Swedish Security Service

{{Short description|Law enforcement and counter-terrorism agency of the Swedish government}}

{{Infobox government agency

| agency_name = Swedish Security Service

| nativename = Säkerhetspolisen

| seal = File:Säkerhetspolisen vapen.svg

| seal_width = 120px

| seal_caption = Coat of arms of Säkerhetspolisen

| formed = {{start date|df=yes|1989|10|01}}

| preceding1 = National Police Board's Department of Security

| preceding2 =

| dissolved =

| superseding =

| jurisdiction =

| headquarters = Bolstomtavägen 2, Solna, Sweden

| coordinates = {{coord|59|21|09.5|N|18|00|38.3|E|type:landmark_region:SE|display=inline}}

| employees = Approximately 1,400 (2020){{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2020|p=68}}

| budget = SEK 1.56 billion (2019){{Cite web|url=https://www.esv.se/statsliggaren/regleringsbrev/?RBID=19529|title=Regleringsbrev för budgetåret 2019 avseende Säkerhetspolisen|date=20 December 2018|website=Swedish Financial Management Authority|trans-title=Regulation letter for fiscal year 2019 regarding the Swedish Security Service}}

| minister1_name = Gunnar Strömmer

| minister1_pfo = Minister for Justice

| chief1_name = {{ill|Charlotte von Essen|sv}}, since 26 August 2021

| chief1_position = Director-General

| chief2_name =

| chief2_position =

| parent_agency = Ministry of Justice

| website = {{URL|https://www.sakerhetspolisen.se/}}

| footnotes =

| logo =

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}}

The Swedish Security Service ({{langx|sv|Säkerhetspolisen}} {{IPA|sv|ˈsɛ̂ːkɛrheːtspʊˌliːsɛn|}}, SÄPO {{IPA|sv|ˈsɛ̌ːpʊ||sv-SÄPO.ogg}}, {{lit|The security-police}}, formerly {{lang|sv|Rikspolisstyrelsens säkerhetsavdelning}}, RPS/Säk, {{lit|Security Department of the National Police Board}}Rikets säkerhet och den personliga integriteten. De svenska säkerhetstjänsternas författningsskyddade verksamhet sedan år 1945. (SOU 2002:87), p. 15. until 1989) is a Swedish government agency organized under the Ministry of Justice. It operates as a security agency responsible for counter-espionage, counter-terrorism, as well as the protection of dignitaries and the constitution. The Swedish Security Service is also tasked with investigating crimes against national security and terrorist crimes.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2013|p=8}}{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Yearbook'|p=9}}{{sfn|SFS 1984:387|loc=§ 3}} Its main mission, however, is to prevent crimes, not to investigate them. Crime prevention is to a large extent based on information acquired via contacts with the regular police force, other authorities and organisations, foreign intelligence and security services, and with the use of various intelligence gathering activities, including interrogations, telephone tapping, covert listening devices, and hidden surveillance cameras.{{sfn|SOU 2012:44|pp=114, 118–123}}{{sfn|2014/15:JuU2}}

The Service was, in its present form, founded in 1989, as part of the National Police Board and became an autonomous police agency on 1 January 2015.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'History'}}{{sfn|2013/14:JuU1}} National headquarters are located at Bolstomtavägen{{cite web|url=http://www.sakerhetspolisen.se/om-sakerhetspolisen/kontakta-oss.html |title=Kontakta oss - Säkerhetspolisen |work=Sakerhetspolisen.se |access-date=15 October 2018}} in south-east Solna since 2014, drawing together personnel from five different locations into a single {{convert|30000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} HQ facility.{{sfn|Törnmalm|2010}}{{sfn|Skanska 2015}}

History

File:Adlercreutz4.jpeg, credited with the formation of the General Security Service in 1938]]

