Super-app
{{Short description|Mobile application that provides multiple services including financial transactions}}
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A super-app, also known as an everything-app, is a mobile or web application that can provide multiple services including payment and instant messaging services, effectively becoming an all-encompassing self-contained commerce and communication online platform that embraces many aspects of personal and commercial life. Notable examples of super-apps include Tencent's WeChat in China, Tata Neu in India, and Grab in Southeast Asia.
For end users, a super-app is an application that provides a set of core features while also giving access to independently developed miniapps. For app developers, a superapp is an application integrated with the capabilities of platforms and ecosystems that allows third-parties to develop and publish miniapps.{{Cite web |title=What Is a Superapp? |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/articles/what-is-a-superapp |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=Gartner |language=en}}
History
The super-app term was first used to describe WeChat{{cite book |last=Shimota |first=Kevin |date=5 July 2022 |title=The First Superapp: Inside China's WeChat and the new digital revolution |publisher=Earnshaw Books |isbn=978-9888769421 }} when it combined the instant messaging service with the digital wallet function.{{cite web |date=2 November 2017 |title=WeChat: Inside a Super App |url=https://www.foolproof.co.uk/journal/wechat-inside-a-super-app/ |website=FoolProof}}{{cite web|url=https://techwireasia.com/2020/07/wechat-how-open-agile-culture-built-the-worlds-first-superapp/ |title=WeChat – how open, agile culture built the world's first superapp |website=TechWire Aisa |date=16 July 2020 |first=Joe |last=Devanesan }} Recognition of WeChat as a super-app stems from its combination of messaging, payments, e-commerce, and much more within a single application, making it indispensable for many users. WeChat's establishment of the super-app model has led companies like Meta (formerly Facebook) to try to build similar applications outside of China.{{Cite web|last=Rodenbaugh|first=Ryan|date=26 October 2020|title=Breaking down WhatsApp's and Facebook's super-app ambitions|url=https://www.techinasia.com/whatsapp-facebooks-super-app-ambitions|access-date=24 August 2021|website=Tech in Asia|publisher=|language=en-US}}{{Cite web|last=Levy|first=Adam|date=2020-01-31|title=Facebook's Super-App Strategy Is Paying Off|url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2020/01/31/facebooks-super-app-strategy-is-paying-off.aspx|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Motley Fool|language=en}}
In India, Tata Group has announced that it is currently developing a super app named Tata Neu.{{Cite web|last=Mundhra|first=Laxitha|date=2021-09-30|title=Tata Digital's Super App To Be Called 'TataNeu', Launch Set For Early 2022|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/tata-super-app-to-be-called-tataneu-launch-set-for-early-2022/|access-date=2021-12-06|publisher=Inc42 Media|language=en-US}}{{Cite web|last=Zachariah|first=Reeba|date=29 September 2021|title=Tatas' super app called TataNeu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatas-super-app-called-tataneu/articleshow/86592008.cms|access-date=2021-12-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}{{Cite news|title=The Tata super app now has a name|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/the-tata-super-app-now-has-a-name/articleshow/86609000.cms|access-date=2022-02-07}} Major Indian companies like Paytm, PhonePe, and ITC Maars also have apps in development that might constitute super-apps.{{Cite web|title=ITC to launch super app this year to tap small farmers' potential: Chairman|date=11 August 2021 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/itc-to-launch-super-app-this-year-to-tap-small-farmers-potential-chairman-121081101011_1.html|language=en-US}}
In Southeast Asia, Grab and Gojek lay claim to the super-app classification despite lacking many of the features offered by WeChat. Accordingly, growth-stage companies like Shopee, Traveloka, and AirAsia have also expanded the range of services offered by their respective applications.{{Cite web |date=2022-01-28 |title=Southeast Asian platforms seek 'super app' label to emulate Grab and Gojek |url=https://kr-asia.com/southeast-asian-platforms-seek-super-app-label-to-emulate-grab-and-gojek |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=KrASIA |language=en}}
Notable examples
= Alipay =
