |url=http://www.mri-progress.ru/products/bis-i-sbis/tsifrovye-sbis/kf1174pp1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120133915/http://www.mri-progress.ru/products/bis-i-sbis/tsifrovye-sbis/kf1174pp1 |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=29 March 2018}}). The sanctions in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine ended this international co-operation in 2022.

In general, devices already in production when a new standard came out kept their old designation. However, in some case devices were renamed:

• When the 1980 standard was published, devices named after the 1968 standard and still in production were renamed, e.g. К1ЛБ553 to К155ЛА3.{{cite magazine

| title=О новых обозначениях

| magazine=Радио

| date=March 1981

| page=61

| url=http://www.radioman-portal.ru/magazin/radio/1981/3.php

| language=ru

| access-date=3 June 2016

}} As in this example, the renaming was often fairly straightforward: The two parts of the serial number were combined (1 and 55 to 155), the functional group remained unchanged or was converted as in the table below (ЛБ to ЛА), and the variant number remained unchanged (3). In some series the renaming was more complicated.{{cite web

| title=156ая серия

| trans-title=156 series

| url=http://www.155la3.ru/k156.htm

| language=ru

| access-date=9 June 2016

}} This change affected many series (e.g. 101, 116, 118, 122, 133, 140, 153, 155, 174, 237, 501).

• Before the introduction of a package designation in 1980 the suffix П (P) was used in some series to indicate a plastic package (as opposed to the then more-common ceramic package). In 1983 the package designation was changed for the 531 series (e.g. К531ЛА19П to КР531ЛА19).{{rp|pages=59–60}} Other series were similarly renamed at some point (e.g. К501ХЛ1П to КР501ХЛ1).
• Before the definition of group В (V) in 1980 computing devices were all assigned subgroup ИК (IK), e.g. microprocessors (КР580ИК80А), peripheral devices (КР580ИК51А). With the introduction of group В the devices in the 580 series were renamed (to КР580ВМ80А and КР580ВВ51А, respectively) in 1986.
• Since the publication of the 2000 standard, some devices have been labeled with the package designation according to the new standard, e.g. КР1407УД2 to К1407УД2Р and КФ1407УД2 to К1407УД2Т.{{Cite web |title=Программируемый операционный усилитель К1407УД2 |trans-title=Programmable operational amplifier K1407UD2 |url=http://www.voshod-krlz.ru/product/40 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=AO Voshod |language=ru}}
• Starting in 2016, certain newer devices were renamed according to the 2010 standard, e.g. 1967ВЦ2Ф to 1967ВН028{{cite web

|title=Новое обозначение микросхем серии 1967

|trans-title=New designation for integrated circuits of the 1967 series

|publisher=PKK Milandr

|url=https://forum.milandr.ru/viewtopic.php?f=41&t=3379&sid=f4d79276fe92c6274727a00355919072

|language=ru

|date=15 February 2016

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906053801/https://forum.milandr.ru/viewtopic.php?f=41&t=3379&sid=f4d79276fe92c6274727a00355919072

|archive-date=6 September 2021

|access-date=22 September 2022

}} and 1586ПВ1АУ to 1583НВ025 (note the change of the series).{{cite web

|title=Внимание! Изменение условных обозначений

|trans-title=Attention! Change of designation

|publisher=OAO Fizika

|url=http://npofizika.ru/p=2942

|language=ru

|date=21 October 2016

|access-date=11 March 2017

}}

File:NP0.034.000.png|1968

File:Structure of a Soviet integrated circuit designation with 4-digit series, following the 1980 standard (OST 11.073.915—80 ).png|1973 / 1980

File:OST 11.073.915—2000.png|2000

File:GOST RV 5901-005—2010.png|2010

Elements:

