Symphyotrichum spathulatum
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=July 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2021}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Symphyotrichum spathulatum spathulatum 17628885.jpg
| status = {{TNCStatus}}
| status_system = TNC
| status_ref = {{sfn|NatureServe|2021a}}
| range_map = Symphyotrichum spathulatum distribution.png
| range_map_alt = Distribution map of Symphyotrichum spathulatum: Canada — Alberta and British Columbia; Mexico — Baja California; US — California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
| range_map_caption = Native distribution{{sfn|POWO|2021a}}
| display_parents = 5
| genus = Symphyotrichum
| parent = Symphyotrichum sect. Occidentales
| species = spathulatum
| authority = (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom{{sfn|POWO|2021a}}
| subdivision_ranks = Varieties
| subdivision_ref = {{sfn|POWO|2021a}}
| subdivision =
{{Collapsible list|bullets=on
|S. spathulatum var. spathulatum
|S. spathulatum var. intermedium {{small|(A.Gray) G.L.Nesom}}
|S. spathulatum var. yosemitanum {{small|(A.Gray) G.L.Nesom}}
}}
| synonyms_ref = {{sfn|POWO|2021a}}
| synonyms =
Basionym
- Aster spathulatus {{small|Lindl.}}
{{Collapsible list|title=Species
| {{Species list
| Aster aestivus | Rothr.
| Aster ascendens var. delectabilis | (H.M.Hall) Jeps.
| Aster ascendens var. fremontii | Torr. & A.Gray
| Aster delectabilis | H.M.Hall
| Aster fremontii | A.Gray
| Aster fremontii f. pallidus | Cockerell
| Aster fremontii var. parishii | A.Gray
| Aster fremontii f. viridus | Cockerell
| Aster occidentalis | Torr. & A.Gray
| Aster occidentalis var. delectabilis | (H.M.Hall) Ferris
| Aster occidentalis var. fremontii | (Torr. & A.Gray) A.G.Jones
| Aster occidentalis var. parishii | (A.Gray) Ferris
| Aster occidentalis var. scabriusculus | A.Gray
| Aster occidentalis var. typicus | Cronquist
| Symphyotrichum spathulatum var. fremontii | (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
| Tripolium occidentale | Nutt.
| }}
|}}
{{Collapsible list|title=Varieties
|{{Collapsible list|title=var. intermedium{{sfn|POWO|2021b}}
| {{Species list
| Aster occidentalis var. intermedius | A.Gray
| Aster occidentalis subsp. intermedius | (A.Gray) Piper
| Aster spathulatus var. intermedius | (A.Gray) Cronquist
| Aster vallicola | Greene
| }}
|}}
|{{Collapsible list|title=var. yosemitanum{{sfn|POWO|2021c}}
| {{Species list
| Aster ascendens var. yosemitanus | A.Gray
| Aster occidentalis var. yosemitanus | (A.Gray) Cronquist
| Aster paludicola | Piper
| Aster yosemitanus | Greene
| }}
|}}
|}}
}}
Symphyotrichum spathulatum (formerly Aster spathulatus) is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to western North America including northwestern Mexico. Commonly known as western mountain aster, it is a perennial, herbaceous plant that may reach {{convert|20|to|80|cm|in|0|abbr=off|sp=us}} tall. Its flowers, which open in July and August, have violet ray florets and yellow disk florets.{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006a}}
Description
Symphyotrichum spathulatum blooms in July and August and is a colony-forming perennial that grows typically 1–5 hairless or mostly hairless stems from a long rhizome. It ranges from {{convert|20|to|80|cm|in|0|abbr=off|sp=us}} in height and has thin, entire leaves with little to no hair that are {{convert|5|to|15|cm|in|0|abbr=off|sp=us}} long. The leaves are linear or elliptical, narrow, and sometimes obovate at the base of the plant. The upper leaves are shorter at {{convert|3|to|6|cm|in|abbr=off|sp=us|frac=8}}.{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006a}}
