Spirobranchus giganteus

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{{more citations needed|dete = February 2018|date=February 2018}}

{{Speciesbox

| name = Christmas tree worm

| image = Spirobranchus giganteus (Red and white christmas tree worm).jpg

| image_caption = S. giganteus on Porites

| taxon = Spirobranchus giganteus

| authority = (Pallas, 1766){{cite WoRMS|author=ten Hove, H.|year=2010|title=Spirobranchus giganteus (Pallas, 1766)|db=polychaete|id=209944|accessdate=2011-12-26}}

}}

Spirobranchus giganteus, commonly known as the Christmas tree worm, is a tube-building polychaete worm belonging to the family Serpulidae. The S. giganteus lives in coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific region to the Caribbean.

Anatomy and morphology

File:Spirobranchus giganteus (assorted Christmas tree worms).jpg

Both its common and Latin names refer to the two chromatically hued spiral structures, the most common feature seen by divers. The multicolored spirals are highly derived structures for feeding and respiration.

Spirobranchus giganteus is similar to most tube-building polychaetes. It has a tubular, segmented body of an approximate length of 3.8 cm (1.5 in){{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=What are Christmas tree worms? |url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/xmas-tree.html |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=oceanservice.noaa.gov |language=EN-US}} covered with chaetae, small appendages that aid the worm's mobility. Because it does not move outside its tube, this worm does not have any specialized appendages for movement or swimming.

The worms' most distinct features are two "crowns" shaped like Christmas trees. These are highly modified prostomial palps, which are specialized mouth appendages. Each spiral is composed of feather-like tentacles called radioles, which are heavily ciliated and cause any prey trapped in them to be transported to the worm's mouth. While they are primarily feeding structures, S. giganteus also uses its radioles for respiration; hence, the structures commonly are called "gills".

One major difference between Christmas tree worms and other Sabellida fan worms is that the latter do not have any specialized body structures to plug their tube holes when they withdraw into them. S. giganteus, like other members of its family, possesses a modified radiole, usually called the operculum, that it uses to secure its hole when withdrawn into its tube.

As an annelid, S. giganteus possesses a complete digestive system and has a well-developed closed circulatory system. Like other annelids, these worms possess well-developed nervous systems with a central brain and many supporting ganglia, including pedal ganglia, unique to the Polychaeta. Although an annelid, the S. giganteus has a faster mitochondrial sequence evolution than other annelids because of its nucleotide composition and divergence of protein sequences.Sexias, V.; Russo C.; Paiva P. (2017). Mitochondrial genome of the Christmas tree worm Spirobranchus giganteus (Annelida: Serpulidae) reveals a high substitution rate among annelids. Gene 605 (1): 43–53. {{doi|10.1016/j.gene.2016.12.024}}. Like other polychaetes, S. giganteus excretes with fully developed nephridia. When they reproduce, they simply shed their gametes straight into the water where the eggs and spermatozoa become part of the zooplankton to be carried by the currents.

Range and distribution

Christmas tree worms are widely distributed throughout the world's tropical oceans. They have been known to occur from the Caribbean to the Indo-Pacific.

Ecology

S. giganteus is commonly found embedded entirely in heads of massive corals, such as stony corals Porites and brain corals. Like members of its family, it can secrete a calcareous tube around its body. This tube serves as the worm's home and protection. Calcareous tube can reach up to 20 cm in length. They are usually deeply embedded in the coral skeleton.{{Cite web |title=Spirobranchus giganteus |url=https://www.sealifebase.ca/summary/Spirobranchus-giganteus.html |website=Sea Life Base}} S. giganteus usually settles onto an existing head of living coral before secreting its tube, thereby increasing its level of protection as coral tissue overgrows the calcareous tube. When the worm retreats into its tube, the opening is shut using an operculum, which is further protected by sharp, antler-shaped spines.{{cite journal |last1=Hoeksems |first1=B.W. |last2=ten Hove |first2=H.A. |last3=Berumen |first3=M.L. |title=A three-way association causing coral injuries in the Red Sea. |journal=Bulletin of Marine Science |date=2018 |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=525–1526 |doi=10.5343/bms.2018.0006 |url=https://repository.kaust.edu.sa/bitstream/handle/10754/629963/s16.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=6 March 2019|doi-access=free }}

As sedentary inhabitants of coral reefs, Christmas tree worms feed primarily by filter feeding. They use their brightly colored radioles to filter microorganisms from the water, which are then deposited straight into the worm's digestive tract.