The origins of the Swedish Security Service is often linked to the establishment of a special police bureau ({{lang|sv|Polisbyrån}}) during the First World War in 1914, which reported directly to the General Staff, predecessor of the Office for the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.{{sfn|Nationalencyklopedin 1989}}{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2014|pp=7, 9}} The bureau's main mission was protecting national security (e.g. counter-espionage), and its first chief was Captain Erik af Edholm.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2014|pp=7, 9}} Operations shut down after the end of the war in 1918, although some intelligence activities carried on at the Stockholm police, managed by a small group of approximately ten police officers led by Chief Superintendent Eric Hallgren, who later was to become the first chief of the General Security Service ({{lang|sv|Allmänna säkerhetstjänsten}}).{{sfn|Nationalencyklopedin 1989}}{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2014|pp=7, 10, 15}} Operations were mainly focused on monitoring communists from the start of the war until the early 1930s when the service also began to focus on Nazis.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2014|pp=9–12}}

In 1932, operations were transferred to the newly formed State Police ({{lang|sv|statspolisen}}).{{sfn|Nationalencyklopedin 1989}} The group of officers working at the State Police did not have the means to monitor phone calls or to intercept and open mail. This, and the general lack of staff and financial resources worried the chief of Sweden's military intelligence, Lieutenant-Colonel Carlos Adlercreutz, who felt the country needed a more powerful security agency if Europe once again ended up in war. Thus, in 1938 the General Security Service was formed, following an initiative by Adlercreutz and Ernst Leche at the Ministry of Justice, among others.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2014|pp=15–16}} The entire organisation and its activities were top-secret. During the Second World War the agency monitored about 25,000 phone calls and intercepted over 200,000 letters every week.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2014|pp=16–18}} In 1946, following a post-war parliamentary evaluation, operations were significantly reduced and once again organized under the State Police, mainly tasked with counter-espionage.{{sfn|Nationalencyklopedin 1989}}{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2014|pp=7, 19}} In 1965, the Swedish police was nationalized, and all work was organized under the National Police Board in the Department of Security ({{lang|sv|Rikspolisstyrelsens säkerhetsavdelning}}, abbreviated {{lang|sv|italic=unset|RPS/SÄK}}).{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2014|p=5}}{{sfn|Grahn|2013}}

File:Stig.Wennerstrom.jpg

The period between 1939 and 1945 was marked by extensive foreign intelligence activity in Sweden, resulting in the arrest of numerous spies and enemy agents. Some of the most notorious post-war spies are Fritiof Enbom, Hilding Andersson, Stig Wennerström and Stig Bergling. In all of these cases the spying was done on behalf of the Soviet Union and the spies were convicted to lifetime of penal labour, the supreme penalty under civilian law. All were, however, pardoned after roughly ten years.{{sfn|Nationalencyklopedin 1989}}{{efn|Life imprisonment for Bergling, who escaped, returned voluntarily, and served a total of 11 years before released.}}

In the early 1970s, Sweden was rocked by a number of terrorist acts perpetrated by Croatian separatists. Some of the most significant cases were the 1971 Yugoslavian embassy attack in Stockholm and the hijacking of Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 130 a year later.{{sfn|Forsberg|2003|loc=Bilaga 1}} The inception of the first Terrorist Act in 1973 was an immediate policy upshot of this, which among other things gave the police the right to deport people affiliated with terrorist organizations without delay. These incidents also led to internal changes within the Department of Security, which received more resources.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2014|pp=5, 35, 40}}{{sfn|Hansén|2007|pp=47–48, 175, 178}} On 28 February 1986, Prime Minister Olof Palme was assassinated by an unknown gunman. The Department was not widely criticized, partly because Palme himself had declined protection on the night of the murder.{{sfn|Hansén|2007|p=163}} It nevertheless sparked the resignation of the National Police Commissioner Nils Erik Åhmansson and the head of the Department, Sune Sandström, following the revelation of the Ebbe Carlsson affair in 1988.{{sfn|Isaksson|2007}}

