Speed limits in Australia
{{short description|Overview of speed limits in Australia}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Australian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Main|Speed limit|Speed limits by country}}
Speed limits in Australia range from {{cvt|5|km/h|mph}} shared zones to {{cvt|130|km/h|mph}}. Speed limit signage is in km/h since metrication on 1 July 1974. All speed limits, with the sole exception of the South Australian school and roadworks zones, which are signposted at 25 km/h, are multiples of 10 km/h – the last digit in all speed signs is zero.{{cite book|title=NSW speed zoning guidelines|year=2011|publisher=Roads and Traffic Authority NSW|page=9|url=http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/roadsafety/downloads/nsw_sza.pdf}}{{Disputed inline|Multiples of 10|date=February 2013}} Speed limits are set by state and territory legislation albeit with co-ordination and discussion between governments.
Common limits
File:Australian Speed Limit Sign Sizes.png
File:Start of School Zone speed limit sign in Western Australia.jpg
File:South of Monash Freeway with Speed Limit Sign.jpg tolled freeway in Melbourne.]]
File:Northern Territory 130 speed limit sign P6210051.JPG
File:Australian Speed Advisory Sign.jpg
Australian states and territories use two "default" speed limits. These apply automatically in the absence of 'posted' speed restriction signage. The two default speed limits are:
- within built-up areas, {{cvt|50|km/h|mph}}, except for the Northern Territory which remains at {{cvt|60|km/h|mph}}
- outside built-up areas, {{cvt|100|km/h|mph}};
Common speed zones below the default built up area 50 km/h limit are:
- Shared zones (signposted areas where pedestrians and motorised traffic share the same space) are {{cvt|10|km/h|mph}}.
- School zones are variable speed zones, with a {{cvt|40|km/h|mph}} limit applying during gazetted school terms (which may include pupil-free days){{Cite news |url=http://smh.drive.com.au/schools-out-but-cameras-on-duty-20110716-1hj01.html |title=School's out but cameras on duty |first=Richard |last=Blackburn |date=July 17, 2011 |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=17 July 2011 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720114630/http://smh.drive.com.au/schools-out-but-cameras-on-duty-20110716-1hj01.html |url-status=dead }} and at specific times of the day when children are expected to be present. In South Australia, the limit is {{cvt|25|km/h|mph}}. A minority of school zones have flashing lights to indicate when the lower speed limit applies. In Western Australia, every school has a flashing speed zone sign, most of which are solar powered.{{cite web |last1=de Moeller |first1=Olga |title=Speeders a danger to schoolkids |url=https://thewest.com.au/lifestyle/motoring/speeders-a-danger-to-schoolkids-ng-b881239734z |website=The West Australian |date=17 June 2019 |accessdate=7 September 2020}}
- 40 km/h zones. A number of local governments have implemented lower speed limits, typically 40 km/h, in certain areas, such as shopping precincts, whole suburbs such as Balmain and Rozelle in Sydney, or areas with high pedestrian activity.
Common speed zones above the default limits are:
- Many sub-arterial roads are zoned {{cvt|60|km/h|mph}}.
- Major connector roads and smaller highways are zoned {{cvt|60|km/h|mph}}, {{cvt|70|km/h|mph}}, {{cvt|80|km/h|mph}} or {{cvt|90|km/h|mph}}. {{multiple image
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- Some highways and freeways are zoned {{cvt|110|km/h|mph}}.
- Most of the Stuart, Arnhem, Barkly and Victoria highways in the Northern Territory are zoned {{cvt|130|km/h|mph}}.{{Cite web|url=https://nt.gov.au/driving/safety/speed-limits|title=Speed limits|date=10 December 2020}}
The "END" speed limit sign is increasingly used throughout Australia to signal the end of a posted speed restriction, or built-up area "default" speed-limit leading to the jurisdiction's "rural" default speed limit. It contains the word "END" and a number in a black circle beneath this, representing the ceasing speed-limit. It is typically used where, according to AS1742.4 the road beyond has certain hazards such as hidden driveways, poor camber, soft edges and other hazards where the road authority feels a posted speed limit sign might be too dangerous or otherwise unwarranted. It is intended therefore to invoke particular caution. This sign is used as a direct replacement for the slash-through speed derestriction signs common in Europe and elsewhere.
