Almería

The name "Almería" comes from the city's former Arabic name, Madīnat al-Mariyya, meaning "city of the watchtower".{{Cite book |last=García-Pulido |first=Luis José |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2019 |isbn=9789004386679 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |chapter=Almería art and architecture |issn=1873-9830 |editor2-last=Krämer |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor3-last=Matringe |editor3-first=Denis |editor4-last=Nawas |editor4-first=John |editor5-last=Rowson |editor5-first=Everett }} As the settlement was originally the port or coastal suburb of Pechina, it was initially known as Mariyyat al-Bajjāna (Bajjāna being the Arabic name for Pechina).{{Cite book |last=Bosch-Vilá |first=J. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |year=1960–2007 |isbn=9789004161214 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |location= |pages= |chapter=al-Mariyya |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C.E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W.P. }}

{{see also|Timeline of Almería}}

The origin of Almería is connected to the 9th-century establishment of the so-called Republic of Pechina (Bajjana) some kilometres to the north, which was for a time autonomous from the Cordobese central authority: the settlement of current-day Almería initially developed as a humble trading port of Pechina known as Al-Mariyya Bajjana.{{Sfn|Sánchez Sedano|1985|p=163}} Pechina and its maritime port experienced divergent fortunes, and while the former progressively depopulated, the latter became the base of the Caliphal navy after 933, during the rule of Abd-ar-Rahman III.{{Sfn|Sánchez Sedano|1985|pp=163–164}} Furthermore, in 955, Abd-ar-Rahman III decided to erect the walls.{{Sfn|Aziz Salem|1979–1980|p=8}} A silk industry consisting of hundreds of looms and feeding itself from the mulberry trees planted in the region, fostered Almería's economy.{{Sfn|Sánchez Sedano|1985|p=164}} Almería also became an important slave trade hub during the caliphal period.{{Sfn|Mazzoli-Guintard|2016|p=246}}

In the wake of the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the early 11th century, Almería detached from Cordobese authority towards 1014 and became ruled as an independent taifa under Slavic kinglets.{{Sfn|Viguera Molins|2014|pp=29; 32}} It submitted to the Taifa of Valencia in 1038, yet it soon became independent as a new taifa,{{Sfn|Viguera Molins|2014|p=32}} ruled by the Arab Banu Sumadih until 1091, when it fell to Almoravid control. This allowed the city's economy to insert itself into the trade networks of the Almoravid empire.{{Sfn|Mazzoli-Guintard|2016|p=245}} Building upon the previous development during the caliphal period, Almería reached a degree of historical relevance unmatched in the rest of its history throughout the 11th and 12th centuries,{{Sfn|Mazzoli-Guintard|2016|p=244}} becoming the third-largest city of Al-Andalus.{{Sfn|Mazzoli-Guintard|2016|p=245}} Almería imported indigo dye and wool from the Maghreb and linen from Egypt, while it exported copper to Fez and Tlemcen as well as its highly sought textiles.{{Sfn|Mazzoli-Guintard|2016|p=246}}

{{See also|Siege of Almería (1147)}}

Contested by the emirs of Granada and Valencia, Almería experienced many sieges, including one especially fierce siege when Christians, called to the Second Crusade by Pope Eugene III, were also encouraged to counter the Muslim forces on a more familiar coast. On that occasion Alfonso VII, starting on 11 July 1147, at the head of mixed armies of Catalans, Genoese, Pisans and Franks, led a crusade against the rich city, and Almería was captured on 17 October 1147,{{sfn|Rogers|2010|page=36}} marking the breakup of the city's period of splendor in the Middle Ages.{{Sfn|Villanueva Muñoz|1981|p=269}}

