Suspension railway

The British engineer Henry Robinson Palmer (1795–1844) filed a patent application for a horse-drawn suspended single-rail system in 1821, and constructed a demonstration at Woolwich Arsenal, in England soon afterwards.{{cite web|url=http://www.albury-field.demon.co.uk/bxind.htm|title=The Industrial History of Broxbourne|website=www.Albury-Field.Demon.co.uk|access-date=30 October 2017}}

German industrial pioneer, thinker and politician Friedrich Harkort built a demonstration track of Palmer's system in 1826, in Elberfeld, Germany, at the time commercial centre of the early industrial area Wupper Valley. The steelmill owner had the vision of a coal-carrier railway between Wupper Valley and the nearby coal-mining region of Ruhr, which would connect his own factories in Elberfeld and Deilbachtal. Due to protests from mill owners that were not integrated along the line and from the transporting branch,{{Clarify|date=March 2011}} this idea could not be executed.{{cite web|url=http://www.lerntippsammlung.de/Friedrich-Harkort.html|title=Friedrich Harkort - Referat, Hausaufgabe, Hausarbeit|website=Referate und Hausaufgaben - Lerntippsammlung.de!|access-date=30 October 2017}}

The first suspended railway was opened at Cheshunt, England, United Kingdom on 25 June 1825, using Palmer's patent. It was built to carry bricks, but as an opening stunt it carried passengers.{{Cite web|url=http://www.monorails.org/tMspages/History.html|title=History of Monorails|website=www.monorails.org}}

A work, Description of the suspension railway invented by Maxwell Dick: with engravings By Maxwell Dick, published in Irvine, Scotland, in 1830, refers to an aerial tramway/cable car system.{{cite web|url=http://www.irvinetimes.com/news/kilwinning/articles/2013/06/14/460750-ayrshire-uncovered|title=Ayrshire Uncovered|website=Irvine Times|access-date=30 October 2017}}

The Enos Electric Railway, an electric-powered monorail with wagons suspended from an elevated frame of open steelwork, was demonstrated in the grounds of the Daft Electric Company in Greenville, New Jersey, in 1886. It was built out of lightweight steel construction and worked well, but was never expanded.{{cite web |url=http://www.hksconsultants.com/skytrain/history.html |title=Zoo Design and Consultancy: HKS Designer and Consultants Co. Ltd. |website=www.hksconsultants.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821184037/http://www.hksconsultants.com/skytrain/history.html |archive-date=2008-08-21}}"Images of America - Winthrop", page 38, Winthrop Historical Commission, Charleston SC, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-7385-0952-5}} In July 1888 a 1.2 mi test track made of wood with a maximum incline of 1:14 and a minimum radius of 12 yards was opened in South Park near Saint Paul, Minnesota. It was planned to built a 25 mi double tracked line from St. Paul to Minneapolis within two years by costs of 2.9 million USD per mile (current purchasing power).{{cite web |url=https://epilog.de/elektrische-hochbahn-in-st-paul-minnesota.zentralblatt-der-bauverwaltung.1889 |title=Elektrische Hochbahn in St. Paul, Minnesota |work=epilog.de |date=2024-01-03 |language=de |access-date=2025-02-26}}

The design of the rail-frame appears to have influenced Eugen Langen, as his Wuppertal Schwebebahn framing bears a remarkable likeness to the Enos construction.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

File:Monorail by Ippolit W. Romanow 05.jpg

In March 1895, Russian engineer Ippolit Romanov (originally from Tbilisi, Georgia) built a prototype of an electric monorail in Odessa, modern-day Ukraine. In 1897, he presented a functional model of his monorail at the meeting of Russian technological society. This idea was approved by the society, and an experimental electric monorail was built in 1899. In 1900, Empress Maria Fedorovna approved the building of an {{convert|0.2|km}} long electric monorail in Gatchina. The monorail was tested on 25 June 1900. The monorail carriage could be loaded with up to {{convert|25|kg}} and moved at a speed of {{convert|15|km/h}}.