Speed limits are enforced in all areas of the country. Tolerance is about 6 km/h in urban areas and 9 km/h on highways depending on regulations of respective state such that driver driving on or below the tolerance speed will not receive a ticket.{{cite web | url=https://data.sa.gov.au/data/dataset/expiation-notice-system-data | title=Expiation Notice System Data | last1=Police | first1=South Australia }} This is the case in South Australia and other states have similar tolerances. One exception is Victoria where they will deduct 2–4 km/h in from the speed reading such that reasonable doubt is credited to the driver.{{cite web | url=https://www.racv.com.au/on-the-road/driving-maintenance/road-safety/road-rules/enforcement.html | title=Enforcement of road rules in Victoria | RACV }} especially in light of the fact that earlier Australian Design Rules specified that vehicle speedometers may have up to 10% leeway in accuracy. This was updated in 2006 to require that the "speed indicated shall not be less than the true speed of the vehicle."[http://www.comlaw.gov.au/comlaw/management.nsf/lookupindexpagesbyid/IP200614212?OpenDocument Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 18/03 – Instrumentation) 2006] Detection measures used are radar, LIDAR, fixed and mobile speed cameras (using various detection technologies), Vascar, pacing and aircraft.
Default speed limits by state and territory
Despite introduction of model national road rules by the states in 1999, Western Australia and the Northern Territory retain different default speed limits. The table below indicates the default speed limits along with typical school zone limits and the highest zone in each locality.
In the external territories, and in some special cases (such as Lord Howe Island, NSW), the speed limits may differ significantly from those found across the rest of the nation.
Limits for Learner, Provisional and Probationary licence holders
The table below indicates the different speed limits that apply for each state's licence holders.{{cite web| url = https://www.whichcar.com.au/car-advice/l-and-p-plate-restrictions-by-state| title = L- and P-plate restrictions by state| date = 19 December 2024}}{{cite web |title=Learner Driver FAQs |url=https://www.rsc.wa.gov.au/Your-Safety/People/Novice-Drivers/Learner-Driver-FAQs |website=Road Safety Commission |access-date=29 December 2020}}
The limits apply when the roads stated speed is above the licence's speed limit, e.g.: a person with a NSW P1 licence can drive at a max speed of 90 km/h on 100/110 km/h signed roads in any state. Conversely, a person with a Queensland provisional licence is not speed limited and can drive at the road's stated speed, even while in NSW where local provisional drivers are limited to 90 km/h.
| class="wikitable sortable"
!State / territory!!Learner!!Provisional / Probationary | ||
| Australian Capital Territory | normal limit | normal limit |
| New South Wales | 90 | P1:90, P2:100 |
| Northern Territory | 80 | 100 |
| Queensland | normal limit | normal limit |
| South Australia | 100 | 100 |
| Tasmania | 90 | P1:100, P2: normal limit{{cite web | url=https://www.transport.tas.gov.au/road_safety_and_rules/changes_to_graduated_licensing_system/i_am_a_novice_driver_on_my_ls_or_ps,_what_do_the_changes_mean_for_me/accordion/if_you_hold_an_l2_licence | title=If you hold an L2 licence – Transport Services }} |
| Victoria | normal limit | normal limit |
| Western Australia | 100 | normal limit |
Limits for trucks and buses
New South Wales has a limit of 100 km/h for heavy (more than 4.5 tonne) vehicles which is not a feature of the Australian Road Rules.{{Cite Legislation AU|NSW|reg|rr2014104|Road Rules 2014|25}} (3)a Additionally particular heavy vehicles (some buses and vehicles more than 13.9 tonne) are required to have speed monitoring devices fitted.{{cite web | url=https://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roads/safety-rules/heavy-vehicles-riders/heavy-vehicles/monitors.html | title=Vehicle monitors | date=22 April 2021 }}
Signage
File:Australia R4-1 (60).svg|Standard speed limit sign
