Tabernas Desert

{{Infobox valley

| name = Tabernas Desert

| native_name = {{native name|es|Desierto de Tabernas}}

| photo = Almeria 02.jpg

| photo_caption = A view of the desert

| map = Spain#Europe

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| map_caption = Location in Spain##Location in Europe

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| country = Spain

| state_type = Autonomous community

| state = Andalusia

| region_type = Province

| region = Almería

| city = Tabernas

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| coordinates = {{Coord|37|N|2.45|W|region:ES|display=title, inline}}

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| area_km2 = 280

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The Tabernas Desert ({{langx|es|Desierto de Tabernas}}) is a desert located within Spain's south-eastern province of Almería. It is in the interior, about {{convert|30|km|sp=us}} north of the provincial capital Almería, in the Tabernas municipality in Andalusia.{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Jo|title=DESIERTO DE TABERNAS NATURAL AREA|url=http://www.andalucia.com/environment/protect/tabernas.htm|access-date=15 January 2013}} It is the only desert in Europe, since most of its area has a desert climate.{{Cite web |date=2024-04-27 |title=Why visit Tabernas, home to Europe's only desert |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/tabernas-spain-desert-wild-west-town |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}

Due to its high elevation and mountainous location, it has slightly higher annual precipitation (more than {{convert|220|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year), and lower annual average temperature (temperatures below {{convert|17.9|C|F}}) than coastal areas of Almeria. It is a nature reserve (protected area) that spans {{convert|280|km2|sqmi|abbr=off|sp=us}}.

File:Tabernas2.jpg|The desert of Tabernas.

File:Altiplano de Granada.jpg|View of the Badlands on the Granada Plateau.

File:Amanecer en el desierto.jpg|Somewhere in the Tabernas Desert. January 2017.

The Tabernas Desert is located between the Sierra de los Filabres to the north, the Sierra Alhamilla to the south-southeast and the Sierra Nevada to the west.

Climate

File:A Sunrise in the Tabernas Desert.jpg

The Tabernas Desert is defined mainly by a hot desert climate, a hot semi-desert climate, a cold desert climate, and a cold semi-desert climate.{{Cite web |title=Evolucion de los climas de Köppen en España: 1951-2020 |url=https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia}} Situated between the Sierra de los Filabres to the north and the Sierra de Alhamilla to the south-southeast, it is isolated from the humid winds of the Mediterranean Sea, in an area with little precipitation known as Levante.

In the lowest elevations of the Tabernas basin (about {{convert|400|m|-1|abbr=on}} above sea level), the average annual temperature is close to {{convert|18.0|C}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.eeza.csic.es/eeza/documentos/Canton%20et%20al%202003-Geoderma.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626134943/http://www.eeza.csic.es/eeza/documentos/Canton%20et%20al%202003-Geoderma.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 26, 2012 |title=Soil–geomorphology relations in gypsiferous materials of the Tabernas Desert (Almería, SE Spain), page 4/30) |author=Y.Cantón, A. Solé-Benet, R. Lázaro |publisher=Elsevier |access-date=July 16, 2020}} Due to its relative proximity to the coast and its relatively high altitude, temperatures in winter vary between {{convert|0|–|12|C}} in the higher altitudes to {{convert|6|–|15|C}} in the lower altitudes while temperatures in the summer vary from {{convert|16|–|29|C}} in the higher altitudes to {{convert|20|–|31|C}} in the lower altitudes.{{cite web |title=Valores climatológicos normales |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |publisher=AEMET |access-date=24 April 2021}} The annual average precipitation is {{convert|15–22|cm|abbr=on}} (depending on the zone{{rp|1 & 4/30}}) with only one-third falling in the hot season (May to October). The average annual sunshine varies from 2800 to 3000 hours.{{cite web |title=Valores climatológicos normales |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |publisher=AEMET |access-date=24 April 2021}}

Thus the climate, from {{convert|400|–|800|m|-1|sp=us}}, is an arid and semi-arid type.Georges Viers (1990), Éléments de climatologie, Paris, Nathan This characteristic is also aggravated by the foehn effect.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}{{Wide image|File:TabernasDesert.jpg|800px|Panoramic view of Tabernas Desert from A-92 (GPS 37.016773 -2.446092)}}

Solar energy

A solar platform (the largest in Europe: the solar platform of Almería [https://www.psa.es/en/index.php]) has been installed to conduct experiments on solar thermal energy. High-tech research is carried out in the same place.

Geology and biology

File:Almeria Desierto de Tabernas by Maksym Abramov.jpg

Millions of years ago, the corridor between the Sierra Alhamilla and the Sierra de Filabres was covered by the Mediterranean Sea. Over time, the level of the Mediterranean Sea decreased and eventually became a sedimentary basin.

The little rainfall that occurs is usually torrential, so that the ground, consisting of marl and sandstone with little vegetation, is unable to retain moisture. Instead, the rain causes erosion, forming the characteristic landscape of badlands.

Arroyos formed by torrential rain harbor the scarce vegetation, as well as fauna such as swifts, hedgehogs, jackdaws, pin-tailed sandgrouse, blue rock thrushes, stone curlews, trumpeter finches, and crested larks.