• {{color|red|1}} – Prefix (zero to three letters)
• {{color|red|1a}} – Export designation: The letter Э (E) here indicates an integrated circuit intended for export with a pin spacing of 2.54mm (1/10") or 1.27mm (1/20"). If this element is empty then the device has the Soviet (metric) spacing of 2.5mm or 1.25mm between pins.
• {{color|red|1b}} – Application area: The letter К (K) here indicates an integrated circuit for commercial and consumer applications (with requirements according to GOST 18725—83). If this element is empty then the device is intended for harsher environments (e.g. extended temperature range) which is also referred to as military acceptance (ВП).
• {{color|red|1c}} – Package designation (1980) (Note that the letters Э and К are not valid package designations. If this element is empty then the package is simply not specified in the designation, i.e. it could be any of the packages.)
• {{color|blue|2}} – Series (three or four digits)
• {{color|blue|2a}} – Manufacturing technology (one digit):
• Monolithic integrated circuits: 1, 5, or 6
• Monolithic integrated circuits – bare chip without package: 7
• Hybrid integrated circuits: 2, 4, or 8
• Other integrated circuits (e.g. thin film): 3
• Multi-chip modules: 9
• {{color|blue|2b}} – For four-digit series the second digit of the number of the series has significance as well:
• Series for household electronics: 0
• Series of analogue devices: 1
• Series of operational amplifiers: 4
• Series of digital devices: 5
• Series of memory devices: 6
• Series of microprocessor families: 8
• {{color|blue|2c}} – Number of the series (2 digits): The numbers of the series are assigned sequentially and have no further meaning. Devices in a series have some characteristic in common although it varies from one series to another which characteristic that is (e.g. logic family for logic gates, instruction set for microprocessors).
• {{color|blue|2d}} – Number of the series (2 or 3 digits): The 2000 / 2010 standards do not assign a special meaning to the second digit of a 4-digit series.
• {{color|magenta|3}} – Functional Group (two letters)
• {{color|magenta|3a}} – Group
• {{color|magenta|3b}} – Subgroup within the group: All groups have the subgroup П (P) for "others", that is for devices that fall into the group but not into any of the other defined subgroups.
• {{color|fuchsia|3c}} – Functional Group (2010): The functional groups for the 2010 standard are in a separate table since the change from 2000 to 2010 is far more drastic than any of the previous changes.
• {{color|lime|4}} – Variant within the functional subgroup (one to four digits): Usually the variant numbers are assigned sequentially for devices within the subgroup (e.g. ЛА1, ЛА2, ЛА3, etc.). In some series the variant number matches the last two or three digits of the designation of its Western counterpart (e.g. К500ЛК117 and MC10117).
• {{color|lime|4a}} – For the 2010 standard, the variant is always 2 digits in length, with a leading zero if necessary. When there is no version letter then the variant appears to be 3 digits in length (e.g. 1906ВМ016) but the third digit is actually the package designation (element 5e).
• {{color|orange|5}} – Suffix
• {{color|orange|5a}} – Version (one letter, А to Я except З and Й): This optional element indicates versions of an integrated circuit with different electrical or thermal characteristics (e.g. switching speed, voltage range, etc.). It can also indicate an improved version of a device (e.g. К580ИК80 vs. К580ИК80А). Before 1980 the suffix П (P) was sometimes used to indicate a version in a plastic package instead of a ceramic package (e.g. К145ИК2П, К531ЛА19П) or a round metal can (e.g. К144ИР1П).
• {{color|orange|5b}} – Version (one letter, А to М except З and Й): This element is omitted if there is only one version of a device.
• {{color|orange|5c}} – Package designation (2000) (one letter, Н to Я): If this element is empty then the package is simply not specified in the designation, i.e. it could be any of the packages. Note that the letter ranges for version and package designation do not overlap.
• {{color|orange|5d}} – Manufacturer designation (two letters)
• {{color|orange|5e}} – Package designation (2010) (one digit or letter Н)
• {{color|orange|5f}} – Package variant (one letter; А, В, С, Е, Н, К, М, Р, Т, or Х): If variants of an integrated circuit have the same parameters and package designation but differ in pinout or number of pins, then this package variant letter is added (e.g. 5400ТР045 and 5400ТР045А). Some vendors assign version letters outside the allowed range (e.g. 1395ЕН10Ж5Б).
• {{color|orange|5g}} – Version (one letter; А, В, С, Е, К, М, Р, Т, or Х): This element is omitted if there is only one version of a device. Note that for the 2010 standard a different package is indicated by element 5f instead. Some vendors assign version letters outside the allowed range (e.g. 1494УА02Б3).