Within a decade, in 1157, Almería had passed to the control of Muslim Almohad rulers.{{sfn|Rogers|2010|page=36}} Almería soon passed by the temporary overarching control of rebel Murcian emir Ibn Mardanish (1165–1169), hindering the early efforts of recovery in the city,{{Cite book |chapter=Características urbanas del asentamiento almohade y nazarí en la ciudad de Almería a la luz de los últimos hallazgos arqueológicos |first1=José Luis |last1=García López |first2=Lorenzo |last2=Cara Barrionuevo |first3=Domingo |last3=Ortiz Soler |title=Almería entre culturas: (siglos XIII-XVI) |isbn=84-86862-43-4 |volume=1 |chapter-url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/620441.pdf |year=1990 |pages=99 |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Almerienses de la Diputación de Almería |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713161349/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/620441.pdf |url-status=live }} that under the decade of Christian occupation reportedly had been left depopulated and, by and large, quite destroyed.{{Sfn|García López|Cara Barrionuevo|Ortiz Soler|1990|p=91}} During Almohad rule, the city did not return to its previous splendor, although the port remained trading with the Crown of Aragon and the Italian republics.{{Sfn|Molina López|1990|p=20}}

Following the rebellion against Almohad rule heralded by the likes of the Banu Hud and the Banu Mardanis, Almería submitted to the authority of Ibn Hud, who had raised the black banner and pledged nominal allegiance to Abbasid authorities by 1228.{{Sfn|Melo|2019|p=6}} After Ibn Hud's assassination in Almería in 1238,{{Sfn|Melo|2019|p=7}}{{Sfn|Molina López|1990|p=20}} the bulk of the remaining Muslim-controlled territories in the Iberian Peninsula passed to the control of rival ruler Ibn al-Aḥmar (sultan since 1232), who had set the capital of his emirate in Granada by 1238,{{Sfn|Melo|2019|p=7}} constituting the Emirate of Granada, to which Almería belonged from then on. While relatively languishing throughout the Nasrid period, Almería still remained a key strategic port of the emirate together with Málaga, as well as a haven for pirates and political dissidents.{{Sfn|Molina López|1990|p=21}} It sustained intense trading relations with Aragon and the African port of Honaine.{{Sfn|Molina López|1990|p=21}} Almería endured a brutal siege by Aragonese forces in 1309 that, while eventually unsuccessful, left the city battered.{{Sfn|Molina López|1990|p=21}}

The city submitted to the sovereignty of the Catholic Monarchs on 22 December 1489.{{cite book |last=O'Callaghan |first=Joseph F. |title=The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |date=2014 |isbn=9780812245875 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o74FAwAAQBAJ |page=180 |postscript=none |access-date=26 December 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123214212/https://books.google.com/books?id=o74FAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}; {{cite book |last=Vilá |first=Jacinto Bosch |chapter=Al-Mariyya |title=Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. IV |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C.E. |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W.P. |editor4-last=Pellat |editor4-first=Ch. |location=Leiden |publisher=E.J. Brill |date=1989 |isbn=9789004081185 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPsUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA575 |page=577 |access-date=26 December 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123214103/https://books.google.com/books?id=tPsUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA575#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} Relatively isolated and within the range of attacks from Barbary pirates, the hitherto mercantile city entered modernity by undergoing a process of heavy ruralization that imperiled its very same continued existence as a city.{{Cite journal |first=Emilio Ángel |last=Villanueva Muñoz |title=La actuación en el casco antiguo de Almería durante el siglo XIX |journal=Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Almerienses. Letras |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/81707.pdf |issn=0211-7541 |issue=1 |year=1981 |pages=269–270 |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713161347/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/81707.pdf |url-status=live }}

Historically, there was a Jewish community in Almería dating to the 10th century, where members of the community mostly engaged in maritime trade. When the Jews were expelled in 1492, many living in Almería fled to North Africa.{{cite web |title=Almeria, Spain |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/almeria |website=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=25 June 2024 }}

The 16th century was for Almería a century of natural and human catastrophes; for there were at least four earthquakes, of which the one in 1522 was especially violent, devastating the city. The people who had remained Muslim were expelled from Almería after the War of Las Alpujarras in 1568 and scattered across the Crown of Castile. Landings and attacks by Barbary pirates were also frequent in the 16th century, and continued until the early 18th century. At that time, huge iron mines were discovered and French and British companies set up business in the area, bringing renewed prosperity and returning Almería to a position of relative importance within Spain.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

File:Vista general de Almería (16891241387).jpg (1931–39)]]

During the Spanish Civil War the city was shelled by the German Navy, with news reaching the London and Parisian press about the "criminal bombardment of Almería by German planes".Abella, Rafael(1975). La vida cotidiana durante la guerra civil: la España republicana, p. 254. Editorial Planeta. Almería surrendered in 1939, being the last Andalusian main city to fall to Francoist forces.