File:Australia road sign R4-10 (40).svg|Restricted speed area sign
File:Australia road sign R4-6.svg|Local traffic area sign
File:Australia road sign R4-4.svg|Shared zone sign
File:AU-VIC road sign R4-V105 (40).svg|School zone sign in NSW and Victoria
File:Australia road signs R4-12 (60).svg|Speed limit ends sign
File:Australia road sign R4-11 (40).svg|Restricted speed area ends sign
File:Australia road sign R4-5.svg|End shared zone sign
File:Australia road sign W8-2-60.svg|Advisory speed sign
File:Australia road sign W1-9-1.svg|Exit advisory speed sign
File:Australia road sign G9-79 (40).svg|Speed limit change ahead sign
File:Australia road sign R4-V122.svg|Community gateway speed limit sign in Victoria
Historical limits
File:Aupremetricspeedlimit.jpg
Historically, Australia operated a simple speed limit system of urban and rural default limits, denoted in miles per hour. As part of metrication in 1974, speed limits and speed advisories were converted into kilometres per hour, rounded to the nearest 10 km/h, leading to small discrepancies in speed limits. Also, the signage was changed from the design where the words "SPEED LIMIT" appear above the numeric limit (as specified in the current US MUTCD) to the design where the numeric limit is inscribed on a red circle (which is defined by the Vienna Convention and thus it became an international sign for speed limit).
= Urban limits =
The urban default, which prior to the 1930s was {{cvt|30|mph|km/h}}, applied to any "built up area", usually defined by the presence of street lighting. Over the next 30 years, each of the states and territories progressively increased the limit to {{cvt|35|mph|km/h}}, with New South Wales being the last to change in May 1964. South Australia adopted {{cvt|35|mph|km/h}} on 30 November 1950, along with the "new short-right hand turn" in place of a hook turn.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article45675961 |title=Follow-The-Leader in New Right Turn |newspaper=The Advertiser (Adelaide) |location=South Australia |date=30 November 1950 |access-date=16 December 2019 |page=3 |via=Trove }}
Metrication led to the default urban limits of {{cvt|35|mph|km/h}} being converted to 60 km/h, an increase of {{cvt|3.7|km/h|mph}}.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the {{cvt|60|km/h}} urban default limit was progressively lowered to {{cvt|50|km/h|mph}} nationally for reasons of road, and especially pedestrian, safety. However, many existing roads, especially subarterial roads in urban areas, have had {{cvt|60|km/h}} limits posted on them. Queensland's Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (Speed Controls) states that {{cvt|60|km/h}} is the general minimum speed limit for traffic-carrying roads.{{cite web | title = Queensland Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices | work = Queensland Government | publisher = Department of Main Roads | url = https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/-/media/busind/techstdpubs/Traffic-management/Manual-of-Uniform-Traffic-Control-Devices/MUTCD-Pt-4-Speed-controls.pdf | accessdate =30 November 2020 }} The Northern Territory has retained the {{cvt|60|km/h}} limit; however, {{cvt|50|km/h}} is also a common speed limit (particularly in residential areas).
=Rural limits=
Outside of built up areas, a prima facie speed limit applied. In New South Wales and Victoria, speed limit was 50 miles per hour{{rp|31, 76}} (80 km/h in New South Wales{{rp|76}} after metrication). In the 1970s however, most state speed limits were gradually replaced by absolute limits.{{cite web | title = A Review of Rural Speed Limits in Australia | work = Commonwealth Government of Australia | publisher = Commonwealth Department of Transport | url = http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1980/Rural_Speed_3.aspx | accessdate =27 March 2009 }} An absolute speed limit of {{cvt|70|mph|km/h|0}} was introduced to Victoria in 1971, as a trial.{{rp|31}} This was subsequently reduced to {{cvt|60|mph|km/h}} in late 1973. South Australia introduced an absolute speed limit of {{cvt|65|mph}} in 1974.
