Swallow Reef

{{Short description|Oceanic atoll of the Spratly Islands administered by Malaysia}}

{{For|the area of Mount Kinabalu|Layang-Layang (Mount Kinabalu)}}

{{Infobox islands

| disputed = yes

| name = Swallow Reef

| type = atoll

| other_names =
Pulau Layang-Layang (Malay)
Đá Hoa Lau (Vietnamese)
彈丸礁, 燕子島, 拉央拉央岛 (Chinese)
Celerio Reef (Philippine English)
Bahura ng Celerio (Filipino)

| image_name = Swallow Reef, Spratly Islands.png

| image_size = 250px

| image_caption = Satellite image of Swallow Reef by NASA.

| pushpin_map = Spratly Islands relief

| location = South China Sea

| coordinates = {{coord|7|22|20|N|113|50|30|E|display=inline,title}}

| archipelago = Spratly Islands

| area_ha = 35

| country = {{MYS}}

| country_admin_divisions_title = State

| country_admin_divisions = {{flag|Sabah}}

| country1 = {{CHN}}

| country1_admin_divisions_title = City

| country1_admin_divisions = Sansha, Hainan

| country2 = {{MYS}}

| country2_admin_divisions_title = State

| country2_admin_divisions = Sabah

| country3 = {{TWN}}

| country3_admin_divisions_title = Municipality

| country3_admin_divisions = Cijin, Kaohsiung

| country4 = {{VNM}}

| country4_admin_divisions_title = District

| country4_admin_divisions = Truong Sa, Khanh Hoa

| additional_info = Malaysian population: 70{{Cite web|url=http://www.malaysiasite.nl/layangeng.htm|title = Layang Layang Atoll}}

Malaysian postal code: 88005

}}

File:Đá Hoa Lau.png

Swallow Reef, also known as {{langx|ms|Pulau Layang-Layang|lit=}}; {{langx|vi|Đá Hoa Lau}}; Mandarin {{zh|t=|s=|p=Yànzi Dǎo|c=燕子島}}; Celerio Reef ({{langx|fil|Bahura ng Celerio|lit=}}), is an oceanic atoll of the Spratly Islands administered by Malaysia.

The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) has maintained a presence on the reef since 1983, but as with all of the Spratly Islands, the ownership is disputed, and it is also claimed by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Vietnam. The Philippines does not lay claim to Swallow Reef.The Philippines does not lay claim to Swallow Reef; it is outside of the Kalayaan Island Group which was defined by Presidential Decree No. 1596 signed by Ferdinand Marcos - {{cite web |url=http://www.verafiles.org/docs/pd1596.pdf |title=Philippine Presidential Decree No. 1596 |access-date=31 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006170547/http://www.verafiles.org/docs/pd1596.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}

Geography

The atoll lies some {{convert|300|km|abbr=on}} north-west of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. It is about 7 km long and 2 km wide with a central lagoon. The part of the atoll above sea level is a reef on the south-east rim which had an original land area of {{convert|6.2|ha|acres}}, which with subsequent reclaimation now covers {{convert|35|ha|abbr=on}},{{cite web | url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150210000053&cid=1101 | title=WantChinaTimes(Taiwan) | accessdate=16 March 2015}} measuring over {{convert|1.5|km|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|200|m|abbr=on}} wide.{{cite web | url=http://konflikdanmiliter.blogspot.sg/2014/09/history-of-station-lima-at-swallow-reef.html | title=History of Station Lima at Swallow Reef (Terumbu Layang-Layang)|date=8 September 2014|website=Konflikdanmiliter |publisher=Blogspot| accessdate=15 March 2015}}

=Climate=

Swallow Reef is located within the equatorial belt and has an equatorial climate. It is closed to tourists from November to January each year due to heavy monsoon rains, however, Malaysian Armed Forces personnel operate on the island year-long. Temperatures range from 24 to 32 °C. Although an equatorial climate comes with fairly high humidity, there are cooling sea breezes.