In the second half of the 20th century, Almería witnessed spectacular economic growth due to tourism and intensive agriculture, with crops grown year-round in massive invernaderos – plastic-covered "greenhouses" – for intensive vegetable production.

After Franco's death and popular approval of the new Spanish Constitution, the people of southern Spain were called on to approve an autonomous status for Andalusia region in a referendum. The referendum were approved with 118,186 votes for and 11,092 votes against in Almería province,{{cite web |url=http://www.congreso.es/consti/elecciones/referendos/ref_and_80.htm |title=Referéndum de ratificación de la iniciativa autonómica de Andalucía - Constitución española |publisher=Congreso.es |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-date=29 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629072828/http://www.congreso.es/consti/elecciones/referendos/ref_and_80.htm |url-status=live }} which represented 42% of all registered voters.{{cite web |url=http://servicios.lavozdigital.es/referendum-estatuto-andalucia/historia-estatuto-autonomia.html |title=Referéndum del Estatuto de Andalucía - La Voz Digital |publisher=Servicios.lavozdigital.es |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065345/http://servicios.lavozdigital.es/referendum-estatuto-andalucia/historia-estatuto-autonomia.html |url-status=dead }}

• The Alcazaba, a medieval fortress that was begun in the 10th century but destroyed by an earthquake in 1522. It includes a triple line of walls, a majestic keep and large gardens. It commands a city quarter with buildings dressed in pastel colors, of Muslim-age aspect. It is the second largest among the Muslim fortresses of Andalusia, after the Alhambra.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
• Almería air raid shelters, underground galleries for civilian protection during the Spanish Civil War, currently the longest in Europe open for tourists.
• The Cathedral has a fortress-like appearance due to its towers, merlons and protected paths, created to defend it from Mediterranean pirates. Originally designated as a mosque, it was later converted into a Christian church, before being destroyed in the 1522 earthquake. In the 16th century it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style, whilst keeping some of its defensive features.
• Renaissance church of Santiago, built in 1533, with tower and portal decorated with reliefs.
• Chanca, a group of houses carved into rocks.
• Castle of San Cristobal, now in ruins. It is connected to the Alcazaba by a line of walls.
• Museum of Almería. Includes findings from Prehistoric, Iberic, Roman, Greek ages and Muslim objects, mostly from the Alcazaba.
• Paseo de Coches, a modern seaside promenade with gardens and palms.
• Cable Inglés (English Pier), 1904 iron railway pier built to transfer iron ore, copper, and silver produced by British- and French-run mines in Granada from trains to waiting cargo ships.

File:Cable inglés noches.JPG|Cable Inglés, at night

File:Almeria Alcazaba fcm.jpg|Alcazaba of Almería

File:Almeria Muralla de Jayran fcm.jpg|The ancient walls of Jayrán

File:San Cristóbal detrás Almería noche.JPG|The statue of San Cristóbal

File:Estacion-de-almeria-01.jpg|The former train station

{{Demography

|1999=169,027

|2001=170,994

|2003=176,727

|2005=181,702

|2007=189,798

|2009=188,810

|2011=190,349

|2012=191,443

|2013=192,697

|2014=193,251

|2017=195,389

|2018=196,851

|2019=198,533

|2020=201,322

|source=[http://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=2857 INE (Spain)]

}}

File:Almeria Puerta de Purchena (fcm).jpg

Famous natives of Almería include Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso, who in 1873 was the third president of the First Spanish Republic, as well as several musicians, including the composer José Padilla Sánchez, whose music was declared of "universal interest" by Unesco in 1989, the popular folk singer Manolo Escobar, renowned Flamenco guitar player José Tomás "Tomatito" and Grammy Award winner David Bisbal; the champion motorcyclist Antonio Maeso moved to Almería as a child.

