Syrian Air Force

{{See also|Military history of Syria}}

File:Harvard AT-6 Syrian Air Force.jpg of the Syrian Air Force.]]

The end of World War II led to the withdrawal of the United Kingdom and France from the Middle East, and this included a withdrawal from Syria. In 1948, the Syrian Air Force was officially established after the first class of pilots graduated from a French-run flight school at Estabel airfield in Lebanon, using aircraft left behind by the French. Further training of early Syrian military fliers was continued with help of a sizeable group of Croat and German instructors, contracted by the Lebanese and Syrian governments from refugee camps in Italy.{{cite book |last1=Savić |first1=Dragan |last2=Ciglić |first2=Boris |date=2002 |title=Croatian Aces of World War 2 |location=London, England |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84176-435-1 |page=75}} Among the foreign instructors were Mato Dukovac (a leading Croatian Air Force fighter ace of World War II) and Fritz Strehle (former Me.262 pilot with Jagdgeschwader 7 of the Luftwaffe), who trained Syrian pilots at Estabel in 1948 and at Nayrab airfield (south of Aleppo) in 1949.{{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom |last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 1|year=2009|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9825539-2-3|pages=29–35}}{{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 2|year=2010|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9825539-6-1|pages=19–20}}

Organized into three squadrons, one of which was equipped with North American T-6 Harvards, the air force participated in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, conducting bombing raids against Israeli forces and settlements. One T-6 was lost to ground fire while attacking Ayelet Hashahar on 16 July, and another possibly shot down by Morris Mann (flying an Avia S-199) on 10 June. The Syrian Air Force claimed its sole kill of the war on 10 July when a rear gunner of a Harvard shot down an Avia S-199 flown by Lionel Bloch.

Planes of the Syrian Air Force in 1948.{{cite thesis |last=Hartoch |first=Noam |date=July 2015 |degree=PhD |title=A history of the Syrian Air Force 1947-1967 |publisher=King's College London |s2cid=211516103 }}

File:Syrian Fiat G.55.jpg of the Syrian Air Force (around 1950).]]

During and immediately after this war, successive governments sought to bolster the air force through the acquisition of Fiat G.55s, Fiat G.59B-2s, and Fiat G.46-1s from Italy. In January 1950, a set of contracts was signed with London, providing for training of Syrian officers and pilots, along with the acquisition of de Havilland Chipmunk basic trainers, Supermarine Spitfire Mk 22s, and Gloster Meteor F.Mk 8 and T.Mk 7 jets from Great Britain. While the Chipmunks and Spitfires arrived without problems and entered service with the Flight School at Nayrab, the delivery of Meteors was held up by a temporary British arms embargo.

The original batch of Meteors manufactured for Syria was sold to France instead. It was only following additional negotiations that SyAF received its first jet aircraft, in the form of two Meteor F.Mk 8s. All 12 were in Syria by 9 March 1953. Another batch of seven refurbished ex-RAF F.Mk 8s and two FR.Mk 9 reconnaissance fighters followed in 1956. In summer 1954, six ex-RAF Meteor NF.Mk 13 were delivered without their radar equipment: in Syria, they were used for training purposes until 1958. Because the government of Great Britain imposed additional arms embargoes, most of pilots for Meteors had to be trained in Egypt.{{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 1|year=2009|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9825539-2-3|pages=32–33}}

File:Syrian Spitfire.jpg (1950s)]]

File:Hafezalassad.jpg (above) standing on the wing of a Fiat G.46-4B with fellow cadets at the Syrian AF Academy outside Aleppo, in mid-1950s. Hafez al-Assad underwent conversion training for jet fighters at the Air Force Academy at Bilbeis, in Egypt, in 1955. One of his instructors was Hosni Mubarak, later the commander of the Egyptian Air Force, and then the President of Egypt.]]

In 1955, Syria placed its first order for 24 MiG-15bis fighters and 4 MiG-15UTI two-seat conversion trainers from Czechoslovakia ('Operation 104'). Another batch of 24 MiG-15s was ordered in early 1956. All these aircraft were delivered to Egypt, by October 1956, but their pilots and ground crews were still undergoing training when Israel, followed by France and Great Britain, invaded Egypt in the course of the Suez Crisis of 1956. Three MiG-15UTIs were evacuated to Syria via Saudi Arabia and Jordan; 20 MiG-15bis and 1 MiG-15UTI were destroyed in British attacks on Abu Suweir Air Base. The second batch of 20 MiG-15bis' was not yet assembled: the aircraft in question were all damaged by British air strikes, but subsequently repaired and donated to Egypt. On 6 November 1956, Meteors from No. 9 Squadron Syrian Air Force had shot down a Royal Air Force Canberra PR.7 that was involved in reconnaissance of Syria and Iraq. The aircraft crashed on the border to Lebanon: one crewmember was killed, while two were captured alive.{{Cite book|last1=Nicolle|first1=David|last2=Cooper|first2=Tom|last3=Ali Gabr|first3=Gabr|title=Wings over Sinai|year=2017|publisher=Helion & Co.|isbn=978-1-911096-61-0|pages=27, 60–62}}

Sixty MiG-17s - including 20 radar-equipped MiG-17PFs - were ordered at the end of 1956 and Syrian pilots were dispatched to the USSR and Poland for training. The first aircraft arrived in January 1957 and by the end of the year, two MiG-17 squadrons were defending the capital from their base at Damasucus' Mezzeh Military Airport. By the end of the year, additional orders were placed in the USSR for 12 Ilyushin Il-28 bombers.{{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 2|year=2010|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9825539-6-1|pages=80–81}}

In February 1958 Syria and Egypt joined to create the United Arab Republic. The Syrian Air Force was integrated into the United Arab Republic Air Force (UARAF) and ceased to exist. Nearly all of its aircraft and personnel, all of training aids and most of the equipment were re-deployed to Egypt, and replaced by two squadrons of MiG-17Fs of the UARAF. For example, recently delivered MiG-17PFs and their pilots formed the No. 31 'Crow-Bat' Squadron of the UARAF. During the times of the United Arab Republic, this unit was always commanded by a Syrian officer.

File:Sirian Mig-17.jpgs of the Syrian Air Force that landed by error at Betzet airstrip, Israel on 12 August 1968.]]