The Swedish Security Service was established on 1 October 1989, on the recommendations put forward by a Government committee tasked with evaluating the Department of Security following the assassination of Palme.{{sfn|Forsberg|2003|p=18}} The new agency was—although still formally a part of the National Police Board—more independent, with its own Director-General and political oversight also increased.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2013|p=12}}{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2014|p=47}}{{sfn|Hansén|2007|pp=89–90, 178}} Furthermore, the Service took over the formal responsibility for all close protection tasks, which was previously shared with the National Police Board and the Stockholm County Police.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2014|p=47}}{{sfn|Hansén|2007|p=87}} On 10 September 2003, Minister for Foreign Affairs Anna Lindh was assassinated by Mijailo Mijailović, who was arrested two weeks later. The Government reviewed its procedures in the wake of the Lindh killing,{{sfn|SOU 2004:108}} which led to the doubling of the number of close-protection officers.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Livvakter'}} On 1 January 2015, the police reorganized again into a unified agency, with the Swedish Security Service becoming a fully independent agency.{{sfn|Swedish Ministry of Justice 2015}}

Areas of responsibility

{{Pie chart

| caption=Spending 2014{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Yearbook'|p=10}}

| label1 = Dignitary protection

| value1 = 44 | color1 = #a6cee3

| label2 = Counter-terrorism

| value2 = 30 | color2 = #1f78b4

| label3 = Counter-espionage

| value3 = 12 | color3 = #b2df8a

| label4 = Counter-subversion

| value4 = 10 | color4 = #33a02c

| label5 = Protective security

| value5 = 4 | color5 =#fff9a3

}}

The Swedish Security Service's main tasks and responsibilities are:{{sfn|SFS 1984:387|loc=§ 3}}{{sfn|Nationalencyklopedin 1989}}

Counter-espionage – preventing and detecting espionage and other unlawful intelligence activities; targeting Sweden, its national interests abroad, and also foreign interests and refugees within the borders of Sweden.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Yearbook'|p=9}}
Counter-subversion – to counter illegal subversive activities (e.g. violence, threats and harassment targeting elected representatives, public officials and journalists) intended to affect policy-making and implementation, or prevent citizens from exercising their constitutional rights and freedoms.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Yearbook'|p=9}}
Counter-terrorism – preventing and detecting terrorism; this includes acts of terrorism directed against Sweden or foreign interests within the borders of Sweden, as well as terrorism in other countries and the financing and support of terrorist organizations in Sweden.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Yearbook'|p=9}}
Dignitary protection – providing security and close protection officers at state visits, to senior public officials (e.g. the Speaker of the Riksdag, Prime Minister, members of the Riksdag and the Government, including State Secretaries and the Cabinet Secretary), the Royal Family, foreign diplomatic representatives, etc. As of 2014, the Service had 130 close protection officers.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Yearbook'|p=9}}{{sfn|SFS 2014:1103|loc=§ 4}}
Protective security – providing advice, analysis and oversight to companies and government agencies of importance to national security, in addition to background checks.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Yearbook'|p=9}}

Organisation

The Swedish Security Service became a separate agency 1 January 2015, and is directly organized under the Ministry of Justice. Similar to other government agencies in Sweden, it is essentially autonomous. Under the 1974 Instrument of Government, neither the Government nor individual ministers have the right to influence how an agency decide in a particular case or on the application of legislation. This also applies to the Security Service, which instead is governed by general policy instruments.{{sfn|Beckman|Olsson|Wockelberg|2003|pp=19–20}}{{efn|name=A|See also the article on Ministerstyre and the official translation of the constitution at the Riksdag website: [https://www.riksdagen.se/Global/dokument/dokument/laws/the-instrument-of-government-2012.pdf 1974 Instrument of Government], Chapter 12, Art. 2}} What sets the Security Service apart from other agencies is that most directives guiding the Service are classified on the grounds of national security, along with the bulk of the reports it produces.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2013|p=12}} The Service is led by a Director-General, who is titled Head of the Swedish Security Service. Operations are led by a Chief Operating Officer, reporting directly the Head of the Security Service. He is in turn assisted by a Deputy Chief Operating Officer and an Office for Operations. The Service is organized into four departments and a secretariat, each led by a Head of Department.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Organisation'}}

{{chart top|Swedish Security Service organisational chart{{efn|name=B|Based on an [http://www.säpo.se/download/18.1beef5fc14cb83963e7c9c/1431332513287/Organisationsskiss_ny_ny_lag.pdf organisational chart] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20150730091704/http://www.sakerhetspolisen.se/en/swedish-security-service/about-us/organisation.html translation] published by SÄPO in 2015}} }}