{{notelist}}

The package of an integrated circuit was generally not indicated in the 1973 designation, except:

• Bare chips without a package received a series number in the 7xx range, e.g. K712RV2-1 (К712РВ2-1).
• The suffix П (P) was sometimes used to indicate a version in a plastic package instead of a ceramic package (e.g. К145ИК2П, К531ЛА19П) or a round metal can (e.g. К144ИР1П).
• Less common than П, the suffix М (M) was sometimes used to indicate a ceramic package and Т (T) for a metal-ceramic package (e.g. К500ТМ133М and К500ТМ133Т, respectively, instead of К500ТМ133 in a plastic package).

For bare chips without a package an additional digit indicates the constructive variant.{{rp|page=16}} For the 1973 and 1980 standards the variant digit is appended with a dash after the designation (e.g. К712РВ2-1 and Б533ТМ2-2, respectively). For the 2000 and 2010 standards the variant digit follows immediately after the package designation N (e.g. 5862ПФ1Н4 and 1374МХ01Н1, respectively).

A manufacturer designation was introduced only with the 2000 standard. As part of the type designation the manufacturer is required only for a second-source integrated circuit that was "developed and produced according to an independently developed design and technological documentation, and corresponding to the technical requirements of the originally developed original microcircuit".{{rp|9}} Manufacturer logos{{cite web

| first=Igor

| last=Vishnevsky

| title=Logos of soviet manufacturers

| date=20 March 2008

| url=http://www.cpu-ukraine.com/article/10.html

| access-date=31 January 2018

| url-status=dead

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823220329/http://cpu-ukraine.com/article/10.html

| archive-date=23 August 2017

}}{{cite web

| author=Е.Ю. Овчинников

| title=Логотипы производителей электронных компонентов

| trans-title=Electronic component manufacturer logos

| language=ru

| url=https://radiomurman.ucoz.ru/index/0-14

| access-date=28 October 2019

}} are more common.

Other manufacturers which as of 2016 used a version of the Soviet integrated circuit designation include NTC Module, MCST, ELVEES Multicore, Fizika, Sapfir, NPK TTs, and Progress, all of them in Moscow, as well as PKK Milandr, Soyuz, and NIITAP in Zelenograd, SKTB ES Voronezh, Proton and Proton-Impuls Oryol, Planeta Novgorod, NIIEMP Penza, Eltom Tomilino, Krip Tekhno Alexandrov, DELS Minsk, Kvazar Kyiv, Krystal Kyiv, Elektronni Komponenti Ivano-Frankivsk, Dnepr Kherson, and Foton Tashkent.

Although not strictly part of the designation, a number of markings are often found on integrated circuit packages:{{cite web

| last=Vishnevsky

| first=Igor

| title=Soviet chips identification

| date=22 March 2008

| url=http://www.cpu-ukraine.com/article/5.html

| access-date=31 January 2018

| url-status=dead

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630210924/http://www.cpu-ukraine.com/article/5.html

| archive-date=30 June 2017

}}

Military acceptance here means that the integrated circuit can be used in applications where its failure would be catastrophic and where repair or exchange is difficult or impossible (e.g. aerospace applications).

For mask-programmed devices (e.g. gate arrays, mask-programmed single-chip microcontrollers, mask ROMs) a three- or four-digit mask number follows the type designation (e.g. К1801ВП1-014).