With metrication in 1974, the rural defaults of {{cvt|60|mph|km/h}} and {{cvt|65|mph|km/h}} became {{cvt|100|km/h|mph}} and {{cvt|110|km/h|mph}} respectively. The 50 mph limit in New South Wales became a limit of 80 km/h.
New South Wales introduced an absolute speed limit of {{cvt|100|km/h}} in 1979, replacing the limit of {{cvt|80|km/h}}{{rp|11, 13}} The Northern Territory introduced an absolute speed limit of {{cvt|110|km/h}} in 2007, along with {{cvt|130|km/h|mph}} zones on the Territory's four major highways.
== NT open speed limits ==
The Northern Territory had no blanket speed limits outside major towns until January 2007, when a general rural speed limit of {{cvt|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} was introduced, although four major highways had higher {{cvt|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} zones.{{cite web
|url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2006/s1780096.htm
|title=Speed limits to be introduced on NT open roads
|quote=The open speed limit for the Territory will end. On our major highways the maximum speed will be {{cvt|130|km/h}}. And on our other open roads, the default will be {{cvt|110|km/h}}.
|date=2 November 2006
|accessdate=2009-09-17
|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
}} Speed-limit advocates note that the per-capita fatality rate in 2006 was the highest in the OECD and twice the Australian average.{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/07/14/2625051.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717022008/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/07/14/2625051.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2009|title=NT has worst road toll in OECD nations|website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=13 July 2009 |quote=A report on road deaths in 2007 shows the Northern Territory had by far the highest per capita rate of fatalities when compared with the rest of Australia and OECD countries.|accessdate=2010-04-27}} In 2009, the opposition (Country Liberal Party) unsuccessfully sought the removal of the {{cvt|130|km/h}} limits on three out of the four highways where it applied, arguing that total fatalities in the Northern Territory had increased significantly during the first two years of the speed limit. In argument against the motion, the government provided more detailed statistics than normally published; these statistics showed a reduction in fatalities along the highways where {{cvt|130|km/h}} limits were introduced.{{cite web|url=https://parliament.nt.gov.au/parliamentary-business/hansard-debates-and-minutes-of-proceedings/full-text-transcripts/full_text_transcripts_listing/nest_content?target_id=346132&parent_id=358649|title=MOTION Reinstatement of Open Speed Limits|quote=We have adopted a speed limit on our main highways that is responsible and workable; the road toll is down in areas where {{cvt|130|km/h}} limits were introduced on 1 January 2007. Tragically, five people have been killed in {{cvt|130|km/h}} zone areas this year, seven in 2008, and six in 2007. This compares to an average of more than 12 people per year in the five years prior to speed limits, with 16 people dying in 2002, 16 in 2003, 11 in 2004, 14 in 2005, and six in 2006. The fatalities recorded in the now {{cvt|130|km/h}} zone on the Stuart Highway are particularly tragic, averaging over nine fatalities per year prior to speed limits. Since the introduction of speed limits this has reduced to an average of five fatalities per year to date - five too many.
|accessdate=2010-05-17}}{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/08/18/2659100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820054754/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/08/18/2659100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 August 2009|title=Revheads' dream: bid to scrap NT speed limits|website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|quote=The Opposition's transport spokesman Adam Giles says despite the introduction of speed limits, the road toll has increased. In 2006, 44 people were killed, and the following year, the toll climbed by 13 deaths. In 2008, it reached 75. However, this year's road toll is 17, compared with 45 for the same period in 2008. The Opposition is planning to debate a motion in the Legislative Assembly today to have speed limits lifted on parts of main highways.|date=18 August 2009|accessdate=2010-05-17}}{{cite web|url=http://transport.nt.gov.au/safety/road-safety/our-statistics|title=Northern Territory Crash Statistics|work=Northern Territory Transport Group|accessdate=2010-05-16}} In 2011 the opposition argued for a return to "open speed limits"
.{{cite web|url=http://www.countryliberals.org.au/media.php?id=2748
|title=SPEED LIMITS
|publisher=Country Liberal Party
|quote=Open speed limits were removed in 2007 by the current Labor Government after undertaking a road safety review...Official road toll figures in 2006 were 44. Following the removal of open speed limits the toll increased to 57 and then 75. Last year it was 50, higher still than when speed limits were removed...The Country Liberals - within the first 100 days of government - will review the state of the Territory’s major arterial routes and identify safe locations for open speed limits to be reintroduced.
