Standard-type battleship
{{Short description|Group of US Navy battleship classes}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
The Standard-type battleship was a series of thirteen battleships across five classes ordered for the United States Navy between 1911 and 1916 and commissioned between 1916 and 1923.{{cite web |last=Czarnecki |first=Joseph |date=1 February 2001 |title=A Survey of the American 'Standard Type' Battleship |url=http://www.navweaps.com/index_tech/tech-071.htm |publisher=NavyWeapons.com |access-date=2009-07-16 |archive-date=2012-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704091052/http://www.navweaps.com/index_tech/tech-071.htm |url-status=live }} These were considered super-dreadnoughts, with the ships of the final two classes incorporating many lessons from the Battle of Jutland.
Each vessel was produced with a series of progressive innovations, which contributed to the pre–World War I arms race. The twelve{{efn|The thirteenth, USS Washington, was scrapped as a result of the Washington Naval Treaty.}} vessels commissioned constituted the US Navy's main battle line in the interwar period, while many of the ten earlier dreadnoughts were scrapped or relegated to secondary duties. Restrictions under the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty limited total numbers and size of battleships and had required some under construction to be cancelled, so it was not until the onset of World War II that new battleships were constructed. On 7 December 1941, eight were at Pearl Harbor, one at Bremerton, Washington, and three were assigned to the Atlantic Fleet.
Doctrine
The Standard type, by specifying common tactical operational characteristics between classes, allowed battleships of different classes to operate together as a tactical unit (BatDiv) against enemy battleships. By contrast, other navies had fast and slow battleship classes that could not operate together unless limited to the performance of the ship with slowest speed and widest turning circle. Otherwise the battle line would be split into separate "fast" and "slow" wings. The Standard type was optimized for the battleship-centric naval strategy of the era of their design.
The next US battleship classes, beginning with the {{sclass|North Carolina|battleship|4}} designed in the late 1930s and commissioned in 1941, marked a departure from the Standard type, introducing the fast battleships needed to escort the aircraft carriers that came to dominate naval strategy.
List of Standard-type battleships
class="wikitable"
|+ !Ship name !Class !Hull No. !Builder !Laid down !Launched !Commissioned !Decommissioned !Fate |
{{USS|Nevada|BB-36|2}}
|rowspan=2| {{sclass|Nevada|battleship|5}} |BB-36 |Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts |4 November 1912 |11 July 1914 |11 March 1916 |29 August 1946 |Struck 12 August 1948; sunk as a target, 31 July 1948 |
{{USS|Oklahoma|BB-37|2}}
|BB-37 |New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey |26 October 1912 |23 March 1914 |2 May 1916 |1 September 1944 |Struck 1 September 1944; hulk sank while under tow, 17 May 1947 |
{{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|2}}
|rowspan=2| {{sclass|Pennsylvania|battleship|5}} |BB-38 |Newport News Shipbuilding Company, Newport News, Virginia |27 October 1913 |16 March 1915 |12 June 1916 |29 August 1946 |Target ship, Operation Crossroads; scuttled, 10 February 1948 |
{{USS|Arizona|BB-39|2}}
|BB-39 |16 March 1914 |19 June 1915 |17 October 1916 |29 December 1941 |Sunk during the attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941 |
{{USS|New Mexico|BB-40|2}}
|rowspan=3|{{sclass|New Mexico|battleship|5}} |BB-40 |Brooklyn Navy Yard, New York City |14 October 1915 |13 April 1917 |20 May 1918 |19 July 1946 |Struck 25 February 1947; broken up at Newark, 1947 |
{{USS|Mississippi|BB-41|2}}
|BB-41 |Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News |5 April 1915 |25 January 1917 |18 December 1917 |17 September 1956 |Struck 17 September 1956; broken up at Baltimore, 1956 |
{{USS|Idaho|BB-42|2}}
|BB-42 |New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden |20 January 1915 |30 June 1917 |24 March 1919 |3 July 1946 |Broken up at Newark, 1947 |
{{USS|Tennessee|BB-43|2}}
|rowspan=2|{{sclass|Tennessee|battleship|5}} |BB-43 |14 May 1917 |30 April 1919 |3 June 1920 |14 February 1947 |Struck 1 March 1959; sold for scrap, 10 July 1959 |
{{USS|California|BB-44|2}}