The Irish folk-rock group The Pogues paid tribute to Almería in "Fiesta", a song on the band's third album, If I Should Fall from Grace with God.

In 1989, English electronic band Depeche Mode filmed the video for their song "Personal Jesus" in Almería.

Tourism increased and hotels were all occupied from January to February during the filming of the sixth season of the TV series Game of Thrones.{{cite news |url=https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/12/almeria/99410/la-industria-del-cine-llena-los-hoteles-de-la-capital |title=La industria del cine llena los hoteles de la capital |first1=Fernando |last1=Cuadrado |first2=Evaristo |last2=Martínez |date=31 January 2016 |access-date=3 June 2019 |newspaper=La Voz de Almería |language=es |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220090416/https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/12/almeria/99410/la-industria-del-cine-llena-los-hoteles-de-la-capital |url-status=live }}

File:Estad.almeria.mediterraneum.jpg]]

Almería hosted the Mediterranean Games in 2005. The city has two football teams: UD Almería, which was promoted to La Liga, the top tier of Spanish football, in 2022, and CP Almería, which plays in the División de Honor, the sixth tier.

The Plaza de toros de Almería is the main bullring in Almería. It has a capacity of 10,000 and it opened in 1882.

{{main|List of films shot in Almería}}

File:Greenhouses near El Ejido.jpg

Intensive agriculture has been the most important economic sector of Almería for the last 50 years.{{Cite journal |last1=Galdeano |first1=E. |last2=Aznar-Sánchez |first2=J.A. |last3=Pérez-Mesa |first3=J.C. |date=2013 |title="Sustainability dimensions related to agricultural based-development: the experience of 50 years of intensive farming in Almería (Spain)" |journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=125–143 |doi=10.1080/14735903.2012.704306 |bibcode=2013IJAgS..11..125G |s2cid=153928568 }} Nowadays, greenhouse's production, handling and commercialisation of vegetables, and the supply industry of the sector, represent almost 40% of Almería's GDP. Directly, agricultural production accounts for 18.2% of the provincial GDP. In Andalusia, the average contribution is 6.6% and in Spain it is only 2.9%.{{Cite web |last=INE, Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2018 |title=Contabilidad regional de España |url=http://www.ine.es/inebmenu/mnu_cuentas.htm |url-status=live |website=INE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109113004/http://www.ine.es:80/inebmenu/mnu_cuentas.htm |archive-date=9 November 2007 }}

This situation is the result of a great dynamic model, which can continually incorporate new technologies: using soil sanding, plastic covers, drip irrigation systems, hybrid seeds, soil-less cultivation, irrigation programs, new greenhouse structures, and so on. They all allowed to improve production and increase commercialisation calendars, assuring the profitability and quality of the crops and the competitiveness of the markets.{{Cite book |last1=Molina |first1=J. |last2=García |first2=R. |title=El papel de la agricultura intensiva en la economía almeriense |publisher=Vida Rural |year=1999 |pages=27–30 }} Moreover, Almería's economy has an important exporting function:Aznar Sánchez, J. A.; Galdeano Gómez, E.; Godoy Durán, A.; Tapia León, J. J. (2013): "Caracterización y desafíos del sector de la comercialización"; en J. A. Aznar Sánchez (coord.) El sector de la comercialización hortícola en Almería (pp. 17-46). Ed. Caja Rural Intermediterránea, Cajamar. Almería. 75% of production was sold abroad in 2018, with a value of 2,400 million euros.Cajamar (2018): "Análisis de la campaña hortofrutícola de Almería. Campaña 2016-2017". Almería: Fundación Cajamar.