For bare chips a one-digit constructive variant identifier follows the type designation.

A date code is usually printed on the package. In the early 1970s the date code consisted of a Roman numeral for the month and a two-digit year (e.g. IX 72). Later the month was given as one or two digits (e.g. 5-73 or 0386). In the late 1980s most plants switched to a 4-digit code with a 2-digit year followed by a 2-digit month (e.g. 8909) or a 2-digit week (e.g. 9051). Overall, the date code format was not strictly enforced. Several series of integrated circuits (e.g. 1408, 1821) bore an IEC 60062 letter and digit code (e.g. A1 for January 1990).

The Romanization of Russian is standardized, but there are at least 12 standards to choose from. Fortunately, the Soviet integrated circuit designation uses a subset of the Cyrillic alphabet where only a few letters are ambiguous:

• Ж: Ž, Zh
• Х: X, H, Ch, Kh
• Ц: C, Cz, Ts, Tc
• Ч: Č, Ch

The more-common romanizations in bold are given as alternatives in the above tables.

Е and Э are both romanized as E.

The French romanization of Russian and the German romanization of Russian differ in some letters from the one used in English. For instance, the Russian КР580ВМ80A becomes KR580VM80A in English and French but KR580WM80A in German literature.

• 7400 series: Second sources in Europe and the Eastern Bloc
• List of 7400-series integrated circuits
• List of Soviet microprocessors
• Pro Electron: Integrated circuits
• Russian tube designations

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}}

{{cite web

| title=Микросхемы

| trans-title=Integrated circuits

| publisher=NPK "TTs"

| place=Moscow

| url=http://www.tcen.ru/rus/products/oborudovanie-dlya-meditsiny/mikroskhemy

| language=ru

| access-date=1 September 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=БИС и СБИС

| trans-title=LSI and VLSI

| publisher=AO NIIMA "Progress"

| place=Moscow

| url=http://www.mri-progress.ru/products/bis-i-sbis/

| language=ru

| access-date=13 September 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=Каталог продукции

| trans-title=Product catalog

| publisher=ZAO Svetlana Semiconductors

| place=Saint Petersburg

| url=http://svetpol.ru/produktsiya/

| language=ru

| access-date=30 May 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=Оптроны и твердотельные реле

| trans-title=Optocouplers and solid state relays

| publisher=OAO "Proton"

| place=Oryol

| url=http://www.proton-orel.ru/catalog/optrony-i-tverdotelnye-rele/

| language=ru

| access-date=30 May 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=Микросборки (твердотельные реле с приемкой "5")

| trans-title=Hybrid integrated circuits (solid state relays with acceptance "5")

| publisher=ZAO "Proton-Impuls"

| place=Oryol

| url=http://proton-impuls.ru/categoryrele/mikrosborki-tverdotelnye-rele-i-pri/

| language=ru

| date=2017

| access-date=6 March 2018

}}

{{cite web

| title=ПРОДУКЦИЯ

| trans-title=Products

| publisher=AO NZPP

| place=Novosibirsk

| url=http://www.nzpp.ru/product/

| language=ru

| access-date=31 May 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=ПРОДУКЦИЯ

| trans-title=Products

| publisher=AO "NPP Vostok"

| place=Novosibirsk

| language=ru

| url=http://vostok.nsk.su/?bid=0&id=4

| access-date=2021-03-19

| url-status=dead

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506164512/http://vostok.nsk.su/?bid=0&id=4

| archive-date=2020-05-06

}}

{{cite web

| title=Каталог продукции

| trans-title=Product catalog

| publisher=AO "NIIPP"

| place=Tomsk

| url=http://www.niipp.ru/catalog/

| language=ru

| access-date=31 May 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=Интегральные микросхемы для техники специального назначения

| trans-title=Integrated circuits for special-purpose machinery

| publisher=AO "Orbita"