=Flora and fauna=

The desert is well-endowed with vegetation for a desert. Plants such as the sea lavender (Limonium insignis), which are teetering on the verge of extinction, manage to flourish in the arid environment of the desert. In winter, the landscape of the desert turns white when the toadflax linaria (Nigricans lange) flowers. There are specimens of yellow scorpions (Buthus occitanus), tarantulas (Lycosa tarentulla) and black widow spiders (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus). Coastal areas have lesser weevers such as Echiichthys vipera and Tachinus dracco, which usually live under the sand.{{cite web |title=Almería Medio Ambiente |url=http://www.almediam.org/articulos/articulos_070.htm |website=www.almediam.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510183102/http://www.almediam.org/articulos/articulos_070.htm |archive-date=2007-05-10}}

==Reptiles and amphibians==

The reptilian population of the desert includes ladder snakes, spiny-footed lizards and ocellated lizards. Marsh frogs, natterjack toads and terrapins inhabit the moist areas of the desert.

File:Rhinechis scalaris cropped.jpg|A ladder snake

File:Timon Lepidus danelu.jpg|Ocellated lizard

==Birds==

Birds of prey such as the Bonelli's eagles and peregrine falcons roam the desert's skies. Lesser hunters include kestrels and eagle owls. Species such as the blue rock thrush, rock sparrow, rock bunting inhabit the rocky areas of the desert whereas warblers, goldfinches, golden orioles and serins prefer the ramblas near the dry river beds.

Image:Dohle (Corvus monedula) d1.jpg|A jackdaw

File:Bonelli's Eagle.jpg|Bonelli's eagle

==Mammals==

The desert contains approximately 20 species of mammals. The Algerian hedgehog is one of the most important mammals inhabiting the area, in addition to rabbit, hare and dormouse species.

File:Atelerix algirus.jpg|The Algerian, or North African, hedgehog (Atelerix algirus)

Cinema

Image:Tabernas film sets.jpg

Image:View down the street of Mini Hollywood.jpg

Because of its similarities to deserts in the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, northern Africa, and Arabia, Tabernas has been a popular area to shoot many films since the 1950s.

The Spaghetti Westerns were shot at the three main studios :

Fort Bravo Texas Hollywood is one of the three western villages (towns) still in operation (there were up to 14 in the great era of spaghetti westerns).
Mini Hollywood Oasys (with a zoo) is now only used mainly for tourist purposes with some productions still taking place.
Western Leone is now used mainly for tourist purposes.

The remaining 11 have been gradually abandoned despite their historical interest and tourist potential:

Tabernas Desert Film Studios - Various film productions have been made here.
Cine Escuela de Almería - Film school but also location.
Mini Hollywood Rio - Entertainment center based on the universe of westerns.
Almería Film Studio (formerly known as Estudios de Almería) - Used for various filming.
La Cañada de Baza - Production and filming site.
El Rancho - Another western setting.
Desert Film Studios - A place used for various film projects.
Agua Amarga Film Studio - Nearby studio used for various films.
El Tarajal - Location for filming in the area.
Estudio de Cine en el Desierto - A studio that has seen several productions.
Sesenta - Filming location and film-related events in the desert.

Top Movie locations http://www.unique-almeria.com/movie-filming-locations.html Retrieved 19 November 2012{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/raisingcaineauth00hall/page/129 129] |title=Raising Caine: the authorized biography |url=https://archive.org/details/raisingcaineauth00hall |url-access=registration |last=Hall |first=William |year=1982|isbn=9780137526758 }}Simmons, Bob & Passingham, Kenneth. Nobody Does It Better: My 25 Years of Stunts With James Bond and Other Stories, 1987, Blandford

The sixth season of the TV series Game of Thrones was shot in locations from Andalusia to Catalonia, including the desert,{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/spain/articles/game-of-thrones-filming-locations-in-spain/ |title=Spain's incredible Game of Thrones filming locations |first=Oliver |last=Smith |date=11 April 2019 |access-date=3 June 2019 |newspaper=Telegraph |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited}} which is the Dothraki Sea, a gigantic steppe in Essos, the largest continent.{{cite news |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/04/25/inenglish/1461575791_091857.html |title=The new Spanish settings for 'Game of Thrones' |first=Jacobo |last=Pedraza |date=25 April 2016 |access-date=3 June 2019 |newspaper=El País |publisher=Prisa |language=es}}

Nowadays, many video clips and television commercials are shot, although from time to time it is still the setting for a film or television series, taking advantage of the photogenic landscape of the Almeria desert and thanks to the western settlements that are still standing. From the late 1950s to the present day, more than 300 films have been shot in this desert, most of them westerns.

In 2002, comedy western film 800 Bullets was filmed in the Tabernas Desert. An episode of the seventh season of the British science fiction series Doctor Who, entitled A Town Called Mercy, was filmed in the desert, as well as several episodes of the third season of Penny Dreadful in 2015. In 2016, the desert was used as a set for the music video of Shout Out to My Ex by the British girl group Little Mix included in their fourth album. The same year, scenes were also filmed for the sixth season of Game of Thrones, depicting Dothraki territory. In 2017, the exteriors of the Black Museum episode of the fourth season of the Black Mirror series were filmed there.{{cite web|access-date=7 January 2018|title=Almería se luce en el último capítulo de 'Black Mirror'|url=https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/5/vivir/142527/almeria-se-luce-en-el-ultimo-capitulo-de-black-mirror|website=LA VOZ DE ALMERIA}}