Tabarka

Tabarka was known to the Carthaginians as {{sc|tbrkʿn}} ({{langx|xpu|𐤕𐤁𐤓𐤊𐤏𐤍}}).{{sfnp|Head & al.|1911|p=886}}{{sfnp|Ghaki|2015|p=67}} This was transcribed into Greek as Thaúbraka ({{lang|grc|Θαύβρακα}}) and into Latin as Thabraca.{{cite web|url=http://nlp.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DT%3Aentry+group%3D16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228181231/http://nlp.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DT%3Aentry+group%3D16 |archive-date=2014-02-28 |url-status=dead |title=Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary|access-date=28 March 2016}}{{cite book|title=The Roman World|author=Chapot, V.|date=1928|publisher=Knopf|isbn=9780819603678|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_7H4iGo3NYC&pg=PA385|page=385|access-date=28 March 2016}} In modern day Berber it is known as Tabarka or Tbarga, while its Arabic name is Ṭbarqa ({{lang|ar|طبرقة}}).

File:Tarbarka 17th century.jpg flag on the castle.]]

Although older sources placed Thabraca within the Roman province of Numidia, recent ones agree on placing it in the Roman province of Africa, known also as Africa Proconsularis.{{cite book|title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|author1=Hornblower, S.|author2=Spawforth, A.|author3=Eidinow, E.|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199545568|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|page=33|access-date=28 March 2016}}{{cite book|title=Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439-700|author=Conant, J.|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521196970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfDpA2cbB0cC&pg=PA48|page=48|access-date=28 March 2016}}{{cite book|title=Letters 1-99|author1=Saint Augustine|author2=Rotelle, J.E.|author3=Teske, R.J.|date=2001|issue=pt. 2, v. 1|publisher=New City Press|isbn=9781565481633|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UmG5hYsJAAIC&pg=PA264|page=264|access-date=28 March 2016}} It was a Roman colony. It was connected by a road with Simitthu, which it served as a port for the export of its famous marble. The rebellious Roman official Gildo, the brother of Firmus, committed suicide in Thabraca. Under the Vandal king Gaiseric, the town had a monastery for men and a convent for women.

File:Tabarka plan 1770.jpg

File:Tabarka nature.jpg

From 1540 to 1742, the Genoese maintained a garrison on the adjacent island, also called Tabarka, which lies about {{convert|365|yd|sp=us}} off the town. In 1540 the island was given by the Ottoman Bey of Tunis as a concession to the Genoese Lomellini family.Thomas Allison Kirk, Genoa and the Sea, JHU Press, 2013 The Genoese were in the service of Spain during 1553 at the request of Emperor Charles V who was interested in coral fishing. The Lomellini were part of the circle of Andrea Doria, Doge of Genoa, and were related to the Grimaldi family. The grant was possibly due to a secret ransom for the release of the pirate Turkish Dragut, captured in 1540 by Giannettino Doria, nephew of Andrea Doria. The Lomellini colonized Tabarca with a group of inhabitants of Pegli,{{cite web |url=http://www.lastampa.it/2012/05/01/societa/viaggi/home-cover/l-isola-di-tabarka-e-le-tracce-dei-genovesi-I4Wnl6mzUmuPSygQXZ3h7J/pagina.html |title=L'Isola di Tabarka e le tracce dei genovesi |website=www.lastampa.it |date= May 2012|access-date=4 February 2017}} near Genoa, where they had various properties and a huge palace. The community of Pegliesi lived in Tabarka for several centuries.

In 1738 due to the exhaustion of the coral reefs and the deterioration of relations with the Arab population a large group of "Tabarkini" moved to San Pietro Island off Sardinia, then uninhabited, where they founded a new town of Carloforte. The transfer was made possible thanks to the King of Sardinia, Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia who wanted to colonize those of his lands which were not yet inhabited. The name of Carloforte was chosen in honor of the sovereign. Another group of Tabarkini was resettled in the town of Calasetta on the adjacent Island of Sant'Antioco, whose population still speaks a variant of Genoese dialect originating from Tabarka.{{cite web |url=http://www.sardegnaturismo.it/en/point-of-interest/calasetta |title= Calasetta|website=Sardegna Turismo |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205014819/https://www.sardegnaturismo.it/en/point-of-interest/calasetta |archive-date=5 February 2017}} Others were moved to the Spanish island of New Tabarca.{{cite book|title=Alicante / Alacant, Tabarca: Rutas de aproximación al patrimonio cultural valenciano / Rutes d'aproximació al patrimoni cultural valencià|last=Varela|first=Santiago|others=Juan Calduch; Joaquín Lara (graphic dessing)|year=1983|language=es, ca|publisher=Servicio de patrimonio arquitectónico: Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Ciencia: Generalidad Valenciana|chapter=Nueva Tabarca / Nova Tabarca: 1. Generalidades / 1. Generalitats}} In 1741{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} or 1742, the Genoese fortress surrendered to the (nominally Ottoman but essentially autonomous) Bey of Tunis. At Tabarka, the ruins consists of a pit once used as a church and some fragments of walls which belonged to Christian buildings. There were also two Ottoman Turkish fortresses, one of which has been repaired. A French expedition was dispatched to capture Tabarka but failed.