| place=Saransk

| url=http://orbita.su/catalog/integralnye-mikroshemy-dlya-tehniki-specialnogo-naznacheniya-16

| language=ru

| access-date=5 June 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title= КАТАЛОГ ИЗДЕЛИЙ

| trans-title=Product catalog

| publisher=AO Group Kremny EL

| place=Bryansk

| language=ru

| url=http://group-kremny.ru/katalog-izdeliy-elektronnoy-tekhniki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%20%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9C%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%99%202103.pdf

| access-date=25 May 2022

}}

{{cite web

| title= КАТАЛОГ ИЗДЕЛИЙ

| trans-title=Product catalog

| publisher=ZAO Kremny Marketing

| place=Bryansk

| language=ru

| url=http://kremny-m.ru/katalog.shtml

| access-date=8 March 2018

| url-status=dead

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904063153/http://kremny-m.ru/katalog.shtml

| archive-date=4 September 2017

}}

{{cite web

| title=Каталог

| trans-title=Catalog

| publisher=ZAO "NTTs SIT"

| place=Bryansk

| url=http://www.sitsemi.ru/

| language=ru

| access-date=27 June 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=Продукция

| trans-title=Products

| publisher=OAO "NZPP-KBR" (former "Elkor")

| place=Nalchik

| language=ru

| url=http://www.nzpp-kbr.ru/index.php?Page=page_212

| access-date=27 April 2020

| url-status=dead

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916020323/http://www.nzpp-kbr.ru/index.php?Page=page_212

| archive-date=16 September 2018

}}

{{cite web

| title=Продукция

| trans-title=Products

| publisher=OAO "OKB-Planeta"

| place=Novgorod

| language=ru

| url=http://www.okbplaneta.ru/production.php

| access-date=4 March 2019

| url-status=dead

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102023737/http://www.okbplaneta.ru/production.php

| archive-date=2 November 2017

}}

{{cite web

| title=РАЗРАБАТЫВАЕМЫЕ МИКРОСХЕМЫ - КАТАЛОГ 2017

| trans-title=Developed integrated circuits - catalog 2017

| publisher=MVC

| place=Nishny Novgorod

| language=ru

| url=http://mvc-nn.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Каталог-Разрабатываемые-микросхемы_МВЦ_2017-А4.pdf

| access-date=20 October 2017

| url-status=dead

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215021932/http://mvc-nn.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%A6_2017-%D0%904.pdf

| archive-date=15 December 2017

}}

{{cite web

| url=https://niiis-micro.ru/

| title=Радиационно стойкие микросхемы НИИИС

| trans-title=Radiation-resistant integrated circuits from NIIIS

| language=ru

| publisher=NIIIS

| place=Nizhny Novgorod

| access-date=28 April 2020

}}

{{cite web

| title=Микросхемы

| trans-title=Integrated circuits

| publisher=AO "Voshod"

| place=Kaluga

| url=http://www.voshod-krlz.ru/catalog/2

| language=ru

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081727/http://www.voshod-krlz.ru/catalog/2

| archive-date=24 August 2021

| access-date=8 June 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=Продукция

| trans-title=Products

| publisher=ZAO "OKB MEL"

| place=Kaluga

| url=http://www.okbmel.ru/?page_id=177

| language=ru

| access-date=12 June 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=Производство полупроводниковых приборов и СВЧ модулей - каталог 2016

| trans-title=Production of semiconductor devices and microwave modules - catalog 2016

| publisher=AO "NPP Iskra"

| place=Ulyanovsk

| url=http://zavod-iskra.ru/production/doc/catalog-2016.pdf

| language=ru

| access-date=23 March 2018

}}

{{cite web

| title=Тонкопленочные наборы резисторов, ГИС ЦАП и АЦП ВТ на их основе

| trans-title=Thin film resistors sets, hybrid integrated DAC and ADC based on them

| publisher=OAO "NIIEMP"