Alipay is a third-party mobile and online payment platform established in Hangzhou, China in February 2004 by Alibaba Group and its founder Jack Ma. It operates in association with Ant Group, an affiliate company of the Chinese Alibaba Group.{{cite web |last=Li|first=Jiaxing|title=Chinese regulators break up Alipay, split off loan business |url=https://kr-asia.com/chinese-regulators-break-up-alipay-split-off-loan-business |publisher=kr-asia.com |access-date=14 July 2022 |date=13 September 2021}}{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=WeChat is the world's biggest superapp, but it's not the only one |url=https://qz.com/wechat-worlds-biggest-superapp-1850414689 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Quartz |language=en}}{{Cite news |last1=Yang|first1=Yingzhi|last2=Goh|first2=Brenda|title=Factbox: Alibaba and Ant's ties are starting to fray under China's glare|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/alibaba-ants-ties-are-starting-fray-under-chinas-glare-2022-06-21|access-date=14 July 2022| work=reuters.com|publisher=Reuters|date=21 June 2022}}
= Gojek =
Gojek is an Indonesian on-demand multi-service digital platform and fintech payment super-app. Established in Jakarta in 2010, as a call center to connect consumers to courier delivery and two-wheeled ride-hailing services, it launched its mobile app in 2015 with four services: GoRide, GoSend, GoShop, and GoFood, which has since expanded to offer over 20 services. In 2021, it merged with another Indonesian unicorn, Tokopedia, forming the decacorn GoTo Gojek Tokopedia.{{cite news |last1=Tani |first1=Shotaro |title=Indonesia holds key to GoTo's 'aggressive' IPO valuation |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-Spotlight/Indonesia-holds-key-to-GoTo-s-aggressive-IPO-valuation |access-date=14 July 2022 |work=asia.nikkei.com |publisher=Nikkei, Inc. |date=2 June 2022}}
= Grab =
Grab is a Southeast Asian technology company headquartered in Singapore and Indonesia. Founded in 2012 as the MyTeksi app in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, it expanded the following year as GrabTaxi, before moving its headquarters to Singapore in 2014 and rebranding officially as Grab. In addition to ride-hailing and transportation services, the company's mobile app also offers food delivery and digital payment services.{{Cite news |last=Vaswani|first=Karishma|title=Grab: How an Uber killer became a powerful Asian super-app|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56967633|work=bbc.com|publisher=BBC|access-date=14 July 2022|date=3 May 2021}}
= Tata Neu =
Tata Neu is a multi-purpose super-app, developed in India by the Tata Group. It is the country's first super-app. The app was launched to coincide with the start of a 2022 Indian Premier League cricket match.
= WeChat =
WeChat is a Chinese multi-purpose instant messaging, social media and mobile payment app. First released in 2011, it became the world's largest standalone mobile app in 2018, with over 1 billion monthly active users. WeChat provides text messaging, hold-to-talk voice messaging, broadcast (one-to-many) messaging, video conferencing, video games, the sharing of photographs and videos and location sharing.{{Cite news |date=2021-02-05 |title=The race to create the world's next super-app |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55929418 |access-date=2021-08-24 |publisher=BBC News |language=en-GB}}
Criticism
Although apps that fit the super-app classification can offer users a wider variety of services in comparison to single-purpose alternatives, internet regulators in regions such as the US and Europe have become more concerned about the overall power of the technology industry and have become more critical of companies developing such apps. In China, WeChat and other local firms have been ordered to open up their platforms to rivals by local regulators.{{Cite web|last=Heath|first=Alex|date=2021-11-01|title=Rise of the super app|url=https://www.theverge.com/22738395/social-media-super-app-facebook-wechat-shopping|access-date=2022-02-07|website=The Verge|language=en}}
There are also reports that suggest it might be difficult to replicate WeChat's super-app model. This stems partly from the peaking of smartphone penetration rates in many regions worldwide, which have led to overcrowded app stores and tighter restrictions on targeted advertising as regulators assert more control over the companies. From a technical viewpoint, single-purpose apps are comparatively faster, more responsive and easier to navigate than super-apps, which help improve the overall user experience.{{Cite web|title=Commentary: The real reason most super apps are not super great|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/super-app-grab-gojek-taxi-food-delivery-pay-big-tech-2135026|access-date=2022-02-07|website=CNA|language=en}} Super-apps are also likelier to store larger amounts of personal data to facilitate the delivery of their services, and users run a greater risk of becoming victims of severe data breaches. In 2020, this unfolded with Tokopedia, when the data of 91 million users was stolen and shared by hackers.
It has also been noted that a user who loses access to their account or is banned from a super-app generally loses access to multiple real-life services and digital applications, as Chinese government has used this approach to penalize people who shared the photos of the Sitong Bridge protest.{{Cite web |title=The dark side of a super app like WeChat |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/10/18/1061899/dark-side-super-app-wechat/ |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}