File:Tabarka, décembre 2014 (14).jpg

Under French colonial rule it was annexed to the civil district of Souk el-Arba, now in the Tunisian governorate of Jendouba, and a rather important fishing centre. Tabarka Jazz Festival was established in 1973.

File:Fort de l'île de Tabarka 4.JPG

Thabraca became a Christian bishopric that is no longer a residential see but is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 979File:Tabarka, décembre 2014 (28).jpg

File:Tabarka Snow Forest Road.jpg

File:Tabarka Forest Under Snow.jpg was also the seat of an ancient Bishopric and in antiquity it had a monastery for men and one for women,[https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=11405 Thabraca] at Catholic Encyclopedia.org and several church Buildings and Christian cemeteries have been uncovered.[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14552a.htm Thabraca] at New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. The city contains several Christian cemeteries, many of the tombs covered with curious mosaics. An inscription (C.I.L., VIII, 173-82) mentions the cult of the martyr Anastasia and her companions.

Bishops

The bishops of Thabraca, who met with the other bishops of Proconsular Africa, included:

• Victoricus, at the Council of Carthage (256)A Library of Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church, Anterior to the Division of the East and West, Volume 17 (J.H. Parker, 1844) [https://books.google.com/books?id=LRs2AQAAMAAJ&dq=Thabraca++gcatholic&pg=PA294 p294].
• Rusticianus, at the conference of Carthage in 411, where his competitor was the Donatist Charentius; he also signed in 416 the letter from the council of Proconsular Africa to Pope Innocent I;
• Clarissimus, who in 646 signed the letter from the same Council to Patriarch Paul II of Constantinople against the Monothelites.

The Bishopric was founded during the Roman Empire and survived through the arian Vandal and Orthodox Byzantine empires, only ceasing to function with the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. The diocese was re-founded in name at least in the 20th century as a titular see of the Roman Catholic church.[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t1684.htm Titular Episcopal See of Thabraca] at GCatholic.org.[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2t10.html Thabraca] at catholic-hierarchy.org.

Titular bishops

• Pierre Brigot, (22 Jan 1755 Appointed – 8 Nov 1791)
• St. Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse, (24 Jul 1798 Appointed – 14 Sep 1815)
• Edward Kernan (6 Feb 1818 Appointed – 19 Nov 1824)
• Rémi Gaulin † (10 May 1833 Appointed – 14 Jan 1840 Succeeded, Bishop of Kingston, Ontario)
• Bernardino di Milia, (27 Mar 1884 Appointed – 4 Jun 1891)
• Antonin Guillermain, (12 Jan 1895 Appointed – 14 Jul 1896)
• Henri Streicher, (1 Feb 1897 Appointed – 2 Jun 1933)
• Auguste-Joseph-Marie Cogneau (23 Jun 1933 Appointed – 12 Apr 1952)
• Georges Kettel, (24 Mar 1953 Appointed – 10 Nov 1959)
• Charles Quentin Bertram Olwell, (19 Jan 1961 Appointed – 30 Jan 1972)
• Antônio Agostinho Marochi (27 Sep 1973 Appointed – 2 Feb 1976)
• Sebastian Acol Dalis (18 Nov 1987 Appointed – 27 Oct 2004 Died)
• Pedro Joaquin Hernández Cantarero, (12 Feb 2005 Appointed – )

The weather in Tabarka is usually variable from year to year. Summers are mostly hot and dry, but milder than the Saharan hinterland. It barely rains in July and August. The average temperatures for this season is {{convert|28.2|C|F|1}}. Winters are mostly rainy and mild. The average temperature for this season is {{convert|12.0|C|F|1}}.