This development is explained by familiar investment, as subsidies have been limited or non-existent. In this sense, the horticultural sector receives the least European aid from the Common Agricultural Policy: 1.9% of total income. This figure is much lower than that received by other sectors such as olive groves (33%) or cereals (53%).European Union (2017): "Operating subsidies (both direct payments and rural development except investment support)". En red: https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/sites/agriculture/files/statistics/facts-figures/cap-operating-subsidies.pdf[Consultado {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123214233/https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/index_en |date=23 January 2024 }}: abril 2018]

The production of this area is based on fair competition with officially a just remuneration of employees, with similar salaries than the ones in the same sector in Europe: 8% higher than Italy and 11% than Belgium.Livre Blanc (2017): "Les Producteurs de Légumes de France" En red: http://www.legumesdefrance.fr/sites/fnplegweb/livre_blanc_2017.pdf{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} This avoids the social dumping exerted by non-EU countries, like Morocco, with salaries up to 90% lower than those of Almería. However, there is well-documented widespread exploitation of workers from North Africa who work and live in terrible conditions, earning much lower than the minimum wage.Pablo, Ofelia de; and Javier Zurita in Almería, Annie Kelly and Clare Carlile (2020). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/sep/20/we-pick-your-food-migrant-workers-speak-out-from-spains-plastic-sea "We pick your food: migrant workers speak out from Spain's 'Plastic Sea'".] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906074125/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/sep/20/we-pick-your-food-migrant-workers-speak-out-from-spains-plastic-sea |date=6 September 2022 }} The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2023.

From a social point of view, Almería and Granada are an example of family-owned and smallholder agriculture, with small farms and little concentration of land.[http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/agriculturaypesca/ifapa El sistema de producción hortícola protegido de la provincia de Almería, 2016.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121153153/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/agriculturaypesca/ifapa/ |date=21 November 2010 }} Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera de Andalucía (IFAPA). This social nature generates high equity in the level of income and welfare: social cohesion is produced, and inequality is reduced.Galdeano-Gómez, E.; Aznar-Sánchez, J. A.; Pérez-Mesa, J. C. (2016). Contribuciones económicas, sociales y medioambientales de la agricultura intensiva de Almería. Almería: Cajamar Caja Rural. Concretely, Almería is made up of 12,500 farms with an average of 2.5 hectares and 30% of familiar labour. The high education levels of the farmers are also significant, which demonstrates an innovative and receptive character towards continuing education: 81.2% of farmers have some type of formal academic training.

At the same time, a commercial system based on social economy enterprises has been developed, e.g. as cooperative societies. These companies represent 62% of production and sales.COEXPHAL, Asociación de Organizaciones de Productores de Frutas y Hortalizas de Almería (2016): "Memoria 2015/16". Online http://www.coexphal.es/descargas/ {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731050805/https://www.coexphal.es/descargas/ |date=31 July 2021 }} They assure the access to the market in optimal conditions, because they increase its position inside the agri-food supply chain, facilitate financing, technical advice, and incorporation of technology. Moreover, local ties increase environmental sustainability.Galdeano-Gómez, E.; Aznar-Sánchez, J. A.; Pérez-Mesa, J. C. (2016): Contribuciones económicas, sociales y medioambientales de la agricultura intensiva de Almería. Almería: Cajamar Caja Rural.

{{See also|Port of Almeria}}

By land, Almería can be reached by the A-7 Mediterranean Highway, which connects the Mediterranean area with the Spanish A-92 that unites it with the rest of Andalusia. Almería railway station is served by Renfe Operadora with direct rail services to Granada, and Madrid Atocha using a branch off the Alcázar de San Juan–Cádiz railway; the Linares Baeza–Almería railway. In the future, high-speed rail AVE services will link Almería to Madrid via Murcia. The central railway station has been closed for several months and it is not known exactly when it will re-open. Passengers currently start their journey by being bussed a few kilometres to Huercal de Almería station.

By sea, the port of Almería has connections to Melilla, Algeria, Morocco, and tourist cruises in the Mediterranean. It also has a marina with moorings for pleasure boats. Currently the port of Almería is being expanded with new docks and transformed into a container port to take large-scale international shipping and thereby increase its freight traffic. It normally connects with the following destinations:

• Acciona: Ghazaouet (Algeria), Oran (Algeria), Nador (Morocco) and Melilla.
• Comarit: Nador.
• Comanav: Nador.

By air, Almería is served by Almería Airport, the fourth largest in Andalusia.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} The winter timetable includes flights to Madrid, Barcelona, Melilla, London, and Seville, with international connections to Manchester, Birmingham, Brussels, Dublin and Swiss, German and other EU airports being added during the summer.