=Important Bird Area=

The island has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it regularly supports a significant breeding colony of greater crested terns, with 750–2,550 individual birds recorded.{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/16035|title=Pulau Layang-Layang|author= |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-15}}

History

On 21 June 1980, a plaque was erected on the reef by Malaysia's PASKAL special forces.[http://securemalaysia.blogspot.sg/2009/05/royal-malaysian-navy-offshore-eez.html This blog] contains a useful summary of the history of the Malaysian settlements in the Spratly Islands. It expands on the basic facts provided in the Mohd Nizam Basiron chapter (Ref 4), filling in some of the gaps.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}
(Note: A blog is NOT a WP:RS - hence the "citation needed" tag - but until a RS is identified, it's better than nothing.)

In May 1983, eighteen PASKAL members built their first encampment, signifying the start of the Royal Malaysian Navy's presence. At the time, the only infrastructure available was a helipad for personnel transfer, and the special forces had to camp under the open skies on the bare reef. Naval Station "Lima" was constructed in April 1986, consisting of a small living-cum-operations centre.

In 1989, the government decided to develop the island into a tourist spot. By 1991, the resort had completed construction and had developed into a comfortable and popular diving spot. By 1995, more buildings were added, including two air-conditioned accommodation blocks, an aircraft landing strip, two hangars, a radar station, an air traffic control tower, watchtowers and a jetty.

On 20 July 2003, the Layang-Layang Airport expansion which increased the length of the runway from {{convert|1064|m|foot}} to {{convert|1367|m|foot}} was completed. As a result, the length of the island increased from 1.2 kilometres to over 1.5 kilometres.

In July 2004, a marine research facility, MARSAL (Marine Research Station Pulau Layang-Layang) was opened.{{cite book |author= Mohd Nizam Basiron |chapter=5 |title= The search for sustainability and security : Malaysia's maritime challenges and opportunities |editor1=Joshua Ho |editor2=Sam Bateman |work= Maritime Challenges and Priorities in Asia: Implications for Regional Security |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQEw-ffhOykC&pg=PA74|year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-29820-2 |pages=73–75}}

On 5 March 2009, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, the Malaysian Prime Minister of the time, visited the island.{{cite web | url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnMobile/News_Content.aspx?s=753CCE4C4E158D55 | title=Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs | accessdate=16 March 2015}}

Tourism

The island has gained recognition as a destination for scuba divers.{{Cite journal |title=Layang Layang: An Empirical Study on Scuba Divers' Satisfaction |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233645574 |journal=ResearchGate |last=Musa|first=Ghazali |date=October 2006 }} Layang Layang is especially known for the hammerhead sharks during the May mating season, among a variety of marine life including pygmy seahorses, jack fish, barracuda and manta rays.{{cite web | url=https://www.diveglobal.com/diving/layang-layang/ | title=Scuba Diving in Layang Layang|website=DiveGlobal}} Its air transport needs are served by the Layang-Layang Airport.

=Gallery=

File:Swallow Reef sea1.jpg

File:Swallow Reef sea2.jpg

File:Swallow Reef sea3.jpg

File:Layang-Layang diving6.jpg

File:Layang-Layang diving11.jpg

File:Layang-Layang diving12.jpg

File:Layang-Layang diving17.jpg

File:Layang-Layang diving19.jpg

File:Layang-Layang diving23.jpg

File:Layang-Layang diving25.jpg

File:Layang-Layang diving35.jpg

File:Layang-Layang diving42.jpg

File:Layang-Layang diving9.jpg

Facilities and access

= Layang-Layang Airport =

File:Swallow Reef6.jpg

The airport consists of a paved aircraft runway, two aircraft hangars, a radar station, an air traffic control tower and watchtowers. The runway, made of concrete, is 1367m long and 28m wide. The runway has a Pavement Classification Number of 032RBXU, indicating that the runway is a medium strength rigid pavement, with a high maximum tire pressure.{{cite web | url=http://www.airports-worldwide.com/spratly_islands/swallow_reef_spratly_islands.php | title=AirportsWorldwide | accessdate=15 March 2015}}

The Royal Malaysian Air Force uses CN-235 and C-130 Hercules aircraft as well as CN-235 maritime patrol aircraft and Nuri helicopters for access to the island.