{{Weather box

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|location = Tabarka (1981-2010, mean monthly temperature and precipitation 1994–2019, extremes 1953–2017)

|Jan record high C = 26.1

|Feb record high C = 29.2

|Mar record high C = 36.5

|Apr record high C = 37.0

|May record high C = 41.4

|Jun record high C = 47.1

|Jul record high C = 47.4

|Aug record high C = 48.4

|Sep record high C = 43.3

|Oct record high C = 39.7

|Nov record high C = 33.2

|Dec record high C = 28.1

|year record high C = 48.4

|Jan high C = 15.7

|Feb high C = 16.1

|Mar high C = 18.2

|Apr high C = 20.7

|May high C = 24.8

|Jun high C = 28.7

|Jul high C = 31.7

|Aug high C = 32.1

|Sep high C = 29.3

|Oct high C = 25.9

|Nov high C = 20.6

|Dec high C = 17.0

|year high C =

|Jan mean C = 11.8

|Feb mean C = 11.8

|Mar mean C = 13.7

|Apr mean C = 16.2

|May mean C = 19.6

|Jun mean C = 23.2

|Jul mean C = 26.0

|Aug mean C = 26.5

|Sep mean C = 23.8

|Oct mean C = 20.8

|Nov mean C = 16.3

|Dec mean C = 13.1

|year mean C =

|Jan low C = 7.6

|Feb low C = 7.6

|Mar low C = 8.9

|Apr low C = 10.9

|May low C = 14.0

|Jun low C = 17.1

|Jul low C = 19.9

|Aug low C = 20.6

|Sep low C = 18.8

|Oct low C = 15.8

|Nov low C = 11.9

|Dec low C = 8.9

|year low C =

|Jan record low C = -0.5

|Feb record low C = -2.4

|Mar record low C = 0.2

|Apr record low C = -1.4

|May record low C = 3.0

|Jun record low C = 7.5

|Jul record low C = 8.5

|Aug record low C = 9.0

|Sep record low C = 8.5

|Oct record low C = 4.0

|Nov record low C = 0.5

|Dec record low C = 0.0

|year record low C = -2.4

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 159

|Feb precipitation mm = 128

|Mar precipitation mm = 102

|Apr precipitation mm = 92

|May precipitation mm = 47

|Jun precipitation mm = 17

|Jul precipitation mm = 4

|Aug precipitation mm = 14

|Sep precipitation mm = 65

|Oct precipitation mm = 107

|Nov precipitation mm = 164

|Dec precipitation mm = 170

|year precipitation mm ={{cite book |title=2021 ASHRAE HANDBOOK—FUNDAMENTALS (I-P) |date=2021 |publisher=American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers |isbn=9781947192898 |pages=1024 |url=https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/ashrae-handbook/description-2021-ashrae-handbook-fundamentals |access-date=29 May 2022}}

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 11.9

|Feb precipitation days = 10.6

|Mar precipitation days = 9.8

|Apr precipitation days = 8.8

|May precipitation days = 5.3

|Jun precipitation days = 2.1

|Jul precipitation days = 0.7

|Aug precipitation days = 1.7

|Sep precipitation days = 5.1

|Oct precipitation days = 8.5

|Nov precipitation days = 11.5

|Dec precipitation days = 11.3

|year precipitation days =

|Jan humidity = 72

|Feb humidity = 73

|Mar humidity = 73

|Apr humidity = 72

|May humidity = 72

|Jun humidity = 70

|Jul humidity = 65

|Aug humidity = 68

|Sep humidity = 70

|Oct humidity = 71

|Nov humidity = 75

|Dec humidity = 74

|year humidity =

|Jan sun = 137.7

|Feb sun = 153.1

|Mar sun = 204.6

|Apr sun = 221.4

|May sun = 279.4

|Jun sun = 313.0

|Jul sun = 355.5

|Aug sun = 319.6

|Sep sun = 239.9

|Oct sun = 205.4

|Nov sun = 147.7

|Dec sun = 130.6

|year sun =

|source 1 = Institut National de la Météorologie (days/humidity 1961–1990){{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191219211209/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/9e1ed3a1-69f5-4ef9-a05e-daa8126fdb7c/resource/acf0d32e-92b3-4247-9281-1b3a1587d23f/download/normales_1981_2010.txt

| archive-date = 19 December 2019

| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/9e1ed3a1-69f5-4ef9-a05e-daa8126fdb7c/resource/acf0d32e-92b3-4247-9281-1b3a1587d23f

| title = Les normales climatiques en Tunisie entre 1981 2010

| publisher = Ministère du Transport

| language = fr

| access-date = 3 January 2020}}{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032155/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/c8d4b465-056c-41e2-a666-05160d19784e/resource/3d38ac83-8a3c-4207-b327-9684131292b3/download/normales_1961_1990.txt

| archive-date = 21 December 2019

| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/normales-climatiques-en-tunisie-entre-1961-1990/resource/3d38ac83-8a3c-4207-b327-9684131292b3