|BB-44 |25 October 1916 |20 November 1919 |10 August 1921 |14 February 1947 |Struck 1 March 1959; sold for scrap, 10 July 1959 |
{{USS|Colorado|BB-45|2}}
|rowspan=4|{{sclass|Colorado|battleship|5}} |BB-45 |New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey |29 May 1919 |22 March 1921 |30 August 1923 |7 January 1947 |Struck 1 March 1959; sold for scrap, 23 July 1959 |
{{USS|Maryland|BB-46|2}}
|BB-46 |Newport News Shipbuilding Company, Newport News, Virginia |24 April 1917 |20 March 1920 |21 July 1921 |3 April 1947 |Struck 1 March 1959; sold for scrap, 8 July 1959 |
{{USS|Washington|BB-47|2}}
|BB-47 |New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey |30 June 1919 |1 September 1921 |colspan=2 {{n/a}} |Cancelled after signing of Washington Naval Treaty; sunk as target, 25 November 1924 |
{{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|2}}
|BB-48 |Newport News Shipbuilding Company, Newport News, Virginia |12 April 1920 |17 November 1921 |1 December 1923 |9 January 1947 |Struck 1 March 1959; sold for scrap, 24 August 1959 |
= Characteristics =
Characteristics of the Standard type included:
- all-or-nothing armor scheme
- All main guns on the centerline in fore and aft turrets with no amidships guns
- designed range of about {{convert|8000|nmi|km}} at economical cruising speed
- top speed of {{convert|21|kn|km/h}}
- tactical turn radius of 700 yards
The {{sclass|Colorado|battleship|4}}, the first US battleships to mount {{convert|16|in|mm|0|adj=on|sigfig=3}} guns, represented the endpoint of the gradual evolution of the "Standard Type" battleships. The Colorado-class battleships were {{convert|624|ft|m}} long, displaced 32,600 tons, had a top speed of {{convert|21|kn|km/h}}, and carried a main battery of eight {{convert|16|in|mm|0|adj=on|sigfig=3}} guns.
The next planned class of Standard battleships, the never-completed {{sclass|South Dakota|battleship|5||1920}}s, represented a significant increase in size and armament over the Colorados. They would have been {{convert|684|ft|m}} long, displaced 43,200 tons, had a top speed of {{convert|23|kn|km/h}}, and carried 12 {{convert|16|in|mm|0|adj=on|sigfig=3}} guns. Nonetheless, the design characteristics of the South Dakotas closely followed the standard-type battleship, albeit at a greater scale. Like the Tennessees and Colorados, they were designed with the same bridges, lattice masts and turbo-electric propulsion system and they used the same torpedo protection system as the latter class. Naval historian Norman Friedman described the South Dakotas as the ultimate development of the series of U.S. battleships that began with the {{sclass|Nevada|battleship|4}}, despite the increase in size, speed and intermediate armament from the standard type that characterized the Nevada through Colorado classes.{{sfn|Friedman|1985|pp=156}}
Service history
= World War I =
= Interwar years =
All the Standard Types were modernized during the 1920s and 1930s.{{sfn|Friedman |1985|page=197}} The cage masts of all but the Tennessee and Colorado classes were replaced with tripod masts topped with fire-control directors, torpedo tubes were removed and anti-aircraft guns were upgraded. Main battery elevation in the older ships was increased to 30 degrees for greater range.{{sfn|Gardiner|1984|p=91}} Most of the Standards received anti-torpedo bulges. Each ship received one or two catapults and recovery cranes for operating floatplanes for scouting and gunnery spotting.{{sfn|Friedman |1985|page=191,197}}
= World War II =
On 7 December 1941, Colorado was undergoing a refit to install new torpedo bulges at Puget Sound Navy Yard,{{sfn|Friedman |1985|page=207}} while the three ships of the New Mexico class were assigned to the Atlantic Fleet. The remaining eight Standard Type battleships were at Pearl Harbor, Pennsylvania in drydock at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard and the other 7 forming Battleship Row.{{Cite web |title=Battleship Row During the Pearl Harbor Attack |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/wars-and-events/world-war-ii/pearl-harbor-raid/battleship-row-during-the-pearl-harbor-attack.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |language=en-US}}