The union ended following the 1961 Syrian coup d'état. The new military flying service - officially designated the Syrian Arab Air Force (SyAAF) - was re-established later the same year, using aircraft left behind by the Egyptians, including about 40 MiG-17Fs and 4 Il-28s.

The new government of the Syrian Arab Republic attempted to buy additional aircraft in Germany and Italy, in 1961 and 1962. When all related efforts failed, Syria was left without a choice but to turn to Czechoslovakia for arms. By the time, Czechoslovakia was out of the business of producing fighters and interceptors, and thus the Syrians had to buy from Soviet Union instead. On 19 June 1962, Damascus and Moscow signed a major contract for arms, including an order for 34 MiG-21F-13 interceptors and 4 MiG-21U conversion trainers.{{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 2|year=2010|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9825539-6-1|pages=139–142}}

Delivered starting in spring 1963, MiG-21s entered service with two squadrons of the 3rd Air Brigade, based at Dmeyr Air Base, 40 km (25 miles) northeast of Damascus. MiG-17s were meanwhile operated by two squadrons of the 7th Air Brigade, based at Almezzeh Air Base, in Damascus.

With the ascent to power of the Baath Party, during the 1963 Syrian coup d'état, Hafez al-Assad (former Meteor- and MiG-17PF-pilot), was appointed the Commander of SyAAF. Preoccupied with his involvement in domestic politics, Assad left the effective command of the SyAAF to his Deputy, Brigadier-General Mohammad Assad Moukiiad (former Meteor-pilot trained in Great Britain).{{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 2|year=2010|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9825539-6-1|pages=167–169}}

During the Six-Day War, the SyAAF flew few air strikes on targets in northern Israel on the first day of the conflict but was subsequently evacuated to air bases in remote parts of Syria. In this fashion it evaded most of Israeli air strikes that caused massive damage to Egyptian and Jordanian air bases. This, in turn, helped the IDF in defeating the Syrian Army on the ground and led to the occupation of the Golan Heights. After this conflict, Syria continued acquiring small numbers of MiG-17s from East Germany and MiG-21s from the Soviet Union.{{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 3|year=2012|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9825539-9-2|pages=173–193}}

File:Aerospatiale-SA-341L-Gazelle-hatzerim-1.jpg helicopters captured by Israel in the 1982 Lebanon War.|250 px|thumb]]

In May 1973, a new arms deal was signed with the Soviet Union, resulting in deliveries of over 100 additional MiG-21M/MFs by the end of the year. The Yom Kippur War provided initial success for both Syria and Egypt, but the SyAAF suffered extensive losses in air combats, prompting the Soviets to launch an air-bridge to Aleppo and Damascus, starting on 9 October 1973. Replacement aircraft initially included only MiG-17s and MiG-21s: in April 1974, Syria received the first two batches of MiG-23 fighter-bombers. Acquisition of additional aircraft from the USSR was stopped in 1975 due to differences of political nature between Damascus and Moscow.{{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 5|year=2014|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9854554-4-6|pages=55–80}}

File:Mikoyan-Gurevich MIG-23MS Syrian Air Force Camo Air to Air.tifMSs that Syria received in 1974.]]

In the late 1970s, an insurgency characterised by dozens of assassinations of government officials and military officers erupted in Syria. By 1978, the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria joined the armed uprising.{{cite web |url=http://www.ou.edu/mideast/Additional%20pages%20-%20non-catagory/Sufism%20in%20Syriawebpage.htm |title=Sufism and Sufi Brotherhoods in Syria and Palestine|work=ou.edu}} Concerned by destabilisation of the government of President Hafez al-Assad, Moscow decided to restart providing arms and military aid. In April of the same year, a new arms deal was signed, including deliveries of advanced MiG-23MF and MiG-25 interceptors, and additional MiG-23BN and Su-22 fighter-bombers, and deployment of up to 4000 of Soviet advisors. However, the insurgency continued to spread and included attacks on Soviet advisors.

In 1981, the commander of the SyAAF, Major-General Mamdouh Hamdi Abaza, was assassinated by the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. In early 1982, hundreds of SyAAF officers became involved in a coup attempt against President Hafez al-Assad, originally planned to take place in coordination with an armed uprising in the city of Hama. The government bloodily crushed the uprising in Hama, and subsequently purged the SyAAF.{{Cite book|last1=Konzelmann|first1=Gerhard|title=Damaskus|year=2010|publisher=Ullstein Sachbuch|isbn=978-3-548-35588-7|pages=327–328}}

The Syrian Arab Air Force thus entered the 1982 Lebanon War in significantly weakened condition and suffered massive losses in a series of aerial combats between 6 and 11 June 1982. Israel claimed the destruction of 85 Syrian MiGs (including MiG-21s as well as MiG-23s).{{cite web|last=Krauthammer|first=Charles|title=Israel's Lost Moment|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2006/08/israels_lost_moment.html|work=RealClearPolitics|access-date=1 June 2012|date=4 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009094506/http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2006/08/israels_lost_moment.html|archive-date=9 October 2012|url-status=live}} No evidence was ever provided for Soviet and Russian claims that the SyAAF had shot down up to 60 Israeli aircraft in return. Nevertheless, unofficial Russian, and a few unofficial Syrian sources continue to claim a modicum of success against Israeli aircraft in this conflict. At low altitude the Syrian Air Force effectively used Aerospatiale Gazelle helicopters in the anti-armour role against advancing Israeli ground forces. In one such engagement, an Israeli tank column was stopped for some hours by SAF Gazelle missile strikes while approaching Ein Zehalta.Schif, Ze'ev & Ya'ari, Ehud Israel's Lebanon War London Counterpoint 1986 pp160-1 {{ISBN|0-04-327091-3}}

Immediately after the 1982 Lebanon War, the USSR continued to refuse deliveries of more advanced aircraft. It was only in August 1982, that Moscow changed its mind and granted permission for delivery of MiG-23ML interceptors, followed by advanced Su-22M-4 fighter-bombers. In an attempt to help Syria establish a strategic balance with Israel, in 1986 the Syrians were granted permission to place orders for 24 MiG-29s and 24 Su-24s. Deliveries of these commenced in 1987, but were still incomplete by the time the Soviet Union officially ceased providing military aid to Syria, in 1989.