The flower heads grow in corymbiform to paniculiform arrays with little branching. The involucres are {{convert|5|–|10|mm|in|abbr=off|sp=us|frac=20}} and bell-shaped, and their phyllaries are in 3–5 series. There are 15–40 violet ray florets that are {{convert|9|–|15|mm|in|abbr=off|sp=us|frac=20}} long and {{convert|1|–|2|mm|in|abbr=off|sp=us|frac=20}} wide. These surround the flower centers composed of 30–80 (sometimes up to 100) yellow disk florets.{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006a}}
The seeds are brown, hairy cypselae {{convert|2.5–3.5|mm|in|abbr=on|frac=20}} long with about 4 nerves and white pappi that are {{convert|5|–|7|mm|in|abbr=off|sp=us|frac=20}} long.{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006a}}
File:Symphyotrichum spathulatum 110058228.jpg
File:Mountain meadow aster, Symphyotrichum spathulatum var. spathulatum (25383546147).jpg
File:Symphyotrichum spathulatum 149260225.jpg
File:Symphyotrichum spathulatum 145307346.jpg
File:Symphyotrichum spathulatum 110058241.jpg
=Chromosomes=
Symphyotrichum spathulatum has a base number of x = 8.{{sfn|Semple|n.d.a}} Diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, and octaploid cytotypes with respective chromosome counts of 16, 32, 48, and 64 have been reported, depending upon the infraspecies, as follows:
- S. spathulatum var. spathulatum: 2n = 2x = 16, 2n = 4x = 32, 2n = 6x = 48, and 2n = 8x = 64{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006c}}
- S. spathulatum var. intermedium: 2n = 4x = 32, 2n = 6x = 48, and 2n = 8x = 64{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006b}}
- S. spathulatum var. yosemitanum: 2n = 2x = 16, 2n = 4x = 32{{sfn|Allen|2012}}
Taxonomy
Symphyotrichum spathulatum is one of the species within Symphyotrichum sect. Occidentales.{{efn|group=n|Occidentales is listed as a section in Flora of Missouri,{{sfn|Yatskievych|n.d.}} whereas on Canadian botanist John C. Semple's Astereae Lab website, it is given as a subsection of section Symphyotrichum.{{sfn|Semple|2021a}}}}{{sfn|Semple|2021a}} S. spathulatum was first formally described by John Lindley in 1834 as Aster spathulatus.{{sfn|IPNI|2021}}
Three varieties of Symphyotrichum spathulatum are recognized, including the autonym:{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006a}}
- S. spathulatum var. spathulatum
- S. spathulatum var. intermedium
- S. spathulatum var. yosemitanum
S. spathulatum is one of the parents of the two allopolyploidal Symphyotrichum species S. ascendens{{sfn|Semple|2021b}} and S. defoliatum.{{sfn|Semple|n.d.b}}
Distribution and habitat
Symphyotrichum spathulatum is found in the western United States, western Canada, and northwestern Mexico. It is native to British Columbia and Alberta in Canada, and in the United States from Washington state east to Montana, south to New Mexico, west to California, and north again to Oregon. There is no recorded presence in Arizona. In Mexico, it is native to the states bordering the Gulf of California.{{sfn|POWO|2021a}} It grows at {{convert|1200–2900|m|ft|-2|abbr=off|sp=us}} (or lower) in meadows on mountain slopes and open aspen and coniferous forests.{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006c}}