During the Pearl Harbor attack, Arizona{{'}}s forward magazine exploded from a bomb hit {{Cite web |title=Arizona II (Battleship No. 39) |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/arizona-battleship-no-39-ii.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |language=en-US}}and Oklahoma capsized after multiple torpedo strikes, both with significant losses of life. West Virginia and California were also sunk, while Nevada managed to get underway and was beached shortly afterward.{{Cite web |date=November 13, 2017 |title=Pearl Harbor Salvage Report 1944 |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/pearl-harbor-salvage-report-1944.html |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |language=en-US}} Tennessee and Maryland each received two bomb hits.
Arizona and Oklahoma were considered permanent losses,{{sfn|Gardiner|1984|page=90}} but the other damaged and sunk battleships were salvaged and sent to the West Coast for repairs and reconstruction. Nevada and Pennsylvania received entirely new superstructures with revised secondary armaments of 5"/38 DP guns in twin mounts,{{sfn|Gardiner|1984|page=91}} as well as numerous new 20 mm and 40 mm AA guns. Tennessee, California and West Virginia were even more thoroughly rebuilt, incorporating not just changes similar to Nevada but increased deck armour, torpedo bulges and improved subdivision and a modern radar and electronics suite, though their widened beam exceeded the Panama Canal restrictions which limited their operations to the Pacific. Maryland, Colorado, and the three New Mexico-class ships were too urgently needed in 1942 to undergo similar rebuilds. Most changes to these ships focused on updating their radar suites and expanding their light AA armaments, though Idaho would receive an updated secondary battery of 5in/38 guns in late 1944 and Maryland received a partial rebuild that was completed in August 1945 just as Japan surrendered.
The ten surviving Standard Type battleships served throughout World War II primarily as fire support for amphibious landings. Their low speed relegated them to second line duties as they were too slow to accompany the fleet carriers that had become the dominant combatant. Six of them participated in the last battleship versus battleship engagement in naval history, the Battle of Surigao Strait, where none of them were hit.{{sfn|Morison|1958|page=225}}
= Fates =
Arizona and Oklahoma were sunk during the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.{{sfn|Gardiner|1984|page=91}} Their sister ships Pennsylvania and Nevada were used as targets in the Operation Crossroads atomic tests in 1946;{{Cite web |title=Pennsylvania III (Battleship No. 38) |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/pennsylvania-ii.html |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Nevada II (Battleship No. 36) |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/nevada-ii.html |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |language=en-US}} Pennsylvania was not fully repaired after being severely damaged by an air-launched torpedo in the closing days of the Pacific War. In 1946 Mississippi was converted to a test vessel for new gun and missile systems and served until 1956.{{sfn|Friedman|1985|p=402}} Most other Standard-type battleships were decommissioned in 1946 or 1947 and placed in the reserve fleet; ultimately all were scrapped by 1961.{{sfn|Gardiner|1984|page=90}}
Footnotes
= Notes =
{{notes
| notes =
}}
= Citations =
{{reflist}}
Sources
- {{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Norman |title=U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History |date=1985 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=0-87021-715-1}}
- {{Cite book |last=Gardiner |first=Robert |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922–1946 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-87021-913-9 }}
- {{cite book |last=Morison |first=Samuel E. |author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison |year=1958 |title=Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945 |series=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II |volume=XII |publisher=Little & Brown |location=Boston |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds00mori |url-access=registration |access-date=2 December 2020 |ol=24388559M |oclc=1035611842 |lccn=47-1571}}
Further reading
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite journal
| last1 = Burton
| first1 = Earl
| last2 = Pincus
| first2 = JH
| date = September 2004
| title = The Other D-Day: The Invasion of Southern France
| journal = Sea Classics
| volume = 37
| issue = 9
| pages = 60–70