File:Estación de Almería pixabay 212243.jpg|Almería rail station

File:Puerto de Almería 100.jpg|Harbour of Almería

File:(Almería) Greenhouses of Almería, Spain (cropped).jpg

Due to its arid landscape, numerous Spaghetti Westerns were filmed in Almería and some of the sets still remain as a tourist attraction.{{cite web |url=https://www.cabogataalmeria.com/Cabo-Gata/Actividades/Ocio/Tabernas-Hollywood-Oeste-poblados.html |title=Poblados del Oeste. Desierto de Tabernas |access-date=14 February 2018 |work=Parque Natural Cabo de Gata |language=es |archive-date=27 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327035929/http://www.cabogataalmeria.com/Cabo-Gata/Actividades/Ocio/Tabernas-Hollywood-Oeste-poblados.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last=Frayling |first=Christopher |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4780340 |title='Once Upon A Time in Italy': The Films of Sergio Leone |work=NPR Books |date=1 August 2005 |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223225331/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4780340 |url-status=live }}

These sets are located in the desert of Tabernas. The town and region were also used by David Lean in Lawrence of Arabia (1962), John Milius in The Wind and the Lion (1975) and others.

One of Almería's most famous natural spots is the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park. This park is of volcanic origin,{{Cite web |title=Cabo de Gata-Níjar Nature Reserve in Spain {{!}} spain.info in english |url=https://www.spain.info/en/nature/cabo-gata-nijar-natural-park/ |access-date=7 March 2021 |website=Spain.info |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316220046/https://www.spain.info/en/nature/cabo-gata-nijar-natural-park/ |url-status=live }} and is the largest and most ecologically significant marine-terrestrial space in the European Western Mediterranean Sea.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} The Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park runs through the municipal areas of Níjar, Almerimar and Carboneras. Its villages, previously dedicated to fishing, have become tourism spots. The beaches of Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park are also an attraction.{{Cite web |title=Cabo de Gata-Níjar - Web oficial de turismo de Andalucía |url=https://www.andalucia.org/es/espacios-naturales-cabo-de-gata-nijar |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2021 |language=Spanish |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923095858/https://www.andalucia.org/es/espacios-naturales-cabo-de-gata-nijar |archive-date=23 September 2020 }}

Almería has one islet that it administers as a part of its territory in the Alboran Sea, Alboran Island. The island has a small cemetery, a harbor, and a lighthouse, built in the 19th century.

{{see also|Sierra de Gádor}}

According to the Köppen climate classification, Almería has a transitional climate between hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh; Trewartha: BSal) and a hot desert climate (Köppen BWh; Trewartha: BWal).{{Cite web |title=Evolucion de los climas de Köppen en España en el periodo 1951-2020 |url=https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213184548/https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf |url-status=live }} Almería is the driest city in Europe and it is the only one with a hot desert climate, starting in the south-eastern outskirts of the city (still inside the municipality of Almería) until the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park located east of the city.{{Cite web |date=7 December 2015 |title=Desertification could soon make southern Spain more like West Africa |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/almeria-how-the-region-in-southern-spain-could-soon-look-more-like-west-africa-as-desertification-spreads-a6763891.html |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=The Independent |language=en }}{{cite web |title=Valores climatológicos normales. Clasificación climática de Köppen. |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |publisher=AEMET |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032223/https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |url-status=live }}