Short on spares and lacking funding for fuel and maintenance, the SyAAF was largely grounded for most of the 1990s and 2000s. Reports regarding purchases of Su-27s in 2000–2001, MiG-29SMTs, MiG-31s, and Yak-130s from the period 2006–2008, have all proven to be unfounded.{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/09/29/Russia_defends_arms_sales_to_Syria/UPI-28611222726785/ |title=Russia defends arms sales to Syria |access-date=24 July 2010 |publisher=UPI |date=29 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412103135/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/09/29/Russia_defends_arms_sales_to_Syria/UPI-28611222726785/ |archive-date=12 April 2011 |url-status=live}} The only reinforcement the air force acquired during this period came in form of 28 MiG-23MLDs and 5 MiG-23UBs acquired from Belarus in 2008. In 2008, Syria has agreed to purchase 36 aircraft,[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/naher-osten-und-afrika/Russland-verkauft-Syrien-36-Militaerflugzeuge/story/19332358 Russland verkauft Syrien 36 Militärflugzeuge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506201410/http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/naher-osten-und-afrika/Russland-verkauft-Syrien-36-Militaerflugzeuge/story/19332358 |date=6 May 2014 }} Tages Anzeiger. but delivery of these has been postponed by Russia due to the conflict in Syria.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/world/middleeast/bashar-al-assad-meets-with-kofi-annan.html |title=Russia Prods Syria's President Assad With Message of Growing Impatience |work=The New York Times |date=9 July 2012 |access-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709165333/http://www.nytimes.com//2012/07/10/world/middleeast/bashar-al-assad-meets-with-kofi-annan.html |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} In May 2014 Russia announced that it would supply Syria with Yakovlev Yak-130s. Syria was expected to receive nine aircraft by the end of 2014, 12 in 2015 and 15 in 2016, for a total of 36 airplanes.[https://web.archive.org/web/20140505235106/http://www.avionews.com/index.php?corpo=see_news_home.php&news_id=1159917&pagina_chiamante=index.php Syria: new Yak-130 trainer aircraft to arrive from Russia this year]. World Aeronautical Press Agency (5 May 2014).[http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/2014/05/05/Report-Russia-to-send-first-batch-of-Yak-130-jets-to-Syria-.html Report: Russia to send first batch of Yak-130 jets to Syria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505231303/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/2014/05/05/Report-Russia-to-send-first-batch-of-Yak-130-jets-to-Syria-.html |date=5 May 2014 }}. Al Arabiya English (5 May 2014). Retrieved on 2018-06-30. However, as of 2022, no deliveries had taken place.

In July 2012 at the Farnborough Air Show it was announced that Russia would not deliver any new aircraft including the MiG-29M/M2s and Yak-130s while there was still a crisis in Syria, but it would still respect any previous refurbishment and maintenance contracts such as the MiG-25s.{{cite web|url=http://www.menewsline.com/article-1173,3570-Russia-Blocks-MiG-31-Deal-With-Sy.aspx|title=Russia Blocks MiG-31 Deal With Syria|access-date=24 July 2010|publisher=Middle East Newsline|date=21 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222171357/http://www.menewsline.com/article-1173,3570-Russia-Blocks-MiG-31-Deal-With-Sy.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2012|url-status=dead}}

Following the Syrian Civil War and Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) bringing Bashar al-Assad's regime to an end, the Israeli Air Force executed strikes nearly destroying the entire air force between 8 and 10 December 2024,{{Cite web |title=Israeli army begins plan to destroy Syrian Navy after near destruction of Syrian Air Force: Amal Shehadeh |url=https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/middleeastnews/823275/israeli-army-begins-plan-to-destroy-syrian-navy-after-near-destruction/en |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=LBCIV7 |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Why is Israel bombing Syrian airbases? |url=https://news.sky.com/story/why-is-israel-bombing-syrian-airbases-13270761 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Sky News |language=en}} to prevent strategic assets falling into the hands of militant groups.{{Cite web |title=Israel seizing on Syria chaos to strike military assets |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdx921zreweo |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}

In January, the former HTS rebels began repairing helicopters and reforming air units. Videos published on social media indicate that the Syrian transitional government have some operational Mi-17, Ka-27, and SA342 Gazelle helicopters. According to Militarniy former pilots of the Syrian Arab Air Force may have been recruited into the reformed Air Force.{{cite news |title=Колишні сирійські повстанці освоюють захоплену авіацію |url=https://mil.in.ua/uk/news/kolyshni-syrijski-povstantsi-osvoyuyut-zahoplenu-aviatsiyu/ |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=Мілітарний |date=17 January 2025|language=uk}}{{cite news |title=New Syrian Government Deploys Air Force In Combat For the First Time |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/new-syrian-government-deploys-air-force-in-combat-for-the-first-time/ |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=Militarnyi |date=7 March 2025}}

The Syrian Air Force utilized helicopters during the March 2025 Western Syria clashes.{{Cite web |date=6 March 2025 |title=Syria forces say clashing with gunmen loyal to Assad-era commander |url=https://jordantimes.com/news/region/syria-forces-say-clashing-gunmen-loyal-assad-era-commander |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=Jordan Times |language=en}} According to Militarniy, at least one Mi-24 attack helicopter was seen engaging unidentified targets with unguided rockets.

{{See also|List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian Civil War|Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush}}

During the initial phase of the Syrian civil war, up to mid-2012, the Syrian Air Force was involved in secondary roles, with no firing from aircraft and helicopters.{{cite web |last=Drummond |first=Michael |url=https://news.sky.com/story/why-is-israel-bombing-syrian-airbases-13270761 |title=Why is Israel bombing Syrian airbases? |publisher=Sky News |date=10 December 2024 }}

The situation changed on 22 March 2012, with an escalation in the use of airpower by Government forces,{{Cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria0413webwcover_1.pdf |title=Death from the Skies Deliberate and Indiscriminate Air Strikes on Civilians|access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314055532/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria0413webwcover_1.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2017 |url-status=live }} starting with armed Mi-8 and Mi-17 helicopter gunships firing rockets and machine guns.{{cite web |url=http://theaviationist.com/2012/03/22/syrian-attacking-rebels/ |title=First video of a Syrian helicopter gunship attacking rebels near Azaz, northwest of Aleppo |publisher=The Aviationist |date=22 March 2012 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823194941/http://theaviationist.com/2012/03/22/syrian-attacking-rebels/ |archive-date=23 August 2013 |url-status=live}}