Few organisms are known to feed on tube-borne polychaetes and S. giganteus is no exception. The symbiotic relationship between S. giganteus and its host corals is still poorly understood, but occasionally the movement of the operculum can abrade the coral tissue, and that mortality of the coral tissue is enhanced when the worm's operculum hosts filamentous algae.{{cite journal |last1=Hoeksema |first1=B.W. |last2=van der Shoot |first2=R.J. |last3=Wels |first3=D. |last4=Scott |first4=C.M. |last5=ten Hove |first5=H.A. |title=Filamentous turf algae on tube worms intensify damage in massive Porites corals |journal=Ecology |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=e02668 |date=25 Feb 2019 |doi=10.1002/ecy.2668 |pmid=30801685 |pmc=6850283 |bibcode=2019Ecol..100E2668H }}

Importance to humans

While the worm itself has no commercial fishery importance, it is of interest to marine aquarists and divers. The variously colored worm crowns make extremely popular underwater photographic subjects for sport divers. Many aquarists who have miniature reef aquaria purposely include heads of coral that S. giganteus specimens inhabit. {{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}{{Cite web|url=https://reefbuilders.com/2008/07/13/christmas-tree-worms-spirobranchus-giganteus-guide/#|title=Christmas Tree Worms (Spirobranchus giganteus) guide|last=Gripp|first=Ryan|date=July 13, 2008|website=Reef Builders|access-date=October 15, 2019}}

Conservation status

As the species is widespread and relatively common, no conservation efforts focus on this species (or polychaetes in general). This species was thought to be exclusively found in coralheads, however they have also recently been described as epibionts on the giant clam species Tridacna squamosa in the Gulf of Thailand.{{cite journal |last1=van der Shoot |first1=Roel |last2=Scott |first2=Chad |last3=ten Hove |first3=Harry A. |last4=Hoeksema |first4=Bert W.|date=21 January 2016 |title=Christmas tree worms as epibionts of giant clams at Koh Tao, Gulf of Thailand |journal=Marine Biodiversity |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=751–752 |doi=10.1007/s12526-015-0439-0 |bibcode=2016MarBd..46..751V |s2cid=255572874 |doi-access=free }} The conservation status of the host species which it inhabits varies.

Etymology and taxonomy

Spirobranchus essentially translates to "spiral gills", referring to the worm's unique crown.

Reproduction

There are both male and female Christmas tree worms, Spirobranchus giganteus. They reproduce by casting their eggs and sperm into the water. The eggs are fertilized in the water then develop into larvae that settle on coral heads and then burrow into the coral to form their burrows.{{Cite web |title=Christmas Tree Worms ~ MarineBio Conservation Society |url=https://www.marinebio.org/species/christmas-tree-worms/spirobranchus-giganteus/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |language=en-US}}

References

Gallery

Image:Christmas Tree Worm, Thailand, Spirobranchus giganteus.jpg|Christmas Tree worm in Thailand

Image:Spirobrancheus giganteus.jpg|Christmas tree worms (Spirobranchus giganteus) from East Timor.

Image:Christmas Tree worms.jpg|Spirobranchus giganteus embedded in a brain coral in a reef in Bonaire.

Image:ChristmasTreeWorm-SpirobranchusGiganteus.jpg|Spirobranchus giganteus, Vieques, Puerto Rico

Image:Christmas tree worm (Spirobranchus giganteus).jpg|Elbow Reef, Florida.

Image:Reef0232.jpg|Hawaii.

Image:Spirobranchus giganteus at Gili Lawa Laut.JPG|Gili Lawa Laut (near Komodo, Indonesia)

Image:Gusano árbol de Navidad (Spirobranchus giganteus), Anilao, Filipinas, 2023-08-22, DD 193.jpg|Spirobranchus giganteus, Anilao, Philippines

File:Christmas tree worms Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary.PNG|Christmas tree worms on a coral head in the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary in the Gulf of Mexico.