File:Wuppertal-100508-12833-Uferstraße.jpg installation in Wuppertal, Germany]]

During the 1880s the German businessman and engineer Eugen Langen experimented in his Cologne sugar factory with a low one-track suspension railway system for the transportation of raw materials.{{Cite web |url=http://www.deutz.de/live_deutz_com/file/chronik_de/app.html |title=App |access-date=2011-01-18 |archive-date=2011-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825094631/http://www.deutz.de/live_deutz_com/file/chronik_de/app.html |url-status=dead }} He was a business partner of Nicolaus Otto, the inventor of the internal-combustion engine, and probably knew the Palmer Railway. In the nearby expanding industrial zone of Wupper Valley, entrepreneurs and governors were looking for a modern urban transportation system. A cooperation between politicians and businessmen from the Barmen-Elberfeld industrial area around 1890 led to the implementation of an electric powered elevated railway system from the factory of Otto and Langen, now Deutz. The official name was Anlage einer elektrischen Hochbahn (Schwebebahn), System Eugen Langen Köln or Electrical Elevated Railroad ("Floating tram") Installation, System Eugen Langen Cologne.{{cite web|url=http://www.ag-sdd.de/ausgew_erw/rundgaenge/vollansicht/rundgang_5/spk_9.htm|title=Denkschrift betreffend die Anlage einer elektrischen Hochbahn (Schwebebahn), System Eugen Langen Köln für Berlin|publisher=„Gasmotoren-Fabrik Deutz AG“, Köln 1894|access-date=2001-11-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718195017/http://www.ag-sdd.de/ausgew_erw/rundgaenge/vollansicht/rundgang_5/spk_9.htm|archive-date=2011-07-18}} to be found in the collection of the AG Sammlung Deutsche Drucke. The installation and stations were built by three companies, among them the company of Friedrich Harkort.

In 1901 the first track of the Wuppertal Schwebebahn opened, and still runs today. In 1903 it was extended to the final length of {{convert|13.3|km|mi}}. This system is still in operation as a means of public transport, moving over 20 million passengers each year.

Langen also designed the Dresden Suspension Railway, a short funicular railway using the same suspended monorail technology, which opened in 1901 and is still in operation.

A unique demonstration electrically powered suspension line was built by the Scottish engineer George Bennie near Glasgow. Two propellers delivered {{convert|240|hp}} in a short burst for acceleration to the cruise speed of 160 km/h. It was not a true monorail as it used an overhead running rail and a guide rail below.

In 1947, Lucien Chadenson became interested in the Bennie Railplane experimental line, and the Paris Metro Route 11, which uses rubber tyres. A test track operated in Chateauneuf, south of Paris from 1958, but attracted no further interest in France. However, the Japanese have built two successful SAFEGE lines, the Siemens Company of Germany has developed a smaller scale system similar to the SAFEGE Monorail. Aerorail of Texas and Sky Train of Florida were promoting steel-wheel versions of SAFEGE as well but both appear to have ceased trading without having installed a system. Japan would later adopt the ALWEG and SAFEGE monorail systems including the Shonan Monorail and build more transit monorails than any other country in the world.

In 1956 Monorail, Incorporated built a short test track of their suspended system at Arrowhead Park in Houston, Texas. The single 55 seat car was called "Trailblazer". Its promoters claimed it could reach speeds of 160 km but no installations were ever built. The system was unusual because the driver's position was on top of the bogies, not in the same cabin as the passengers. After eight months of testing, the track was dismantled and rebuilt at the Texas State fairgrounds where it ran until 1964{{cite web |title=Monorails in History - Part II |url=https://www.monorails.org/tMspages/History2.html |access-date=13 July 2021}}{{cite web |title=ABC13 Vault: Houston's two monorails |website = YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWRBR6Uur_0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/XWRBR6Uur_0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=13 July 2021}}{{cbignore}}

File:UenoZooMonorail1278.jpg

The Ueno Zoo Monorail is a {{convert|0.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} long suspended monorail operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation (Toei). It is similar to the Wuppertal Schwebebahn, but has rubber tires rather than steel wheels.{{cite web|title=Ueno Zoo|url=http://www.monorails.org/tMspages/Ueno.html|access-date=2007-03-30}} The line began operating on 17 December 1958. After 60 years of operation service was suspended on 31 October 2019, with the operator citing the high costs of replacing the aging trains.