The air war escalated further in mid June 2012, with the use of Mi-24/25 attack helicopters capable of dropping standard aviation bombs weighing up to 250 kg,{{cite web |url=http://theaviationist.com/2012/06/12/mi-24-syria/ |title=Syrian air war escalates: the Mil Mi-24 Hind gunship makes its debut against rebel forces |publisher=The Aviationist |date=12 June 2012 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809044857/http://theaviationist.com/2012/06/12/mi-24-syria/ |archive-date=9 August 2013 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://theaviationist.com/2012/07/18/fab-250-homs/ |title=New videos show Syrian gunship helicopters dropping bombs on Homs and Damascus |publisher=The Aviationist |date=18 July 2012 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809035704/http://theaviationist.com/2012/07/18/fab-250-homs/ |archive-date=9 August 2013 |url-status=live}} while the transport helicopters started dropping barrel bombs, aerial IEDs.{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/syrias-deadly-barrel-bombs-20120901-2573t.html |title=Syria's deadly barrel bombs |publisher=Smh.com.au |date=2 September 2012 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911045113/http://www.smh.com.au/world/syrias-deadly-barrel-bombs-20120901-2573t.html |archive-date=11 September 2013 |url-status=live}}

On 24 July 2012, attack sorties by fixed-wing aircraft were reported by the rebels and recorded on video: initially L-39 COIN armed trainers began using rockets, bombs and guns{{cite web |url=http://theaviationist.com/2012/07/30/l39-video/ |title=Syrian Arab Air Force trainer jets turned into attack planes to strike rebel positions |publisher=The Aviationist |date=30 July 2012 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810112507/http://theaviationist.com/2012/07/30/l39-video/ |archive-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=live}} but they were quickly joined by MiG-21s and MiG-23s.{{cite web |url=http://air.blastmagazine.com/analysis-syrian-jets-bomb-aleppo-during-bloody-battle-for-city/ |title=Which fighter jets did the Syrian government use to bomb its largest city, Aleppo? — Air Cache |publisher=Air.blastmagazine.com |date=24 July 2012 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513185640/http://air.blastmagazine.com/analysis-syrian-jets-bomb-aleppo-during-bloody-battle-for-city/ |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}{{cite news |author=Babak Dehghanpisheh |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrian-aircraft-bomb-aleppo-as-rebels-fight-for-city/2012/07/24/gJQApanF7W_story.html |title=Syrian aircraft bomb Aleppo as rebels fight for city |newspaper=The Washington Post|date=29 July 2013 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221143954/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrian-aircraft-bomb-aleppo-as-rebels-fight-for-city/2012/07/24/gJQApanF7W_story.html |archive-date=21 December 2013 |url-status=live}} A few weeks later Su-22 ground attack aircraft were used and in November 2012, Su-24 medium bombers were filmed bombing rebels.{{cite web |url=http://theaviationist.com/2012/11/16/fencer-syria/ |title=Assad deploys Syrian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24 Fencer attack planes to hit rebels hard |publisher=The Aviationist |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828143212/http://theaviationist.com/2012/11/16/fencer-syria/ |archive-date=28 August 2013 |url-status=live}}

In December 2012, conventionally armed Scud missiles and other similar ballistic missiles were fired against rebel positions.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/13/world/middleeast/syria-war-developments-assad.html?_r=0 | work=The New York Times | first1=Michael R. | last1=Gordon | first2=Eric | last2=Schmitt | title=Assad Fires Scuds at Rebels, U.S. Says, Escalating War in Syria | date=12 December 2012 | access-date=28 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421052628/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/13/world/middleeast/syria-war-developments-assad.html?_r=0 | archive-date=21 April 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}

Following a report on the appearance of newly delivered S-8 air-to-ground rocket pods previously not operated by the Syrian Air Force, being employed on different aircraft,{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} on 22 October 2013, a S-8 armed MiG-29 was spotted and recorded on video while flying over Damascus, suggesting that the type was pushed into action for ground attack, possibly after the pilots attended specific training on the type.{{cite web|url=http://theaviationist.com/2013/10/22/mig-29-damascus/|title=The Aviationist » Syrian Mig-29 Fulcrum jets appear in the skies over Damascus during ground attack missions|work=The Aviationist|date=22 October 2013|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226191156/http://theaviationist.com/2013/10/22/mig-29-damascus/|archive-date=26 February 2015|url-status=live}} Subsequently, MiG-29's were recorded performing rocket and gun attack runs on rebel positions.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3LdYDyE_1c|title=Syria Civil War- Fierce Clearly Visible Low Flight MIG 29 Airstrike on Syrian Rebels|date=21 March 2014|work=YouTube|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812130424/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3LdYDyE_1c|archive-date=12 August 2015|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRJ1ECQwQjY|title=لحظة إطلاق طائرة الميغ صاروخا باتجاه المصور - YouTube|date=27 March 2014|work=YouTube|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018174219/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRJ1ECQwQjY|archive-date=18 October 2015|url-status=live}}

The first reported activity of Syrian MiG-25 aircraft in the civil war was recorded on 8 February 2014, when two Turkish Air Force F-16s were scrambled to intercept a Syrian MiG-25 which was approaching the Turkish border.{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article4842.html|title=Turkish F-16 jets scramble to intercept 2 Syrian Su-24s|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505153249/http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article4842.html|archive-date=5 May 2015|url-status=live}} On 27 March 2014, a MiG-25 was clearly filmed while flying at medium altitude over Hama Eastern countryside, possibly delivering the bomb seen hitting the ground in the same video.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} Until February 2014, Syrian MiG-25s were not seen, perhaps due to the type of war, different from the role of the MiG-25 and possibly due to initial technical difficulties in keeping the MiG-25 fleet operational. The use of the MiG-25 in the Syrian Civil War marks the starting point since when all the known types of Syrian combat aircraft and ballistic missiles came into use.