{{chart|boxstyle=background:#9ecae1;| | | | | | | | | | baa || | | | | | | || |baa=Director-General & Deputy Director}}

{{chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#deebf7;| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | ,| bbc || |bbc=Financial Management}}

{{chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#deebf7;| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | !| bcc || |bcc=Human Resources}}

{{chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#deebf7;| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | !| bdc || |bdc=Internal Security & Risk Management}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|beb|(|bec ||

|boxstyle_beb =background-color: #c6dbef;

|boxstyle_bec =background-color: #deebf7;

|beb=Secretariat for Management Support

|bec=Strategic Management Support

}}

{{chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#deebf7;| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | !| bfc || |bfc=Public Affairs & Communications}}

{{chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#deebf7;| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | !| bgc || |bgc=Legal Affairs}}

{{chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#deebf7;| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | `| bhc || |bhc=Operational Control}}

{{chart| |oaa |-|gaa |-|gab |-|gac |-|gad | | | | | | | |

|boxstyle_oaa =background-color: #fdae6b;

|boxstyle_gaa =background-color: #a1d99b;

|boxstyle_gab =background-color: #a1d99b;

|boxstyle_gac =background-color: #a1d99b;

|boxstyle_gad =background-color: #a1d99b;

|oaa=Chief Operating Officer & Deputy Chief Operating Officer

|gaa=Department of Intelligence Collection

|gad=Department for Central Support Functions

|gac=Department of Security Measures

|gab=Department of Security Intelligence

}}

{{chart|oba |(| |gba | |gbb | |gbc | |gbd | | | | | | | |

|boxstyle_oba =background-color: #fdae6b;

|boxstyle_gba =background-color: #c7e9c0;

|boxstyle_gbb =background-color: #c7e9c0;

|boxstyle_gbc =background-color: #c7e9c0;

|boxstyle_gbd =background-color: #c7e9c0;

|oba=Office for Operations

|gba=Coordination

|gbb=Desk

|gbc=Information Security

|gbd=Procurement

}}

{{chart| |oca | |gca | |gcb | |gcc | |gcd | | | | | | | |

|boxstyle_oca =background-color: #fdd0a2;

|boxstyle_gca =background-color: #c7e9c0;

|boxstyle_gcb =background-color: #c7e9c0;

|boxstyle_gcc =background-color: #c7e9c0;

|boxstyle_gcd =background-color: #c7e9c0;

|oca=Counter-espionage

|gca=HUMINT*

|gcb=Processing

|gcc=Risk Reduction

|gcd=Facilities & Services

}}

{{chart| |oda | |gda | |gdb | |gdc | |gdd | | | | | | | |

|boxstyle_oda =background-color: #fdd0a2;

|boxstyle_gda =background-color: #c7e9c0;

|boxstyle_gdb =background-color: #c7e9c0;

|boxstyle_gdc =background-color: #c7e9c0;

|boxstyle_gdd =background-color: #c7e9c0;

|oda=Counter-terrorism

|gda=Surveillance

|gdb=Analysis

|gdc=Investigation

|gdd=Technical Support

}}

{{chart| |oea |! |gea | | | | | |gec | | | | | | | | | |

|boxstyle_oea =background-color: #fdd0a2;

|boxstyle_gea =background-color: #c7e9c0;

|boxstyle_gec =background-color: #c7e9c0;

|oea=Counter-subversion

|gea=Technical Intelligence

|gec=Close Protection

}}

{{chart| |ofa |` |ofb | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

|boxstyle_ofa =background-color: #fdd0a2;

|boxstyle_ofb =background-color: #d9d9d9;

|ofa=Security

|ofb=Project Teams

}}

*Includes regional units

File:Magdalena Andersson during the "budget walk" to Parliament, Oct 23, 2014 01.jpg Magdalena Andersson in 2014.]]