The BWh climate is present in the city of Almería, in nearby areas of Almería province (such as the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, the Andarax/Almanzora river valleys), the only region in Europe to have this climate.{{Cite news |last=Rushby |first=Kevin |date=29 April 2017 |title=Cabo de Gata, Spain: exploring Europe's only desert |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2017/apr/29/cabo-de-gata-desert-almeria-spain-hiking-beaches-hoilday |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 }} This arid climatic region spreads along the coastline around Almería to Torrevieja, in the northeast. The nearby Faro del Cabo in the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, has the lowest annual precipitation on the European continent ({{convert|156|mm|in}}) in the period 1961-1990 and around {{convert|140|mm|in}} since 2010.{{cite journal |last=Capel Molina |first=José Jaime |year=1995 |title=Mapa pluviométrico de España peninsular y Baleares (en el período internacional 1961-1990) |url=https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/480/1/Capel%20Molina-Mapa%20pluviometrico.pdf |journal=Investigaciones Geográficas |issue=13 |pages=29–46 |doi=10.14198/INGEO1995.13.02 |issn=0213-4691 |language=es |access-date=3 July 2009 |doi-access=free |archive-date=29 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629232359/http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/480/1/Capel%20Molina-Mapa%20pluviometrico.pdf |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=21 May 2022 |title=Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149857/cabo-de-gata-nijar-natural-park |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208232928/https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149857/cabo-de-gata-nijar-natural-park |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url=https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData|title=AEMET OpenData|publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia|access-date=14 November 2024}} Almería enjoys about 3,000 hours of sunshine with over 320 sunny days per year on average (6 hours of sunshine in January and 12 in July) so it is one of the sunniest cities in Europe.

Almería is the only city in Continental Europe that has never registered any temperature below freezing in its recorded weather history.{{Cite web |title=Viaje por un sueño: Acariciando el revólver justiciero de Clint Eastwood |url=https://semanariodejunin.com.ar/nota/1639/viaje-por-un-sueno-acariciando-el-revolver-justiciero-de-clint-eastwood/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Semanario de Junín |language=es-ES |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123214113/https://semanariodejunin.com.ar/nota/1639/viaje-por-un-sueno-acariciando-el-revolver-justiciero-de-clint-eastwood/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=We're heating up, and not only in Almeria (In Spanish) |url=https://www.noticiasdealmeria.com/nos-asamos-y-no-solo-en-almeria |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=noticiasdelameria |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725033254/https://www.noticiasdealmeria.com/nos-asamos-y-no-solo-en-almeria |url-status=live }} The coldest temperature recorded was {{convert|0.1|C|F}} at the airport in January 2005.{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6325O&datos=det&x=6325O&m=13&v=Tmn |title=Almería: Almería Aeropuerto - Valores extremos absolutos - Selector - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |author=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología |access-date=19 September 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923001221/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6325O&datos=det&x=6325O&m=13&v=Tmn |url-status=live }} Before that, the previous record was {{convert|0.2|C|F}} on 9 February 1935.{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6297&datos=det&x=6297&m=13&v=Tmn |title=Almería: Almería - Valores extremos absolutos - Selector - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |author=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología |access-date=10 April 2015 |archive-date=12 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712112902/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6297&datos=det&x=6297&m=13&v=Tmn |url-status=live }} Settled snow is unknown since 1935, although during the 20th century, light flurries (without settling) occurred on few occasions.{{efn|Unsettled snow flurries were recorded on 1940, 1941, 1945, 1946, 1949, 1954 and 1956{{cite web |url=https://www.dipalme.org/Servicios/Anexos/anexosiea.nsf/VAnexos/IEA-OMA-oma/$File/OMA-oma.pdf |title=Observaciones meteorológicas de Almería (1922-1991) |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123230751/https://www.dipalme.org/Servicios/Anexos/anexosiea.nsf/VAnexos/IEA-OMA-oma/$File/OMA-oma.pdf |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Almeria - Extreme Values |url=https://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6297&datos=det&x=6297&m=13&v=PDV |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123214105/https://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos%2A?w=0&k=and&l=6297&datos=det&x=6297&m=13&v=PDV |url-status=live }}}} The most important settled snowfall event occurred in 1926 and the snow arrived even at the coastline of the city.{{cite web |url=https://www.cronistasoficiales.com/?p=65931 |publisher=Real Asociación Española de cronistas oficiales |access-date=24 January 2024 |title=NEVADA |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124194114/https://www.cronistasoficiales.com/?p=65931 |url-status=live }} The last event with settled snowfall happened on 9 February 1935.{{cite web |url=https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/12/almeria/182150/el-dia-que-almeria-se-vistio-de-blanco |title=El día que Almería se vistió de blanco |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124192836/https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/12/almeria/182150/el-dia-que-almeria-se-vistio-de-blanco |url-status=live }}