S. spathulatum var. intermedium is native to British Columbia, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington state,{{sfn|POWO|2021b}} only occasionally being found in California and Nevada. It grows at {{convert|1200–2200|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} in grasslands and meadows on mountain slopes and in open coniferous forests.{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006b}}
S. spathulatum var. yosemitanum is restricted from southern Oregon to the Sierra Nevada of California. It can be found at {{convert|1200–2200|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} in oak woodlands and coniferous forests.{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006d}}
Conservation
{{As of|2021|July}}, NatureServe listed Symphyotrichum spathulatum as Secure (G5) worldwide and Possibly Extirpated (SX) in Alberta.{{sfn|NatureServe|2021a}} S. spathulatum var. intermedium and S. spathulatum var. spathulatum were reported as Secure Varieties (T5),{{sfn|NatureServe|2021b}}{{sfn|NatureServe|2021c}} and no status rank was given for S. spathulatum var. yosemitanum.{{sfn|NatureServe|2021d}}
Notes
{{Notelist|group=n}}
Citations
{{Reflist|20em}}
References
{{Refbegin}}
- {{Cite Jepson eFlora
| id = 80301
| taxon = Symphyotrichum spathulatum var. yosemitanum
| last = Allen | first = G.A. | author-link = Geraldine A. Allen
| date = 2012
| access-date = 23 September 2022
}}
- {{Cite eFloras
| 1
| 250067687
| Symphyotrichum spathulatum
| volume = 20
| date = 2006a
| last1 = Brouillet | first1 = L. | author-link1 = Luc Brouillet
| last2 = Semple | first2 = J.C. | author-link2 = John C. Semple
| last3 = Allen | first3 = G.A. | author-link3 = Geraldine A. Allen
| last4 = Chambers | first4 = K.L. | author-link4 = Kenton Lee Chambers
| last5 = Sundberg | first5 = S.D. | author-link5 = Scott D. Sundberg
| access-date = 23 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite eFloras
| 1
| 250068859
| Symphyotrichum spathulatum var. intermedium
| volume = 20
| date = 2006b
| last1 = Brouillet | first1 = L. | author-link1 = Luc Brouillet
| last2 = Semple | first2 = J.C. | author-link2 = John C. Semple
| last3 = Allen | first3 = G.A. | author-link3 = Geraldine A. Allen
| last4 = Chambers | first4 = K.L. | author-link4 = Kenton Lee Chambers
| last5 = Sundberg | first5 = S.D. | author-link5 = Scott D. Sundberg
| access-date = 23 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite eFloras
| 1
| 250068860
| Symphyotrichum spathulatum var. spathulatum
| volume = 20
| date = 2006c
| last1 = Brouillet | first1 = L. | author-link1 = Luc Brouillet
| last2 = Semple | first2 = J.C. | author-link2 = John C. Semple
| last3 = Allen | first3 = G.A. | author-link3 = Geraldine A. Allen
| last4 = Chambers | first4 = K.L. | author-link4 = Kenton Lee Chambers
| last5 = Sundberg | first5 = S.D. | author-link5 = Scott D. Sundberg
| access-date = 23 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite eFloras
| 1
| 250068861
| Symphyotrichum spathulatum var. yosemitanum
| volume = 20
| date = 2006d
| last1 = Brouillet | first1 = L. | author-link1 = Luc Brouillet
| last2 = Semple | first2 = J.C. | author-link2 = John C. Semple
| last3 = Allen | first3 = G.A. | author-link3 = Geraldine A. Allen
| last4 = Chambers | first4 = K.L. | author-link4 = Kenton Lee Chambers
| last5 = Sundberg | first5 = S.D. | author-link5 = Scott D. Sundberg
| access-date = 23 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite IPNI
| id = 309149-2
| taxon = Aster spathulatus
| date = 2021
| authority = Lindl.