;Department for Central Support Functions

:Provides all support processes needed for day-to-day operations.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Organisation'}}

;Department of Intelligence Collection

:In charge of intelligence gathering through the use of secret surveillance, informants or other interpersonal contacts, and by use of information technology (e.g. signals intelligence). Included in the department are the regional units, which primarily conduct human intelligence (HUMINT) operations and offer local knowledge and support to HQ.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Organisation'}}

;Department of Security Intelligence

:Responsible for security intelligence work, primarily aimed at providing the Service with data for decisions regarding security measures.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Organisation'}}

;Department of Security Measures

:Deals with threat mitigation and risk reduction measures. Areas of responsibility include close protection, investigations, information security, physical security and background checks.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Organisation'}}

;Secretariat for Management Support

:Tasked with providing support to management.{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Organisation'}}

= Offices =

The Service has a regional presence and operates from several locations; from its headquarters in Solna and from six regional units with offices in Umeå, Uppsala, Örebro, Norrköping, Gothenburg and Malmö. The Service has approximately 1,100 employees, of which about 10 percent are stationed at the regional offices. The regional units are based on the geographic boundaries of several counties:{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Yearbook'}}{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Regional Units'}}

File:SWE-Map Säkerhetspolisen.svg

{{legend|#fff9a3| North – Västernorrland, Jämtland, Västerbotten and Norrbotten}}

{{legend|#f77767| East – Södermanland, Östergötland and Jönköping}}

{{legend|#bce29d| South – Kronoberg, Kalmar, Blekinge and Skåne}}

= Head of the Swedish Security Service =

List of current and past executive officers:{{sfn|Swedish Security Service 2014}}

Mats Börjesson (1989–1994)
Anders Eriksson (1994–1999)
Jan Danielsson (2000–2003)
Klas Bergenstrand (2004–2007)
Anders Danielsson (2007–2012)
Anders Thornberg (2012–2018)
Klas Friberg (2018–2021)
Charlotte von Essen (2021– )

In popular culture

The Security Service's role in Cold War counterintelligence is referred to in the second and third novels of the best-selling Millennium series by Swedish writer Stieg Larsson.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

"Swedish intelligence" was frequently referenced on the American Cold War spy drama television show The Americans. The male lead character on the show, Philip Jennings, had an alias who worked for Swedish intelligence.{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2014/05/the-americans-wig-of-the-week-elizabeths-blonde-tresses/361512/|title='The Americans' Wig of the Week: Elizabeth's Blonde Tresses|last1=Zuckerman|first1=Esther|publisher=The Atlantic|date=1 May 2014|access-date=9 February 2022}}

Notes

References

= Citations =

= Bibliography =

{{cite book

|last1 = Beckman

|first1 = Ludvig

|last2 = Olsson

|first2 = Stefan

|last3 = Wockelberg

|first3 = Helena

|title = Demokratin och mordet på Anna Lindh

|url = http://rib.msb.se/Filer/pdf/20177.pdf

|year = 2003

|isbn = 91-85053-37-6

|location = Uppsala

|publisher = Krisberedskapsmyndigheten

|language = sv

}}

{{cite book

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|first = Anders

|title = Ebbe: mannen som blev en affär

|year = 2007

|isbn = 978-91-85555-03-1

|location = Stockholm

|publisher = Albert Bonniers Förlag

|language = sv

}}

{{cite book

|author =

|title = 1914–2014 – 100 år med svensk säkerhetstjänst

|url = http://www.utbudet.se/storage/ma/6f4e6e89e8ee474da9b1d4f71478c788/5c9e764a8fc6497eb0b4f08384d11bcb/pdf/E29264F8D97A1696BF6CC6FD35248E87336FD2BC/100%20%C3%A5r%20med%20svensk%20s%C3%A4kerhetstj%C3%A4nst.pdf

|year = 2014

|id = LIBRIS-ID 18102882

|location = Stockholm

|publisher = Swedish Security Service (Edita Bobergs)

|language = sv

|access-date = 27 August 2015

|ref = {{SfnRef|Swedish Security Service 2014}} }}

{{cite book

|author =

|title = Säkerhetspolisens årsbok 2014

|url = http://www.sakerhetspolisen.se/download/18.4c7cab6d1465fb27b01f1a/1426682274489/Arsbok2014_webb_slutgiltig.pdf

|date = March 2015

|isbn = 978-91-86661-10-6

|location = Stockholm

|publisher = Swedish Security Service (Edita Bobergs)

|language = sv

|access-date = 19 July 2015

|ref = {{SfnRef|Swedish Security Service 2015, 'Yearbook'}} }}

{{cite book

|author =

|title = Säkerhetspolisen 2020

|url = https://www.sakerhetspolisen.se/om-sakerhetspolisen/publikationer/sakerhetspolisens-arsberattelse/sakerhetspolisen-2020.html

|year = 2021

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{{cite book

|author =

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|date = May 2014

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|ref = {{SfnRef|Swedish Security Service 2013}} }}