| place=Penza

| url=http://niiemp.ru/ekb/tonkoplenochnye-nabory-rezistorov-gis-tsap-i-atsp-vt-na-ikh-osnove.html

| language=ru

| access-date=28 April 2020

}}

{{cite web

| title=Микросхемы серии 301

| trans-title=Integrated circuit series 301

| publisher=OAO "Almaz"

| place=Kotovsk

| url=http://www.almaz-electro.ru/product/?cat=1

| language=ru

| access-date=9 June 2016

}}

{{cite web

|title = Микросхемы

|trans-title = Integrated circuits

|publisher = OAO NPP "Eltom"

|place = Tomilino

|language = ru

|url = http://eltom.ru/mikroskhemy

|access-date = 28 March 2018

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170501220543/http://eltom.ru/mikroskhemy

|archive-date = 1 May 2017

}}

Belarus,

{{cite web

| title=Интегральные микросхемы

| trans-title=Integrated circuits

| publisher=OAO "Integral"

| place=Minsk

| url=http://www.integral.by/ru/products/integrated-circuits

| language=ru

| access-date=24 May 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=Интегральные микросхемы

| trans-title=Integrated circuits

| publisher="Transistor" branch of OAO "Integral"

| place=Minsk

| language=ru

| url=http://www.transistor.by/products/common/ic/

| access-date=7 April 2016

| url-status=dead

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302100934/http://www.transistor.by/products/common/ic/

| archive-date=2 March 2019

}}

{{cite web

| title=Продукция

| trans-title=Products

| publisher=OOO "NTTs DELS"

| place=Minsk

| url=http://www.dels.by/ru/production/

| language=ru

| access-date=28 June 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=ПРОДУКЦИЯ И ЦЕНЫ

| trans-title=Products and prices

| publisher=DP "Kvazar-IS"

| place=Kiev

| url=http://www.kwazar-is.kiev.ua/nomen.htm

| language=ru

| access-date=7 April 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=Продукция

| trans-title=Products

| publisher=OOO "NPO Kristall"

| place=Kiev

| language=ru

| url=http://krystall.net.ua/ru/products.html

| access-date=15 June 2016

| url-status=live

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224020159/http://krystall.net.ua/ru/products.html

| archive-date=2020-02-24

}}

{{cite web

| title=Каталог товаров

| trans-title=Product catalog

| publisher=TOV TD "Elektronni komponenti" (former "Rodon" and "Logika")

| place=Ivano-Frankivsk

| url=http://rodon.all.biz/goods

| language=ru

| access-date=15 June 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=Продукция предприятия

| trans-title=The company's products

| publisher=DP "Dnepr Semiconductors"

| place=Kherson

| language=ru

| url=http://www.dneprpp.kherson.ua/Produccia/Product.htm

| access-date=28 March 2018

| url-status=dead

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605105746/http://www.dneprpp.kherson.ua/Produccia/Product.htm

| archive-date=5 June 2017

}}

{{cite web

| title=Каталог товаров

| trans-title=Product catalog

| publisher=RD Alfa

| place=Riga

| url=http://rdalfa.lv/ru/menu/5-Katalog_tovarov.html

| language=ru

| access-date=6 May 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=Аннотация продукции АО "Альфа"

| trans-title=Abstract of products from AS Alfa

| publisher=AS Alfa RPAR

| place=Riga

| url=http://www.alfarzpp.lv/rus/sc/function.php

| language=ru

| access-date=6 June 2016

}}

{{cite web

| title=Каталог продукции

| trans-title=Product catalog

| publisher=OAO "Foton"

| place=Tashkent

| language=ru

| url=http://www.foton.uz/rus/katiet.htm

| access-date=26 March 2021

| url-status=dead

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313055118/http://www.foton.uz/rus/katiet.htm

| archive-date=13 March 2019

}}

{{cite web

| title=КАТАЛОГ ИЗДЕЛИЙ

| trans-title=Product catalog

| publisher=OAO "BZPP"