| title = Données normales climatiques 1961-1990

| publisher = Ministère du Transport

| language = fr

| access-date = 3 January 2020}}{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032448/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/b19bf5d3-5f47-43a3-befc-80a4f4f1d267/resource/0f4ff280-9f86-4e4f-bc18-29df886c2a30/download/extremes.txt

| archive-date = 21 December 2019

| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/extremes-climatiques-en-tunisie/resource/0f4ff280-9f86-4e4f-bc18-29df886c2a30

| title = Les extrêmes climatiques en Tunisie

| publisher = Ministère du Transport

| language = fr

| access-date = 3 January 2020}}{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032448/https://www.meteo.tn/index.php/donnees-climatiques | archive-date = 21 December 2019 | url = https://www.meteo.tn/index.php/donnees-climatiques | title = Période ensoleillée 1981-2010 climatiques en Tunisie | publisher = Ministère du Transport | language = fr | access-date = 26 December 2019}}{{refn|group=note|name=Station ID|The Station ID for Tabarka is 22525211.{{cite web |url=http://data.transport.tn/dataset/reseau-des-stations-meteorologiques-synoptiques/resource/9d68c101-4789-4e6a-bdff-8952d727c0c1 |title=Réseau des stations météorologiques synoptiques de la Tunisie |publisher=Ministère du Transport |language=fr |access-date=3 January 2020}}}}

}}

The airport in Tabarka was named Airport 7 Novembre until the Tunisian revolution; it was then renamed Tabarka-Ain Draham International Airport.

{{Portal|Africa}}

• Tabarka Rocks
• Tabarka Jazz Festival
• Fossa regia
• Genoese-Tabarka diaspora
• Calasetta
• San Pietro Island
• Carloforte
• Tabarca
• European enclaves in North Africa before 1830

Featured in film, The Golden Salamander, with Trevor Howard, Herbert Lom and Anouk Aimee.{Paul Thomson}

File:Modifier (211301149).jpeg

File:Port de Tabarka.jpg

File:Tabarka - Golf Beach - panoramio.jpg

File:Vue de la mer du Port de Tabarka.jpg

File:ViewTabarkaBorj.JPG

File:Tabarka le soir.jpg

File:Tabarka Jendouba.png

File:Aiop.jpg

File:Tabarka port 02.jpg

File:Tabarka green.jpg|alt=

File:Tabarka tunisia.jpg|alt=

File:Tabarka ❤️.jpg|alt=

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Reflist|group=note}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{CathEncy|wstitle=Thabraca}}
• {{citation |last=Ghaki |first=Mansour |contribution=Toponymie et Onomastique Libyques: L'Apport de l'Écriture Punique/Néopunique |contribution-url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/50105050/Toponymie_et_onomastique_Lapport_de_lecriture_punique_neopunique.pdf |pages=65–71 |date=2015 |location=Naples |publisher=Unior |editor=Anna Maria di Tolla |display-editors=0 |title=La Lingua nella Vita e la Vita della Lingua: Itinerari e Percorsi degli Studi Berberi |series=Studi Africanistici: Quaderni di Studi Berberi e Libico-Berberi |number=4 |isbn=978-88-6719-125-3 |issn=2283-5636 |access-date=3 November 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428044658/https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/50105050/Toponymie_et_onomastique_Lapport_de_lecriture_punique_neopunique.pdf |url-status=dead }}. {{in lang|fr}}
• {{citation |last=Head |first=Barclay |editor=Ed Snible |author2=G.F. Hill |author3=George MacDonald |author4=W. Wroth |display-authors=1 |display-editors=0 |url=http://snible.org/coins/hn/index.html |title=Historia Numorum |contribution=Numidia |contribution-url=http://snible.org/coins/hn/numidia.html |pages=884–887 |date=1911 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |ref={{harvid|Head & al.|1911}} }}.

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category|Tabarka}}

• [http://www.tabarka.com/ Tabarka.Com Tabarka Guide]
• [http://www.tabarka.org/ Tabarka.Org]
• [https://paris1814.com/tunis Photo gallery of Tabarka in 1924. French Naval Intelligence]
• [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Tunisia.html#Tabarqa WorldStatesmen-Tunisia]
• {{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2017400|title=CWGC – Cemetery Details|author=Reading Room Manchester|publisher=cwgc.org|access-date=28 March 2016}}

{{Communes of Tunisia}}

{{Phoenician cities and colonies}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Communes of Tunisia

Category:Populated places in Jendouba Governorate

Category:Populated coastal places in Tunisia

Category:Ottoman Tunisia

Thabraca

Category:Territories of the Republic of Genoa

Category:Phoenician colonies in Tunisia