| url = https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-670982981
| access-date = 23 June 2009
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Bonner
| first = Kermit
| year = 1996
| title = Final Voyages
| publisher = Turner Publishing Company
| location = Paducah, KY
| isbn = 978-1-56311-289-8
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=53l3ebkpCjcC
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Breyer
| first = Siegfried
| year = 1973
| title = Battleships and Battle Cruisers 1905–1970
| publisher = Doubleday and Company
| isbn = 978-0-385-07247-2
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Campbell
| first = John
| year = 1985
| title = Naval Weapons of World War Two
| location = Annapolis
| publisher = Naval Institute Press
| isbn = 978-0-87021-459-2
}}
- {{cite encyclopedia
| editor-last = Chisholm
| editor-first = Hugh
| editor-link = Hugh Chisholm
| encyclopedia = The Encyclopædia Britannica
| title = Battleships
| year = 1922
| publisher = The Encyclopædia Britannica, Company Ltd
| volume = 32
| location = London and New York
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQoAAAAYAAJ
}}
- {{cite journal
| last = Cox
| first = Ormund L.
| year = 1916
| title = U.S.S. Nevada; Description and Trials
| journal = Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers
| volume = 28
| pages = 20–54
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=n3ISAAAAYAAJ&q=U.S.S.+Nevada&pg=PA20
| access-date = 5 September 2008
| doi = 10.1111/j.1559-3584.1916.tb00598.x
}}
- {{cite book
|last=Cressman
|first=Robert
|title=The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II
|publisher=US Naval Institute Press
|location=Annapolis
|year=2016
|isbn=978-1-68247-154-8
|ref={{sfnref|Cressman}}
}}
- {{cite book
|last=Driscoll
|first=John C.
|year=2009
|title=USS New Mexico (BB-40): The Queen's Story in the Words of Her Men
|publisher=Agincourt Research Services
|isbn=978-0-9840784-0-0
}}
- {{cite encyclopedia
| editor-last = Fitzsimons
| editor-first = Bernard
| page = 1982
| chapter = Nevada
| title = Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare
| publisher = Phoebus
| location = London
| year = 1978
| volume = 18
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Frank
| first = Richard B.
| year = 1999
| title = Downfall; The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire
| publisher = Penguin Books
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-14-100146-3
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Friedman
| first = Norman
| year = 1978
| title = Battleship Design and Development 1905–1945
| publisher = Conway Maritime Press
| isbn = 978-0-85177-135-9
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Friedman
| first = Norman
| date = 2011
| title = Naval Weapons of World War One
| publisher = Naval Institute Press
| location = Annapolis
| isbn = 978-1-84832-100-7
}}
- {{cite book
| editor1-last = Gardiner
| editor1-first = Robert
| editor2-last = Gray
| editor2-first = Randal
| year = 1985
| title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921
| location = Annapolis
| publisher = Naval Institute Press
| isbn = 978-0-87021-907-8
| oclc = 12119866
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V2r_TBjR2TYC
}}
- {{cite book
| editor1-last = Gardiner
| editor1-first = Robert
| editor2-last = Chesneau
| editor2-first = Roger
| year = 1980
| title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946
| location = New York
| publisher = Mayflower Books
| isbn = 978-0-8317-0303-5
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bJBMBvyQ83EC
}}
- {{cite news
| last = Gregory
| first = Eric
| title = 16 days to die at Pearl Harbor: Families weren't told about sailors trapped inside sunken battleship
| newspaper = The Seattle Times
| date = 7 December 1995
| url = https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/16-days-to-die-at-pearl-harbor-families-werent-told-about-sailors-trapped-inside-sunken-battleship/
| access-date = 23 April 2022
| ref = {{sfnRef|Gregory}}
| archive-date = 20 July 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210720121127/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/16-days-to-die-at-pearl-harbor-families-werent-told-about-sailors-trapped-inside-sunken-battleship/
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- {{cite book
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- {{cite journal|author1-link=Thomas C. Hone
|last=Hone
|first=Thomas C.