In the 1960s in the United States a large number of suspended monorails systems were opened but none were for transit. These included 1962 at the LA County Fair (closed late 1990s),{{cite web |title=L.A. County Fair History |url=https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/la-county-fair-history |access-date=13 July 2021}} 1964–1965 at the New York World's Fair,{{cite web |title=AMF Monorail |url=https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/monorail.htm |access-date=13 July 2021}} in 1964 at Houston International Airport (closed 1966) and in 1966 at two Busch Gardens parks at Van Nuys in California (closed 1979),{{cite web |title=What Happened to That Monorail That Ran Through a Brewery in Van Nuys? |date=September 2020 |url=https://www.lamag.com/askchris/ask-chris-monorail-brewery-van-nuys/ |access-date=13 July 2021}} Tampa in Florida (closed 1999).{{cite web |title=Busch Gardens Africa – History |url=https://www.tampapix.com/buschgardens10.htm |access-date=13 July 2021}}

At the end of the decade, in 1969, a prototype test track of track of the Vero Monocab personal rapid transit was built in Texas. This design was sold to and developed by Rohr, Inc. as the ROMAG system with a new test track built in California.

Based on another new design using small capacity cars, the Jetrail system opened in 1970 at Dallas Love Field Airport taking passengers from a carpark to the terminal. It closed in 1974 when Braniff International Airways moved most of its operations to another airport.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

Based on the SAFEGE design, the Shonan Monorail opened in 1970 in Kamakura, Japan—part of the Greater Tokyo area. It continues in operation today.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

The Chiba Urban Monorail, also in Japan, is the world's largest suspension railway; it is owned and operated by Chiba Urban Monorail Co. Ltd, established in 1979, and the monorail began service in 1988.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

Two further H-Bahn suspension railways were built in Germany in 1975, at Dortmund University campus and Düsseldorf airport. The Memphis Suspension Railway was opened in the United States in 1982.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

File:Skybus Metro Suspended Railway in Margao, Goa, India.jpg

The Skybus Metro was a prototype suspended railway in Goa, India. The system consisted of an elevated track with the cars suspended below the track, like the Wuppertal Schwebebahn or H-Bahn systems in Germany. A {{convert|1.6|km|mi|adj=on}} test track in Margao, Goa started trials in 2004, but on 25 September, one employee was killed and three injured in an accident.{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/23/stories/2004122304661200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114221729/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/23/stories/2004122304661200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-01-14 |title=National : Sky Bus Metro resumes after 3 months |date=2004-12-23 |access-date=2010-08-11 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}} No progress was made after the accident.{{cite web| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1050035.cms| title=Skybus project: Fantasy or reality?| author=Pandey, Vineeta| work=The Times of India| date=2005-03-15| access-date=2006-06-07 }} In 2013, the metro was dismantled.{{Cite web|title = Its final! Konkan Railway Corporation to scrap skybus project - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Its-final-Konkan-Railway-Corporation-to-scrap-skybus-project/articleshow/23940892.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2015-05-30}}{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1yYQcyramb5wecESziWdwWZtxdXkZpUQ897COcdE8H1I|title=ACD article 20th july 2010|website=docs.Google.com|access-date=30 October 2017}}