With the start of aerial operations by the Syrian Air Force, in August 2012, online publications{{cite web|url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htatrit/articles/20130618.aspx|title=Attrition: The Destruction of the Syrian Air Force|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214010125/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htatrit/articles/20130618.aspx|archive-date=14 February 2015|url-status=live}} probably overestimating rebels' claims on the number of destroyed aircraft, assumed that the Syrian Air Force was suffering significant technical difficulties, resulting in less than half of the best SAAF ground attack aircraft such as the Mi-25 Hind-D being serviceable. The publications reported that an increased number of conflict fronts and severe maintenance burdens dramatically worsened the situation, which was reportedly difficult before the war. These problems were thought to account for the use of L-39ZA (attack variant) jets,{{cite news|first=C.J.|last=Chivers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/03/world/middleeast/as-conflict-continues-in-syria-assads-arms-face-strain.html|title=Syrian Leader's Weapons Under Strain|access-date=2 August 2012|work=New York Times|date=2 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803034816/http://www.nytimes.com//2012/08/03/world/middleeast/as-conflict-continues-in-syria-assads-arms-face-strain.html|archive-date=3 August 2012|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://air.blastmagazine.com/syria-not-using-migs-to-attack-rebels-jet-seen-attacking-aleppo-is-a-czech-made-trainer/ |title=Syrian government using L-39 trainer jets to attack rebels – Air Cache |publisher=Air.blastmagazine.com |date=9 August 2012 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513185554/http://air.blastmagazine.com/syria-not-using-migs-to-attack-rebels-jet-seen-attacking-aleppo-is-a-czech-made-trainer/ |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead}} before further escalations. Operational limitations were overcome during 2013 as Syrian pilots and technicians with the assistance of foreign advisers and technicians began to improve their operational skills. In December 2013 Jane's reported that the Syrian Air Force had dramatically improved its operational capabilities during 2013, and was now frequently conducting up to 100 sorties per day with half of these constituting combat sorties.{{Cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/31723/syrian-air-force-maintains-high-sortie-rate |title=Janes | Latest defence and security news |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225230046/http://www.janes.com/article/31723/syrian-air-force-maintains-high-sortie-rate |archive-date=25 February 2014 |url-status=live}}

Insurgents counter the Syrian Air Force with truck mounted, medium and heavy machine guns, anti-aircraft guns, small arms fire and starting in late 2012, MANPADS up to modern Russian and Chinese designs.{{cite web |url=http://www.news24.com/World/News/Syrian-rebels-down-aircraft-20121202 |title=Syrian rebels down aircraft |publisher=News24 |date=2 December 2012 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619200636/http://www.news24.com/World/News/Syrian-rebels-down-aircraft-20121202 |archive-date=19 June 2013 |url-status=live}}

As the Syrian Air Force became more involved, the insurgents obtained more anti-aircraft equipment, captured air defense sites and warehouses while receiving shipments of Chinese and Russian material from external sponsors.{{cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article47635 |title=Sudan becomes the newest player in Syria's protracted conflict: NYT - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan |publisher=Sudan Tribune |access-date=3 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816042156/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article47635 |archive-date=16 August 2013 |url-status=live}} An improvement in accuracy was achieved and several Syrian Air Force jets and helicopters were shot down from August 2012.{{cite news |last=Kaphle |first=Anup |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/syrian-fighter-jet-crashes-rebels-claim-they-shot-it-down/2012/08/13/104b98ac-e555-11e1-936a-b801f1abab19_blog.html |title=Syrian fighter jet crashes; rebels claim they shot it down - WorldViews |newspaper=The Washington Post|date=13 August 2012 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514160753/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/syrian-fighter-jet-crashes-rebels-claim-they-shot-it-down/2012/08/13/104b98ac-e555-11e1-936a-b801f1abab19_blog.html |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=live}} Since insurgents besieged many airports, many of the aircraft were shot down taking off or landing. The raiding and shelling of airbases led to aircraft and helicopters being damaged or destroyed on the ground.{{cite journal |author=Tom A. Peter |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/1126/Syrian-rebels-struggle-to-keep-regime-Air-Force-on-the-ground-video |title=Syrian rebels struggle to keep regime Air Force on the ground (+video) |journal=Christian Science Monitor |date=26 November 2012 |publisher=CSMonitor.com |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801050356/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/1126/Syrian-rebels-struggle-to-keep-regime-Air-Force-on-the-ground-video |archive-date=1 August 2013 |url-status=live}}

In spite of occasional losses the Syrian Air Force remained largely unchallenged, efficient and feared by the rebels until it's collapse.{{cite web |author=Martin Chulov in Aleppo |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/04/syrian-rebel-raids-military-strongholds?CMP=twt_gu |title=Syrian rebel raids expose secrets of once-feared military | World news |work=The Guardian|date = 4 February 2013|access-date=3 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208013941/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/04/syrian-rebel-raids-military-strongholds?CMP=twt_gu |archive-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=live}} Compared to Western air forces fighting against similarly armed enemies in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, the main disadvantage of the Syrian Air Force was the lack of precision guided weapons which allow the aircraft to stay out of range of small arms fire, AAA and MANPADS, while bombing accurately. The same weakness prevents them from hitting targets of opportunity in the same mission. In 2014, Jane's Defence and Combat Aircraft Monthly report some MiG-29s{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/39087/russia-helps-keep-syria-s-mig-29s-flying|title=Russia helps keep Syria's MiG-29s flying|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612161151/http://www.janes.com/article/39087/russia-helps-keep-syria-s-mig-29s-flying|archive-date=12 June 2014|url-status=live}} and possibly some Su-24s capable of launching precision guided munitions.{{Cite journal|last=Cooper|first=Tom|title=A NEW AIR WAR OVER SYRIA |journal=Combat Aircraft Magazine|date=October 2014|issue=10/2014 |publisher=Ian Allan Publishing}}

Syrian pilots spend most of their flying time at low to medium altitude where battlefield threats are more potent.