| place=Bolkhov

| language=ru

| date=2017

| url=http://www.bzpp.pro/gallery/%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%20%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BF.pdf

| access-date=1 December 2017

| url-status=dead

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328204654/http://bzpp.pro/gallery/%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%20%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BF.pdf

| archive-date=28 March 2018

}}

{{cite web

| title=Полупроводниковое производство

| trans-title=Semiconductor products

| publisher=AO "BZPP"

| place=Bolkhov

| language=ru

| date=2021

| url=http://aobzpp.ru/poluprovodnikovoe-proizvodstvo/

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213195019/http://aobzpp.ru/poluprovodnikovoe-proizvodstvo/

| archive-date= 13 December 2021

| access-date=23 September 2022

}}

{{cite web

| title=ПРАЙС-ЛИСТ

| trans-title=Price list

| publisher=OOO Krip Tekhno

| place=Alexandrov

| url=https://kriptehno.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/price_pribor_obshii.pdf

| language=ru

| date=2018

| access-date=27 October 2019

}}

{{cite book

| title=Аналоговые И Цифровые Интегральные Схемы

| trans-title=Analogue and digital integrated circuits

| publisher=Советское Радио

| language=ru

| year=1979

| first=Сергей Викторович

| last=Якубовский

}} Translated in {{cite web

| title=USSR Report - Cybernetics, Computers and Automation Technology (FOUO 19/81)

| publisher=CIA

| date=19 August 1981

| url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040032-8.pdf

| access-date=15 May 2017

| url-status=dead

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211024753/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040032-8.pdf

| archive-date=2017-12-11

}}

{{cite magazine

| title=Условные обозначения микросхем

| trans-title=Integrated circuit designations

| pages=57–58

| magazine=Радио

| date=March 1977

| language=ru

| url=http://www.radioman-portal.ru/magazin/radio/1977/3.php

| access-date=19 November 2017

}} Translated in {{cite journal

| title=Bezeichnungskode für sowjetische IS

| trans-title=Designation code for Soviet ICs

| pages=446

| journal=Radio Fernsehen Elektronik

| year=1980

| volume=29

| issue=7

| language=de

| url=http://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/scans/Scans-048/DSAGER000240.pdf

| access-date=20 November 2017

}}

{{cite book

| title=Datenblattsammlung "Aktive elektronische Bauelemente" 3/84

| trans-title=Data sheet collection "Active electronic components" 3/84

| publisher=VEB Applikationszentrum Elektronik

| place=Berlin

| language=de

| date=December 1984

| url=https://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/scans/Scans-048/DSAGER000219.pdf

| access-date=21 November 2017

}}

{{cite journal

| first=Karl-Heinz

| last=Schubert

| title=Elektronisches Jahrbuch für den Funkamateur 1975

| trans-title=Electronics Yearbook for the Radio Amateur 1975

| publisher=Militärverlag der DDR

| place=Berlin

| language=de

| date=1 February 1974

| pages=117–126

| issn=0424-8678

| oclc=74220762

| journal=

| series=

}}

{{cite book

| author1=А. Денисов

| author2=В. Коняхин

| title=Полузаказные БИС на БМК серий 5503 и 5507. В 4 книгах. Практическое пособие. Книга 1. Методология проектирования и освоение производства

| trans-title=Semi-custom LSI using gate arrays of the 5503 and 5507 series. In 4 volumes. Practical guide. Volume 1: Design methodology and production development

| language=ru

| place=Moscow

| date=2019

| publisher=Tekhnosfera

| pages=2-5 – 2-8

| isbn=978-5-94836-442-1

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDW6DwAAQBAJ&dq=%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2+%D0%A0%D0%92+5901-005%E2%80%942010&pg=SA2-PA5

}}

}}

Category:Computing in the Soviet Union

Category:Electronics lists