Four new SAFEGE style suspended railway prototypes, with test tracks and vehicles, have been developed since 2010. In China three have been created, by CRRC Qingdao Sifang in Qingdao,{{cite news |title=Monorail prototype unveiled |url=http://www.china.org.cn/business/2017-07/25/content_41278267.htm |access-date=4 July 2021 |publisher=China.org.cn |date=25 July 2017}}{{cite news |title=CRRC unveils China's first high-tech monorail train powered by magnet motor |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-05/30/content_25522955.htm |access-date=4 July 2021 |publisher=China Daily |date=30 May 2016}} by China Railway Science and Industry Group in Wuhan{{cite news |title=Wuhan tests driverless suspended monorail |url=https://www.railjournal.com/technology/wuhan-tests-driverless-suspended-monorail/ |access-date=4 July 2021 |publisher=International Railway Journal |date=16 November 2020}} and by Zhongtang Air Rail Technology in Chengdu.{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctmL9nUS_XI |title=China unveils transparent, suspended "Sky Train" |publisher=New China TV |date=2019-03-20 |access-date=2023-08-23}} A SAFEGE based test line was also constructed in Glukhovo in the Krasnogorsk District, Russia in 2016.{{cite web |title=Russian suspended monorail - "STRELA": The Test range |website = YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-MZt3Uy5-4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/U-MZt3Uy5-4 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=4 July 2021}}{{cbignore}} As of 2025 just one new system in Wuhan has been completed in 2023, another short one began construction in 2020 in Enshi City China.{{cite news |title=China's first air rail commercial operation line starts |url=https://www.seetao.com/details/27689.html |access-date=4 July 2021 |publisher=Seetao |date=9 June 2020}} There are a number of other projects have been considered in both China and Russia.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

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Note 1: Skybus Metro used the track as a test track, but it was planned to become part of the public line.

File:Монорельсовая дорога 3.JPG

Aside from a multitude of indoor uses in factories, suspended railways are also used for number of outdoor applications other than passenger transportation.

In the 1920s the Port of Hamburg used a petrol powered, suspended monorail to transport luggage and freight from ocean-going vessels to a passenger depot.{{cite news |title=Passengers' Luggage Handled Speedily by Monorail Line (Jul, 1929) |url=http://blog.modernmechanix.com/passengers-luggage-handled-speedily-by-monorail-line/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |publisher=Modern Mechanics |date=July 1929 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811010727/http://blog.modernmechanix.com/passengers-luggage-handled-speedily-by-monorail-line/ |archive-date=2014-08-11}}

Very small and light weight systems have been used widely on farms to transport crops such as bananas.{{cite news |title=Far north Queensland gets a monorail... for bananas |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2012-04-17/far-north-queensland-gets-a-monorail-for-bananas/6167136 |publisher=ABC News |date=17 April 2012}}{{cite web |title=Banana Field Monorails Exist! |url=https://www.monorails.org/tMspages/banana.html |access-date=4 July 2021}}

In the mining industry suspended monorails have been used because of their ability to descend and climb steep tunnels using rack and pinion drive. This significantly reduces cost and length of tunnels, by up to 60% in some cases, which otherwise must be at gentle gradients to suit road vehicles or conventional railways.{{cite web |last1=Besa |first1=Bunda |title=Evaluation of monorail haulage systems in metalliferous underground mining |date=July 2010 |pages=390 |url=https://espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/20.500.11937/1196 |access-date=4 July 2021}}{{cite news |title=Monorail Suspended Transport |url=https://www.mining-technology.com/products/monorail-suspended-transport/ |access-date=4 July 2021 |publisher=Mining Technology |date=23 February 2018}}

A suspended monorail capable of carrying fully loaded 20' and 40' containers has been under construction since 2020 at the Port of Qingdao, the first phase of which was put into operation in 2021.{{cite news |title=Qingdao Port smart system a world first |url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202011/17/WS5fb333b9a31024ad0ba9497e.html |access-date=4 July 2021 |publisher=China Daily |date=17 November 2020}}{{cite web |title=World's first smart container transport system put into use at east China's Qingdao Port 全球首個智能集裝箱運輸 |website = YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQILPiUGETo&t=7s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/SQILPiUGETo |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=4 July 2021}}{{cbignore}}

• Automated guideway transit
• Suspended roller coaster, examples of similar technology used in amusement rides
• Shweeb, a pedal powered, suspended monorail, Personal Rapid Transit system
• WireRoad/tarbato a pedal powered suspended monorail developed in Nepal in 2004

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Category:English inventions