|author=Adam Giles
|author-link=Adam Giles
|date=10 August 2011
|accessdate=2012-03-01
}} For the 2012 election the Country Liberals' transport policy promised an evidence-based approach.{{cite web|url=http://www.countryliberals.org.au/uploads/Road%20Safety%20Policy.pdf
|title=Road Safety - Deadly serious - Reducing risks on our roads
|publisher=Country Liberal Party
|quote=Speed Limits. A Country Liberals Government will adopt an evidence-based approach to speed limits on our major highways. We will conduct an audit of the impact of the introduction of speed limits and will base any future decisions around that information.
|author=Terry Mills
|author-link=Terry Mills (Australian politician)
|accessdate=2012-09-13
}} After winning government, de-restriction of Stuart Highway was proposed;{{cite web
|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/northern-territory-chief-minister-considers-scrapping-speed-limit-on-the-stuart-highway/story-fndo48ca-1226472081714
|title=Northern Territory chief minister considers scrapping speed limit on the Stuart Highway
|publisher=Herald Sun. News Limited Network.
|quote=Newly elected Northern Territory Chief Minister Terry Mills indicated he was willing to dump the {{cvt|130|km/h}} speed limit on the Stuart Highway. The road did not have a set speed limit until 1 January 2007...Mr Mills and the CLP took power last month and was today asked whether he planned to scrap the rural speed limits. He suggested the {{cvt|1100|km}} of road between Katherine and Alice Springs could possibly exist without a speed limit.
|date=11 September 2012|accessdate=2012-09-15
}}{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/8651829/Speed-limits-may-go-in-parts-of-Australia
|title=Speed limits may go in parts of Australia
|quote=In the six years since, more people have died on Northern Territory roads (307) than in the six years before the change (292). Fatalities on the Stuart, Victoria and Barkly Highways have almost halved since speed limits were introduced, from 62 to 32, but the statistics show that the drop is more to do with fewer drink-drivers and the increased use of seatbelts by Territory drivers.
|author1=SAM HALL |author2=TOBY HAGON |author3=DAVID MCCOWEN |date=9 May 2013
|accessdate=2013-05-10
}} a planned 12-month de-restriction was initiated on 1 February 2014. The trial on {{cvt|200|km}} of Stuart Highway was expanded later in the year to another {{cvt|72|km}}, and continued indefinitely in January 2015 during a review of the initial results since "in the first 11 months, there were no recorded fatalities."{{cite web
|title=Permanent speed de-restriction looms following successful evidence-based trial, but not everyone is happy.
|work=Drive
|date=3 October 2016
|url=http://www.drive.com.au/motor-news/nt-govt-extends-open-speed-trial-20150109-12kgzb.html
|quote=Provisional figures reveal that in the first 11 months, there were no recorded fatalities. The government argues 12 fatalities were recorded on the same patch of road between 2004 and 2013, with speed ruled out as a key factor in each incident. "Following the commencement of the open speed trial on a {{cvt|200|km}} stretch of road from south of Barrow Creek to north of Alice Springs, and an extension of the trial section to include a {{cvt|72|km}} stretch of road on the Stuart Highway between the Ali Curung Rail Overpass to just north of Barrow Creek, the Northern Territory Department of Transport will now undertake a review of the trial to determine its success and future viability," Territory deputy Chief Minister Peter Chandler said... "The trial will continue during the review period."