|year=1977
|title=The Destruction of the Battle Line at Pearl Harbor
|journal=Proceedings
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|page=56
|publisher=United States Naval Institute
|ref={{sfnRef|Hone}}
}}
- {{cite web
|last=Johnson
|first=Shauna
|url=http://wvmetronews.com/2016/12/03/uss-west-virginia-the-focus-of-new-culture-center-exhibit-opening-for-75th-pearl-harbor-anniversary/
|title=USS West Virginia the Focus of New Culture Center Exhibit Opening for 75th Pearl Harbor Anniversary
|date=6 December 2016
|access-date=8 July 2019
|publisher=MetroNews
|ref={{sfnRef|Johnson}}
|archive-date=8 July 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708123648/http://wvmetronews.com/2016/12/03/uss-west-virginia-the-focus-of-new-culture-center-exhibit-opening-for-75th-pearl-harbor-anniversary/
|url-status=live
}}
- {{cite book
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| year = 1946
| title = Battle Report (Volume 2); The Atlantic War
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| year = 2001
| encyclopedia = History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
| title = Nevada
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| publisher = University of Illinois Press
| location = Champaign
| isbn = 978-0-252-07065-5
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PfrgDPhLkqcC
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- {{cite book
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| first = Samuel Eliot
| year = 1963
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- {{cite book
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- {{cite book
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- {{cite book
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| title = USS Nevada, Report of Pearl Harbor Attack
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| publisher = US Navy Department
| url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/archives/digitized-collections/action-reports/wwii-pearl-harbor-attack/ships-m-r/uss-nevada-bb-36-action-report-07-dec-1941.html
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|date=20 December 2000
|work=Naval History & Heritage Command
|publisher=US Navy Department
|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr/ph-nv2.htm
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}}
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| title = SSBN 733 Nevada
| publisher = GlobalSecurity.org
| last = Pike
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| access-date = 27 September 2011
| ref = {{sfnRef|GlobalSecurity SSBN 733 Nevada}}
| archive-date = 1 March 2012
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}}
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|date=6 December 2016
|access-date=15 October 2019
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- {{cite news
| date = 12 July 1914
| page = C5
| title = Launch New Dreadnought; Named the Nevada – Plans announced for Two Still Greater Ships
| work = The New York Times
| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/07/12/100097168.pdf
| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 12 July 1914}}
| access-date = 5 May 2023
| archive-date = 28 March 2022
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| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite news
| date = 23 October 1915
| page = 5
| title = The Nevada Leaves Quincy
| work = The New York Times
| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/10/23/100180831.pdf
| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 23 October 1915}}
| access-date = 5 May 2023
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| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite news
| date = 16 October 1915
| page = 12
| title = Sea Fighter Nevada Ready For Her Test
| work = The New York Times
| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/10/26/105044954.pdf
| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 16 October 1915}}
| access-date = 5 May 2023
| archive-date = 28 March 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220328223152/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/10/26/105044954.pdf
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite news
| date = 19 September 1915
| page = 9
| title = Mightiest U.S. Ship Coming
| work = The New York Times
| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/09/19/301819842.pdf
| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 19 September 1915, p. 9}}
| access-date = 5 May 2023
| archive-date = 18 November 2022
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| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite news
| date = 5 November 1915
| page = 8
| title = Warships Near Completion; The Nevada and the Oklahoma almost Three-fourths built
| work = The New York Times
| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/08/12/101924058.pdf
| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 5 November 1915, p. 8}}
| access-date = 5 May 2023
| archive-date = 23 August 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220823200655/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/08/12/101924058.pdf
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite news