Based on the aircraft type, Syrian pilots use different attack techniques for unguided munitions. L-39s attack in a dive, fast jets usually attacked in a low to medium altitude bombing run at high speed, firing thermal decoy flares against IR homing missiles and zooming after the attack.{{cite web |url=http://theaviationist.com/2012/10/22/su22/ |title=Video of Su-22 releasing flares during attack shows Syrian pilots are becoming concerned of surface to air missiles |publisher=The Aviationist |date=22 October 2012 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809080146/http://theaviationist.com/2012/10/22/su22/ |archive-date=9 August 2013 |url-status=live}} Later, fast jets added rocket and gun diving attacks.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_Z1ue5KRJ4|title=\\خطير\\جبل الزاوية: لحظة انقضاض الطائرة الحربية \الرويحة\ - YouTube|date=1 February 2014|work=YouTube|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018174219/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_Z1ue5KRJ4|archive-date=18 October 2015|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XnmE_55nhc|title=Syria - Su-22 rocket attack from low altitude - amazing|date=11 May 2013|work=YouTube|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724100743/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XnmE_55nhc|archive-date=24 July 2014|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://theaviationist.com/2013/10/08/fitter-fuel-leak/|title=The Aviationist » Syrian Air Force Su-22 leaking fuel after being hit by rebel fire|work=The Aviationist|date=8 October 2013|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214122116/http://theaviationist.com/2013/10/08/fitter-fuel-leak/|archive-date=14 February 2015|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfIXRUL4D4M|title=YouTube|website=YouTube |access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710062550/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfIXRUL4D4M|archive-date=10 July 2015|url-status=live}} Helicopters were seen flying at unusually high altitudes which minimized their accuracy and increased collateral damage, but reduced losses since they did not have the high speed and acceleration of jet fighters; the altitude putting them out of range of most of the ground threats. Mi-24/25 gunships were observed delivering decoy flares as well.{{cite web |url=http://theaviationist.com/2012/08/17/gunship-releasing-flares/ |title=Video shows Syrian Mil Mi-25 gunship releasing flares. A sign that rebels got their hands on MANPADS? |publisher=The Aviationist |date=17 August 2012 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815022335/http://theaviationist.com/2012/08/17/gunship-releasing-flares/ |archive-date=15 August 2013 |url-status=live}}

The Syrian Air Force frequently attacks insurgent forces with helicopter gunships in populated areas with unguided weaponry and the bombings often cause collateral damage to the civilian population and infrastructure.{{Cite news|last2=Willis|first2=Amy|last1=Bloomfield|first1=Adrian|title=Syria: helicopter gunships fire on villagers in fresh massacre|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9396764/Syria-helicopter-gunships-fire-on-villagers-in-fresh-massacre.html|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=12 July 2012|location=London|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504085748/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9396764/Syria-helicopter-gunships-fire-on-villagers-in-fresh-massacre.html|archive-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live}}[https://montrealgazette.com/mobile/news/world-news/Syria+troops+rebels+battle+control+territory/6774902/story.html]{{dead link|date=August 2013}}{{cite web |author=Linux Beach |url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/06/30/1104749/-BREAKING-Syrian-Air-Force-attacks-Douma-10m-from-Damascus-thousands-flee |title=BREAKING: Syrian Air Force attacks Douma, 10m from Damascus, thousands flee |publisher=Daily Kos |date=30 June 2012 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530084955/http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/06/30/1104749/-BREAKING-Syrian-Air-Force-attacks-Douma-10m-from-Damascus-thousands-flee |archive-date=30 May 2013 |url-status=live}}{{Cite news|title=Syrian forces push into Douma, residents flee|url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/syrian-forces-push-into-douma-residents-flee/|publisher=Trust.org|date=30 June 2012|agency=Reuters|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415235257/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/syrian-forces-push-into-douma-residents-flee/|archive-date=15 April 2013}}{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LOzmjsA5fw4 |title=Syria\ Shelling Douma by Al-Assad Military Planes |publisher=YouTube |date=30 June 2012 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515122608/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LOzmjsA5fw4 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/video/?hpt=hp_t1#/video/bestoftv/2012/08/15/pkg-wedeman-aleppo-hospital.cnn |title=Syrian regime attacks hospital |date=15 August 2012 |work=CNN |access-date=15 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814214601/http://edition.cnn.com/video/?hpt=hp_t1#/video/bestoftv/2012/08/15/pkg-wedeman-aleppo-hospital.cnn |archive-date=14 August 2012 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/2012815173313836461.html |title=Syrian warplanes hammer rebel border town |date=15 August 2012 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816205519/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/2012815173313836461.html |archive-date=16 August 2012 |url-status=live}}

From the end of 2012 until December 2014, Syrian Air Force L-39 were seldom seen, one of the two airbases for L-39 was captured and the other was besieged. In December 2014, videos surfaced showing the aircraft coming back to operational status after a factory overhaul inside Syria.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

At the beginning of August 2015, a summary of the recent Syrian Air Force activity reported that during July 2015, the Syrian Air Force performed 6,673 air attacks, the highest number since the beginning of the war. It was reported that between October 2014 and July 2015, at least 26,517 attacks were made.{{Cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/08/highest-number-syria-air-strikes-recorded-july-150801142450925.html |title=Highest number of Syria air strikes recorded in July |access-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804002240/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/08/highest-number-syria-air-strikes-recorded-july-150801142450925.html |archive-date=4 August 2015 |url-status=live}} This showed that aircraft losses had been overestimated, while the airframe overhauling and rotation increased the overall combat readiness of the Syrian Air Force since Syria could not count on replacements, apart from some refurbished ex-Iraqi Su-22s, delivered from Iran in the Spring of 2015, which had been flown there during the Gulf War in 1991.{{Cite web |url=http://www.uskowioniran.com/2015/03/the-iraq-iran-syria-su-22-fitter.html |title=The Iraq-Iran-Syria Su-22 Fitter connection |access-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328102213/http://www.uskowioniran.com/2015/03/the-iraq-iran-syria-su-22-fitter.html |archive-date=28 March 2015 |url-status=live}} In early 2015, it was rumored that Russian pilots were flying operations for the Syrian Air Force.{{cite news |url= https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21647673-despite-irans-support-president-weakening-assad-back-foot |title= Assad on the back foot |newspaper= The Economist|date= 4 April 2015 |access-date= 17 April 2015 |quote= A well-connected man in Damascus says many are flown by Russians, whose government backs Mr Assad |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150417124015/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21647673-despite-irans-support-president-weakening-assad-back-foot |archive-date= 17 April 2015 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}

On 18 June 2017, US military officials confirmed that a U.S. F/A-18E Super Hornet shot down a Syrian Sukhoi Su-22 after the warplane dropped bombs near SDF fighters south of Tabqa.{{Cite web |url=http://www.nrttv.com/EN/Details.aspx?Jimare=15100 |title=NRT English |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621175234/http://www.nrttv.com/EN/Details.aspx?Jimare=15100 |archive-date=21 June 2017 |url-status=live}} Following the Syrian civil war and the end of Bashar Al-Assad regime, the Israeli Air Force executed several air stikes on Syrian air force bases resulting in a near-total destruction of the Syrian Air Force.