{{cite book

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|title = Crisis and Perspectives on Policy Change: Swedish Counter-terrorism Policymaking

|url = http://www.fhs.se/Documents/Externwebben/forskning/centrumbildningar/Crismart/Publikationer/Publikationsserier/Volume%2034.pdf

|year = 2007

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|location = Vällingby

|publisher = Swedish National Defence College

|language = en

|access-date = 28 August 2015

}}

{{cite book

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|year = 2003

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|location = Stockholm

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|language = sv

}}

{{cite journal

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|first = Ossian

|date = 13 May 2013

|title = Från golvet genom taket

|url = http://polistidningen.se/2013/05/fran-golvet-genom-taket/

|language = sv

|journal = Polistidningen

|publisher = Swedish Police Union

|access-date = 7 August 2015

}}

{{cite news

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|date = 2 July 2010

|title = Nu flyttar Säpo – till Ingenting

|url = http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article12373323.ab

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150722060413/http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article12373323.ab

|language = sv

|newspaper = Aftonbladet

|access-date = 28 August 2015

|archive-date = 22 July 2015

}}

{{cite report

|author=Hans Regner

|date = 9 November 2004

|title = Personskyddet för den centrala statsledningen

|id = SOU 2004:108

|language = sv

|url = http://www.regeringen.se/rattsdokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2004/11/sou-2004108/

|publisher = Government of Sweden

|format = PDF

|location = Stockholm

|access-date = 17 August 2015

|ref = {{SfnRef|SOU 2004:108}} |display-authors=etal}}

{{cite web

|url = http://www.esv.se/Verktyg--stod/Statsliggaren/Regleringsbrev/?RBID=16592

|title = Regleringsbrev för budgetåret 2015 avseende Säkerhetspolisen

|trans-title = Letter of appropriation

|language = sv

|date = 22 December 2014

|publisher = Swedish National Financial Management Authority

|access-date = 21 July 2015

|ref = {{SfnRef|Swedish National Financial Management Authority 2014}} }}

{{cite report

|author = Sten Heckscher

|date = 28 June 2012

|title = Hemliga tvångsmedel mot allvarliga brott

|id = SOU 2012:44

|language = sv

|url = http://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/200e45edd98b4319b588beb0c49ef294/hemliga-tvangsmedel-mot-allvarliga-brott-hela-dokumentet-sou-201244

|publisher = Government of Sweden

|format = PDF

|location = Stockholm

|access-date = 28 August 2015

|ref = {{SfnRef|SOU 2012:44}} }}

{{cite web

|url = http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Forordning-20141103-med-ins_sfs-2014-1103/?bet=2014:1103

|title = Sfs 2014:1103

|trans-title = Ordinance

|language = sv

|date = 11 September 2014

|publisher = Government of Sweden

|access-date = 28 August 2015

|ref = {{SfnRef|SFS 2014:1103}} }}

{{cite web

|url = http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Polislag-1984387_sfs-1984-387/

|title = Sfs 1984:387

|trans-title = Police Act

|language = sv

|date = 7 June 1984

|publisher = Government of Sweden

|access-date = 17 August 2015

|ref = {{SfnRef|SFS 1984:387}} }}

{{cite report

|date = 2013

|title = Justitieutskottet betänkande

|id = 2013/14:JuU1

|language = sv

|url = http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Utskottens-dokument/Betankanden/Utgiftsomrade-4-Rattsvasendet_H101JuU1/?html=true

|publisher = Committee on Justice

|location = Stockholm

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|id = 2014/15:JuU2

|language = sv

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|publisher = Committee on Justice

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|publisher = Swedish Security Service

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