| date = 5 November 1915
| page = 14
| title = Nevada Test a Success
| work = The New York Times
| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/11/05/104656402.pdf
| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 5 November 1915, p. 14}}
| access-date = 5 May 2023
| archive-date = 29 March 2022
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| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite news
| date = 7 November 1915
| page = 6
| title = The Nevada Out Again
| work = The New York Times
| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/11/07/101570726.pdf
| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 7 November 1915}}
| access-date = 5 May 2023
| archive-date = 28 March 2022
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| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite news
| date = 10 November 1915
| page = 8
| title = Nevada saves fuel
| work = The New York Times
| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/11/10/105046662.pdf
| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 10 November 1915}}
| access-date = 5 May 2023
| archive-date = 28 March 2022
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| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite news
| date = 8 November 1915
| page = 6
| title = Nevada Meets Tests; New Superdreadnought easily fills contract requirements
| work = The New York Times
| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/11/08/100181964.pdf
| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 8 November 1915}}
| access-date = 5 May 2023
| archive-date = 28 March 2022
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| url-status = live
}}
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| date = 19 September 1915
| page = 12
| title = The Nevada in Commission
| work = The New York Times
| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/03/12/104021519.pdf
| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 19 September 1915, p. 12}}
| access-date = 5 May 2023
| archive-date = 28 March 2022
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| url-status = live
}}
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| date = 27 December 1918
| page = 1 and 4
| title = Ovation to Sea Fighters; Harbor Echoes With Greetings as Our Ships Steam In
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| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 27 December 1918}}
| access-date = 5 May 2023
| archive-date = 28 March 2022
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| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite news
| date = 11 December 1918
| page = 1
| title = Pichon to Welcome Wilson; Will Head Delegation Aboard Warships to Meet Him Off Brest
| work = The New York Times
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| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 11 December 1918}}
| access-date = 5 May 2023
| archive-date = 23 August 2022
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| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite news
| date = 15 December 1918
| page = 15
| title = Battleship Fleet sails for New York; Ten Dreadnoughts Homebound from Brest to Join in Christmas Celebration
| work = The New York Times
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| date = 23 August 1922
| page = 30
| title = War Radio Service For Hughes on Trip
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| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 23 August 1922}}
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}}
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| date = 6 September 1922
| page = 14
| title = Hughes Arrives at Rio
| work = The New York Times
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| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 6 September 1922}}
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| url-status = live
}}
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| date = 31 December 1922
| page = 83
| title = Baseball in Rio a Regular Sport
| work = The New York Times
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| ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times 31 December 1922}}
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|last = DiGiulian
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|title = United States of America 5"/51 (12.7 cm) Marks 7, 8, 9, 14 and 15
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|date=8 December 2000
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{{refend}}
= Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships =
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite book
| last = Cressman
| first = Robert J.
| title = Oklahoma (Battleship No. 37): 1916–1944
| url = https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/o/oklahoma.html
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| date = 7 December 2016
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| archive-date = 2 June 2019
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| url-status = live
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- {{cite book
| last = Havern
| first = Christopher B.