|last1=Hall
|first1=Sam
}} From September 2015, a {{cvt|336|km}} stretch of Stuart Highway between Barrow Creek and Alice Springs had speed limits removed for a 12-month trial.{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2013/10/15/3869390.htm|title=The need for speed on Stuart Highway|publisher=ABC Local|date=15 October 2013|accessdate=7 December 2020}}{{cite web | url=http://news.drive.com.au/drive/motor-news/leadfooters-hit-the-highway-in-nt-20140201-31trz.html | title=News | date=2 September 2020 }}{{cite web | url=http://www.northqueenslandregister.com.au/news/agriculture/general/news/open-speed-limit-not-licence-for-recklessness/2687988.aspx | title=Open speed limit not licence for recklessness | date=13 February 2014 }} {{cvt|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} speed limits were restored on 20 November 2016 due to the electoral loss of the Country Liberal Party.http://www.ntnews.com.au/news/northern-territory/open-speed-limits-scrapped/news-story/33dcae476d0290f445965f1e74423871 {{Dead link|date=July 2022}}{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-11-21/nt-voted-to-scrap-open-speed-limits-clp-opposition-admits/8044244|title=Northern Territorians voted to scrap open speed limits, CLP opposition admits|publisher=ABC News|date=21 November 2016|accessdate=7 December 2020}}
=Derestriction signs in NSW=
Image:Australia road sign R4-2.svg
Often the start of rural default 'limits' or prima facie allowances were signalled by use of the speed derestriction sign, catalogued R4-2 in AS1742.4. (2009 edition has dropped from reference the R4-2 speed derestriction).{{cite web |url=https://www.saiglobal.com/PDFTemp/Previews/OSH/AS/AS1000/1700/1742.4-2008.pdf |id=AS 1742.4—2008 |title=Manual of uniform traffic control devices. Part 4: Speed controls |date=2008 |publisher=Standards Australia}} The speed derestriction sign (//) had developed 'different meaning' over time at state and territory level, although its contract-meaning under Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals where the sign is catalogued C17a is "End of all local prohibitions imposed on moving vehicles" and has never changed.{{cite book |url=https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/Conv_road_signs_2006v_EN.pdf |title=Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals, the European Agreement supplementing the Convention and its additional Protocol |date=2008 |id=ECE/TRANS/196 |isbn=978-92-1-116973-7 |publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)}} In the Northern Territory, they designated the end of speed restrictions.{{cite web| url = https://www.whichcar.com.au/news/porsche-slams-nt-over-speed-limit-change| title = Porsche slams NT over speed limit change| date = 9 September 2016}} In Victoria and Western Australia they meant that the rural default speed limit applied, whilst in New South Wales, they indicated that the prima facie {{cvt|50|mph|km/h}} limit applied.
File:YarrawarraRdSigns (cropped).jpg
New South Wales's prima facie {{cvt|50|mph}} limit, often signed by derestriction signs, was only enforced in cases where a driver's speed could be demonstrated to be excessive or dangerous in the context of prevailing road conditions. This was somewhat similar in principle to "reasonable and prudent" limits in other jurisdictions. This led to the widespread but misleading belief that no limit applied, and that derestriction signs indicated an "unlimited" limit. This belief, coupled with repeated studies showing 85th percentile speeds in excess of {{cvt|120|km/h}} on major routes, comparatively high road tolls, difficulty in prosecuting speeding offences, and the variance in meaning of the derestriction sign across states, led New South Wales to harmonise its rural default limit to {{cvt|100|km/h|mph}} in 1978.{{cite web| url = https://www.whichcar.com.au/features/a-brief-history-of-open-speed-limits-in-australia| title = A brief history of open speed limits in Australia| date = 18 February 2018}}{{Circular reporting|date=January 2021}} The use of derestriction signs in New South Wales was officially discouraged, and on state controlled routes, {{cvt|100|km/h}} signs were progressively used instead.
See also
{{Portal|Australian roads}}
References
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
External links
- [http://australianscreen.com.au/titles/metric-motoring/ Metric Motoring (1973)] – Original television advertisements explaining the conversion to metric speed limits. From the National Film and Sound Archive.
{{Oceania topic|Speed limits in}}