The only civilian flight route to Swallow Reef is a one-hour flight from Sabah's capital Kota Kinabalu. Layang Layang Aerospace is the only airline that services this route, using its fleet of Nomad N22C planes. A return ticket must be purchased before departure from Kota Kinabalu International Airport.

= Naval Station Lima =

File:Swallow Reef9.jpg

The jetty is located inside the lagoon of the submerged atoll, and has access to the sea through a man-made path cleared of corals.

The Royal Malaysian Navy uses CB90 boats for access to the area and also stations the boats on the island for patrols in the area.

The Royal Malaysian Navy has maintained an "offshore naval station" on the island since 1983, and CB90 assault craft based in the station patrol the surrounding waters. Several anti-ship and anti-aircraft guns are placed around the reef, and the personnel operate a Starburst air defence system to prevent low level attacks on the island.

The naval personnel are normally stationed on the island on a three-month rotational deployment, transferring from Kota Kinabalu, where the Naval Area Base II (Mawila II) is located.{{cite web | url=http://navypaskal.blogspot.sg/2007/12/well-primed-to-repel-attacks.html | title=Well primed to repel attacks|author=Zulkifli Abd Rahman |date=2 December 2007|website=Navy Paskal Fan Page|publisher=Blogspot| accessdate=15 March 2015}}

= Marine Research Station =

The Malaysian Fisheries department operates a marine research facility, MARSAL (Marine Research Station Pulau Layang-Layang) on the island.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

= Layang-Layang Resort =

Layang-Layang is a 3 star resort located on the island open from 28 February – 1 September. It has 86 rooms and shares the look of a Borneo Longhouse, the traditional community homes of Borneo's tribal people. The resort's restaurant serves Asian and Western Cuisine. There are also fresh water swimming pools and a body massage and foot reflexology centre called Raba Raba House.{{cite web | url=http://www.journeymalaysia.com/islandlayanglayang.htm | title=JourneyMalaysia | accessdate=15 March 2015}}[http://www.layanglayang.com/resort.php?lang=en Layang Layang Island Resort], www.layanglayang.com{{Cite web |url=http://www.layanglayang.com/diving.php?lang=en |title=Layang Layang Island Resort - Diving |publisher= layanglayang.com }}

File:Swallow Reef10.jpg

File:Swallow Reef3.jpg

File:Swallow Reef8.jpg

= Utilities =

== Electricity ==

The main power source of the island comes from diesel generators. On the naval station, there is a large windmill maintained by state-owned power company Tenaga Nasional which harnesses power from wind speeds of up to 50 knots to provide additional electricity supply to the base.

== Water ==

The island's clean water supply of 57 tons per day is obtained from a distilled water processing plant.

== Postal service ==

In 2015, Malaysia launched a postcode for those living on the island.{{cite web|url=http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v8/ge/newsgeneral.php?id=1159562|title=Deepest Underwater Post Box Launched at Pulau Layang-layang|publisher=Bernama|date=7 August 2015|access-date=9 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809003406/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v8/ge/newsgeneral.php?id=1159562|archive-date=9 August 2015|url-status=dead}}

== Communications==

Internet services are currently been improved and mobile connectivities will be improved from 2G to 4G by Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission.{{cite web|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/nasional/skmm-naik-taraf-internet-di-pulau-layang-layang-1.417295|title=SKMM naik taraf internet di Pulau Layang-layang|language=Malay|publisher=Sinar Harian|date=7 August 2015|accessdate=9 August 2015}}