{{Main|Squadrons of the Syrian Arab Air Force}}

As of 2017, the Syrian Arab Air force consisted of following units:{{Cite journal|last=Cooper|first=Tom|title=Syria: Air Power in Decline|journal=Combat Aircraft Magazine|date=February 2017|issue=2/2017 |publisher=Key Publishing}}

• 20th Air Division, with 3 fighter-bomber brigades, 3 helicopter brigades, and 1 transport brigade (southern Syria)
• 22nd Air Division, with 4 fighter-bomber brigades, 1 helicopter brigade, and Air Force College (central and north-western Syria)

These included following units:

• 17 Interceptor and fighter-bomber squadrons (each with 1-5 operational aircraft)
• 8 helicopter squadrons (each with 2-8 operational helicopters)
• 1 VIP transport group
• 1 training group

{{Main|List of Syrian Air Force bases}}

File:Ввс-2015.jpg

Syrian insurgents overran several air bases in north-western, northern and southern Syria, including Marj al-Sultan and Taftanaz Air Base (mid-January 2013),{{cite news|title=Rebels 'take control of key north Syria airbase'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20984142|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=11 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111125456/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20984142|archive-date=11 January 2013|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Syrian Rebels Say They Seized Helicopter Base in the North|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/12/world/middleeast/syria-war-developments.html|access-date=12 January 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=11 January 2013|author=Anne Barnard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112010854/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/12/world/middleeast/syria-war-developments.html|archive-date=12 January 2013|url-status=live}} Dhab'a Air Base (better known as al-Qussayr, in April 2013), and Kshesh Air Base (October 2013).{{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|title=Syrian Conflagration|year=2015|publisher=Helion & Co.|isbn=978-1-910294-10-9|pages=46–48}}

Forces of The Islamic State captured Tabqa Air Base on 24 August 2014.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-28918792|title=BBC News - Syria conflict: Islamic State seizes Tabqa airbase|work=BBC News|date=24 August 2014|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227215614/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-28918792|archive-date=27 December 2014|url-status=live}}

Due to the high security level on everything military related in the Syrian regime, the past of the Syrian Arab Air Force is still largely unknown. This makes it hard to judge what was the real strength of the air force.{{cite web|url=http://www.scramble.nl/sy.htm|title=Syrian Air Force - Al Quwwat al-Jawwiya al Arabiya as-Souriya|publisher=Scramble, Dutch Aviation Society|access-date=13 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515024315/http://www.scramble.nl/sy.htm|archive-date=15 May 2011|url-status=live}} Additionally, considerable losses to the opposition forces in the country's ongoing civil war are not accounted for here. The following information is compiled from multiple, pre-2012 Syrian civil war sources.

According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies in 2011 the aircraft inventory from Syrian Arab Air Force estimations was:{{cite web|url= http://csis.org/files/publication/100629_Arab-IsraeliMilBal.pdf|title= THE ARAB ISRAELI MILITARY BALANCE|publisher= Center for Strategic and International Studies|date= 29 June 2010|access-date= 14 January 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101015233841/http://csis.org/files/publication/100629_Arab-IsraeliMilBal.pdf|archive-date= 15 October 2010|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}{{cite web|url= http://csis.org/files/publication/111213_SyriaMilitaryIntervention.pdf|title= INSTABILITY IN SYRIA: Assessing the Risks of Military Intervention|publisher= Center for Strategic and International Studies|date= 13 December 2011|access-date= 14 January 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131120065009/http://csis.org/files/publication/111213_SyriaMilitaryIntervention.pdf|archive-date= 20 November 2013|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}

• 575 Fixed-wing aircraft:
• Combat/Reconnaissance/OCU aircraft: 461
• Training aircraft: 76
• Transport aircraft: 26
• 191 Rotary-wing aircraft:
• Attack helicopters: 71
• Armed transport/utility helicopters: 120

Current status of the Syrian Air Force is uncertain following the Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham and other insurgent groups November 2024 offensive and the Israeli Air Force airstrikes between the 8th and 10th December 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2025|page=370}} The rebels also reportedly seized a non-operational Ilyushin Il-28 bomber kept in storage after the capture of Hama.

Previous aircraft operated were the Gloster Meteor, Supermarine Spitfire, de Havilland DH.100 Vampire, Sukhoi Su-7, MiG-15, MiG-17, MiG-19, Ilyushin Il-28, Antonov An-2, Douglas C-47, Junkers Ju 52, T-6 Texan, Fiat G.46, Fiat G.55, Beriev Be-12, Aero L-29 Delfin, Yakovlev Yak-18, Tupolev Tu-143, MBB 223 Flamingo, Mil Mi-1, Mil Mi-6, and Mil Mi-4.{{cite web|url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202541.html |title=WAF 1987 pg. 91 |publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=16 June 2018}}{{cite web|url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%200660.html|title=THE WORLD'S AIR FORCES 1955 pg. 658 |publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=16 June 2018}}

{{See also|List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian Civil War}}

During the ongoing Syrian Civil War, the Syrian Air force suffered numerous losses of fixed, and rotary aircraft in the opening years.{{Cite web|url=https://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htatrit/articles/20130618.aspx|title=Attrition: The Destruction Of The Syrian Air Force|website=www.strategypage.com}} However, with Russian and Iranian support, combat readiness of the Syrian Arab Air Force assets had significantly increased during the later years of the conflict.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/8/1/highest-number-of-syria-air-strikes-recorded-in-july|title=Highest number of Syria air strikes recorded in July|website=www.aljazeera.com}}

The following officers have served as Commanders of the Air Force:

• (1948–1948) Colonel Abdel Wahad al-Hakim{{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 1|year=2009|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9825539-2-3|pages=29}}
• (1948–1949) Colonel Sallahaddin Hankin
• (1950–1951) Colonel Sayed Habbi
• (1951–1953) Brigadier General Souheil Ashi {{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 1|year=2009|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9825539-2-3|pages=35}}
• (1953–1957) UARAF period (two MiG-17F-units based in Syria were controlled by the 'UARAF Eastern Division', commanded by Brigadier General Rashed Kelani){{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 2|year=2010|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9825539-6-1|pages=139–140}}
• (1957–1963) Major General Wadih Moukabari
• (1963–1963) Major General Nur Allah Haj Ibrahim{{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 2|year=2010|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9825539-6-1|pages=164}}
• (1963–1965) Major General Louis Dakar
• (1965–1970) Brigadier General Hafez al-Assad (actually serving as commander only 1965–1966; subsequently preoccupied with involvement in internal politics, therefore appointed Brigadier General Moukiiad as his Deputy)
• (1966–1970) Brigadier General Mohammad Assad Moukiiad{{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 2|year=2010|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9825539-6-1|pages=166}}
• (1971–1976) Major General Naji Jamil{{Cite web |url=http://www.moqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Siasia21/HarbLebnan/sec192.htm |title=Al Moqatel - الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية |access-date=10 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513190833/http://www.moqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Siasia21/HarbLebnan/sec192.htm |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live}}{{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 5|year=2014|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9854554-4-6|pages=76}}
• (1976–1978) Subhi HaddadBatatu, 1999, p. 226.
• (1978–1981) Major General Mamdouh Hamdi Abazza{{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 6|year=2015|publisher=Harpia Publishing|isbn=978-0-9854554-6-0|pages=15}}
• list incomplete
• (–1994) Ali Malahafji
• (1994–1999) Major General Muhammad al-Khuli
• list incomplete
• (2006–2010) Major General Yusef Al-Ahmad
• (2010) Major General Ahmad al-Ratyb{{cite web |url=http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1287493352.pdf |website=www.inss.org.il |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002155900/http://www.inss.org.il/upload/%28FILE%291287493352.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2011|title=Syrian Armed Forces}}
• (2010 – 2012) Major General Ali Mahmoud
• (2012 – 2013) Major General Issam Hallaq{{cite web|title=Council Implementing Decision 2012/424/CFSP of 23 July 2012 implementing Decision 2011/782/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Syria|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:196:0081:01:EN:HTML|publisher=Official Journal of the European Union|date=24 July 2012|access-date=21 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513184958/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:196:0081:01:EN:HTML|archive-date=13 May 2013|url-status=live}}
• (2013 – 2020) Major General Ahmad Baloul{{Cite web|url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/35677|title=The Syrian Phoenix is Arising|date=14 September 2018}}
• (2020 – 2024) Major General Hasan Wadih[https://twitter.com/AymanDas1/status/1314995872560746501?t=UReGuWREB_mFnIRRluPGhg&s=19 MG Hasan Wadih was appointed as the Commander of Air Force and Air Defense]
• (2024 – 2024) Major General Tawfiq Khaddour{{cite web|title=Senior state positions|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240105-syria-assad-appoints-war-criminals-to-senior-state-positions/|publisher=Middle East Monitor|date=5 January 2024|access-date=21 January 2024}}

{{Main|Military ranks of Syria}}

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

It consists of three concentric circles, with a green outer part, white middle and black inner part. The unique part of the Syrian roundel is the presence of three red stars in the white circle, which is reflective of the three stars on the national flag. The fin flash is also an image of the flag.

Roundel of Syria (1948–1958; 1961–1963).svg|(1948–1958)

Roundel of the United Arab Republic (1958–1971), Roundel of Syria (1980–2024).svg|(1958–1961)

Roundel of Syria (1948–1958; 1961–1963).svg|(1961–1963)

Roundel of Syria (1963–1972).svg|(1963–1972)

Roundel of Syria (1972–1980).svg|(1972–1980)

Roundel of the United Arab Republic (1958–1971), Roundel of Syria (1980–2024).svg|(1980–2024)

Roundel of Syria (1948–1958; 1961–1963).svg|(2024–Present)

• Air Force Intelligence Directorate

{{notelist}}

{{country study|country=Syria|abbr=sy}}

{{reflist|30em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite magazine|last=Cooper|first=Tom|title='Floggers" in Action: Early MiG-23s in Operational Service |magazine=Air Enthusiast |date=July–August 2002|issue=100 |pages=56–67 |issn=0143-5450}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|title=MiG-23 Flogger in the Middle East: Mikoyan i Gurevich MiG-23 in Service in Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Libya and Syria, 1973-2008|publisher=Helion & Co.|date=2018a|isbn= 978-1-912390-32-8}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|title=Moscow's Game of Poker: Russian Military Intervention in Syria, 2015-2017|publisher=Helion & Co.|date=2018b|isbn=978-1-912390-37-3}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Cooper|first=Tom|title=A NEW AIR WAR OVER SYRIA |journal=Combat Aircraft Magazine|date=October 2014|issue=10|publisher=Ian Allan Publishing}}
• {{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Tom|title=Syrian Conflagration: the Civil War, 2011-2013|publisher=Helion & Co.|date=2015|isbn=978-1-910294-10-9}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 1|publisher=Harpia Publishing|date=2009|isbn=978-0-9825539-2-3}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 2|publisher=Harpia Publishing|date=2011|isbn=978-0-9825539-6-1}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 3|publisher=Harpia Publishing|date=2012|isbn=978-0-9825539-9-2}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 4|publisher=Harpia Publishing|date=2013|isbn=978-0-9854554-1-5}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 5|publisher=Harpia Publishing|date=2014|isbn=978-0-9854554-4-6}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=Arab MiGs, Volume 6|publisher=Harpia Publishing|date=2015|isbn=978-0-9854554-6-0}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Dijkshoorn|first=Marco|title=Syria's Secret Air Arm|journal=Combat Aircraft Magazine|date=September 2010|volume=11|issue=9|publisher=Ian Allan Publishing}}
• {{cite journal |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=Chapter Six: Middle East and North Africa |journal=The Military Balance |date=11 February 2025 |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=312–379 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2025.2445478 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/04597222.2025.2445478 |access-date=13 February 2025 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |issn=0459-7222 |ref={{sfnref|IISS|2025}} |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}
• Nicolle, David. "Arab-Italian Fighters: Fiats and Macchis in Egyptian and Syrian Service 1948-1956". Air Enthusiast, No. 55, Autumn 1994, pp. 32–36. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}

{{refend}}

• {{cite web|url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_437.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040417072333/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_437.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 April 2004|publisher=ACIG.org|access-date=13 May 2011|first=Tom|last=Cooper|date=30 September 2003|title=Israeli-Syrian Shadow Boxing}}

{{Syrian security forces}}

{{Syria topics}}

{{Air forces}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Military units and formations established in 1948