| title = Nevada II (Battleship No. 36): 1916–1948
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| date = 12 December 2016
| ref = {{SfnRef|Havern}}
| archive-date = 28 June 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190628021919/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/nevada-ii.html
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite book |title=Dictionary of American naval fighting ships / Vol.5, Historical sketches: letters N through Q |publisher=Department of the Navy |url=http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/battlesh/bb37.htm |place=Washington, DC |year=1970 |oclc=769806179 |ref={{harvid|DANFS|1970}} |access-date=2023-05-05 |archive-date=2020-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110002830/http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/battlesh/bb37.htm |url-status=live }}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = Nevada
| url = http://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/us-navy-ships/battleships/nevada-bb-36.html
| access-date = 27 September 2011
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Nevada (BB-36)}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = Delaware
| url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/d/delaware-vi.html
| access-date = 13 January 2017
| link = no
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Delaware (BB-28)}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = Florida
| url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/f/florida-v.html
| access-date = 13 January 2017
| link = no
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Florida (BB-30)}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = Wyoming
| url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/wyoming-iii.html
| access-date = 13 January 2017
| link = no
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Wyoming (BB-32)}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = New York
| url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/new-york-v.html
| access-date = 13 January 2017
| link = no
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS New York (BB-34)}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = Texas
| url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/texas-ii.html
| access-date = 13 January 2017
| link = no
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Texas (BB-35)}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = Utah
| url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/u/utah.html
| access-date = 13 January 2017
| link = no
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Utah (BB-31)}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = California
| url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/california-v.html
| access-date = 13 January 2017
| link = no
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS California (BB-44)}}
}}
- {{cite web
|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/pennsylvania-ii.html
|title=Pennsylvania III (Battleship No. 38)
|work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
|publisher=Naval History & Heritage Command
|date=6 December 2016
|access-date=7 January 2019
|ref={{SfnRef|DANFS Pennsylvania}}
|archive-date=31 May 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531234919/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/pennsylvania-ii.html
|url-status=live
}}
- {{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/arizona-battleship-no-39-ii.html |title=Arizona |date=9 November 2004 |work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships |publisher=Naval History & Heritage Command (NH&HC) |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907114508/http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/arizona-battleship-no-39-ii.html |url-status=live }}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = New Mexico
| url = http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/new-mexico.html
| access-date = 15 September 2011
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS USS New Mexico (BB-40)}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = Idaho IV (BB-42)
| url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/idaho-iv.html
| access-date = 5 December 2016
| date = 21 July 2015
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Idaho}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = Mississippi III (Battleship No. 41)
| url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/mississippi-iii.html
| access-date = 15 November 2016
| date = 18 February 2016
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Mississippi}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = Iowa II (Battleship No. 4)
| url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/iowa-ii.html
| access-date = 15 November 2016
| date = 1 October 2015
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Iowa}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = Mississippi III (Battleship No. 41)
| url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/mississippi-iii.html
| access-date = 15 November 2016
| date = 18 February 2016
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Mississippi}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = New Mexico (Battleship No. 40)
| url = http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/new-mexico.html
| access-date = 20 August 2019
| date = 18 February 2016
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS New Mexico}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title= Tennessee V (Battleship No. 43)
| url= https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/tennessee-bb-43-v.html
| date= 18 February 2016
| access-date= 2 April 2019
| ref= {{sfnRef|DANFS}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| last= Evans
| first= Mark L.
| title= California V (BB-44) 1921–1959
| url= https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/california-v.html
| date= 4 May 2017
| access-date= 12 January 2018
| ref = {{sfnRef|Evans}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = Colorado
| url = http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/colorado-iii.html
| access-date = 15 September 2011
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Colorado (BB-45)}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
|title = Maryland
|url = https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/maryland-iii.html
|access-date = 4 September 2018
|ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Maryland (BB-46)}}
}}
- {{cite DANFS
|title = Washington
|url = https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/washington--battleship-no--47-.html
|access-date = 4 September 2018
|ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Washington (BB-47)}}
|link = off
}}
- {{cite DANFS
|title = West Virginia
|url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/west-virginia-ii.html
|access-date = 4 September 2018
|ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS West Virginia (BB-48)}}
|link = off
}}
- {{cite DANFS
| title = West Virginia II (BB-48)
| url = http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/west-virginia-ii.html
| date= 12 December 2016
| access-date = 26 June 2019
| ref= {{sfnRef|DANFS}}
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Mooney
| first = James
| year = 1981
| title = Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, V. 4: L-M, Volume 4
| publisher = Naval History Division
| location = Washington DC
}}
{{refend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Standard Type Battleship}}
Category:Battleships of the United States
Category:Battleships of the United States Navy