| last = IPNI | author-link = International Plant Names Index
| access-date = 22 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite web
| author1 = NatureServe | author-link1 = NatureServe
| date = 2 July 2021a
| title = Symphyotrichum spathulatum Western Mountain Aster
| url = https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.131311/Symphyotrichum_spathulatum
| website = explorer.natureserve.org
| location = Arlington, Virginia
| language = en
| access-date = 11 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite web
| author1 = NatureServe | author-link1 = NatureServe
| date = 2 July 2021b
| title = Symphyotrichum spathulatum var. intermedium
| url = https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.152019/Symphyotrichum_spathulatum_var_intermedium
| website = explorer.natureserve.org
| location = Arlington, Virginia
| language = en
| access-date = 23 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite web
| author1 = NatureServe | author-link1 = NatureServe
| date = 2 July 2021c
| title = Symphyotrichum spathulatum var. spathulatum
| url = https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.158406/Symphyotrichum_spathulatum_var_spathulatum
| website = explorer.natureserve.org
| location = Arlington, Virginia
| language = en
| access-date = 23 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite web
| author1 = NatureServe | author-link1 = NatureServe
| date = 2 July 2021d
| title = Symphyotrichum spathulatum var. yosemitanum
| url = https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.133204/Symphyotrichum_spathulatum_var_yosemitanum
| website = explorer.natureserve.org
| location = Arlington, Virginia
| language = en
| access-date = 23 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite POWO
| id = 981901-1
| last = POWO
| date = 2021a
| title = Symphyotrichum spathulatum (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom
| access-date = 22 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite POWO
| id = 981903-1
| last = POWO
| date = 2021b
| title = Symphyotrichum spathulatum var. intermedium (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
| access-date = 22 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite POWO
| id = 981904-1
| last = POWO
| date = 2021c
| title = Symphyotrichum spathulatum var. yosemitanum (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
| access-date = 22 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite web
| last1 = Semple | first1 = J.C. | author-link1 = John C. Semple
| date = n.d.a
| title = Symphyotrichum subsect. Occidentales Foliacei Asters
| url = https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/asters/symphyotrichum/symphyotrichum-subsect-occidentales
| website = www.uwaterloo.ca
| location = Ontario
| language = en
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210628064424/https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/asters/symphyotrichum/symphyotrichum-subsect-occidentales
| archive-date = 28 June 2021
| url-status = live
| access-date = 23 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite web
| last1 = Semple | first1 = J.C. | author-link1 = John C. Semple
| date = n.d.b
| title = Symphyotrichum subg. Ascendentes
| url = https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/asters/symphyotrichum/symphyotrichum-subg-ascendentes
| website = www.uwaterloo.ca
| location = Ontario
| language = en
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210722121433/https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/asters/symphyotrichum/symphyotrichum-subg-ascendentes
| archive-date = 22 July 2021
| url-status = live
| access-date = 22 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite web
| last1 = Semple | first1 = J.C. | author-link1 = John C. Semple
| date = 17 May 2021a
| title = Classification of Symphyotrichum
| url = https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/asters/symphyotrichum/classification-symphyotrichum
| website = www.uwaterloo.ca
| location = Ontario
| language = en
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210621223238/https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/asters/symphyotrichum/classification-symphyotrichum
| archive-date = 21 June 2021
| url-status = live
| access-date = 23 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite web
| last1 = Semple | first1 = J.C. | author-link1 = John C. Semple
| date = 14 May 2021b
| title = Symphyotrichum ascendens — Long-leaved Aster, Intermountain Aster, Western Aster
| url = https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/symphyotrichum-ascendens
| website = www.uwaterloo.ca
| location = Ontario
| language = en
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210722120935/https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/symphyotrichum-ascendens
| archive-date = 22 July 2021
| url-status = live
| access-date = 22 July 2021
}}
- {{Cite Tropicos
| 1 = 23
| 2 = 50283730
| 3 = Symphyotrichum sect. Occidentales
| 4 = (Rydb.) G.L. Nesom
| editor-last = Yatskievych
| editor-first = G.
| date = n.d.
| language = en
| access-date = 23 July 2021
}}
{{refend}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q15555615|from2=Q38783219|from3=Q24691716|from4=Q24691715|from5=Q24691718}}
Category:Flora of Western Canada
Category:Flora of the United States
Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Category:San Bernardino Mountains
Category:San Gabriel Mountains