During the winter, daily maximum temperatures tend to stay around {{convert|17|-|18|C|F}}. At night, the minimum temperature is usually around {{convert|8|–|10|C|F}}. This makes the city of Almería one of the warmest in winter in Spain.{{cite web |url=https://www.skyscanner.es/noticias/inspiracion/15-lugares-de-espana-para-huir-del-invierno |title=15 lugares de España para huir del invierno |year=2017 |publisher=Skyscanner |language=es |access-date=31 December 2021 |archive-date=31 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231024844/https://www.skyscanner.es/noticias/inspiracion/15-lugares-de-espana-para-huir-del-invierno |url-status=live }} The city only receives yearly precipitation of just {{cvt|200|mm}} and 26 days of precipitation annually; so while no month could be described as truly wet, there are strong seasonal differences in terms of precipitation and temperature, with coastal parts of the city (such as the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park) receiving a precipitation amount of {{cvt|156|mm|in}}, and an annual temperature of {{convert|19.1|C|F}}, while mountainous areas (such as the Tabernas Desert) receive a precipitation amount of {{cvt|220|mm|in}} per year, and an average temperature of {{convert|17.9|C|F}}, so it would be classified as a cold desert climate (BWk) bordering a cold semi-arid climate (BSk).

Inland areas of the Almería province are believed to have reached temperatures above {{convert|45|C|F}} in summer.{{cite web |url=http://www.meteorologyclimate.com/extreme-temperature-records.htm |title=Extreme temperature records since 1850 |access-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008104939/http://www.meteorologyclimate.com/extreme-temperature-records.htm |archive-date=8 October 2007 |url-status=dead }} Though temperatures above {{convert|40|C|F}} are very rare in the city of Almería.

During the summer, the skies are usually sunny and almost no rainfall occurs. The typical daily temperatures are around {{convert|30|C|F}} during the day while the minimum temperatures stay around {{cvt|22|°C|°F}} during July and August. As is the case for most of coastal Iberia, heatwaves in Almería are much less common than in the interior because of its coastal location; The hottest temperature recorded was {{cvt|42.0|°C|°F}} in August 2022.{{Cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6325O&datos=det&x=6325O&m=13&v=todos |title=Almería Aeropuerto: Almería Aeropuerto - Valores extremos absolutos - Selector - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615062431/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6325O&datos=det&x=6325O&m=13&v=todos |url-status=live }} The highest minimum temperature ever recorded was {{convert|33.2|C|F}} on 31 July 2001, which is also the highest ever recorded in peninsular Spain and Iberian Peninsula.{{Cite web |title=Highest minimum temperatures in Spain |url=https://gaceta.es/espana/almeria-registro-en-2001-la-minima-mas-elevada-con-332-grados-20190627-1202/ |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124013703/https://gaceta.es/espana/almeria-registro-en-2001-la-minima-mas-elevada-con-332-grados-20190627-1202/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web

|url = https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/772767fc

|title = July 2001

|website = opendata.aemet.es

|publisher = AEMET OpenData

|language = es

|access-date = 25 December 2024

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073050/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/772767fc

|archive-date = 2024-12-25}}

{{Weather box

|location = Almería (Almería Airport)
WMO ID: 08487; coordinates {{coordinates|36|50|47|N|02|21|25|W}}; elevation: {{cvt|21|m}}; (1991–2020) extremes (1933–present){{cite web |url = https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/4a2f221b|title = Weather station data|website = opendata.aemet.es|publisher = AEMET OpenData |language = es |access-date = 13 November 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241113115453/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/4a2f221b

|archive-date = 2024-11-13}}

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|Jan record high C = 25.7

|Feb record high C = 27.0

|Mar record high C = 32.4

|Apr record high C = 32.1

|May record high C = 36.3

|Jun record high C = 40.8

|Jul record high C = 41.6

|Aug record high C = 42.0

|Sep record high C = 38.4

|Oct record high C = 34.5

|Nov record high C = 29.0

|Dec record high C = 27.7

|year record high C = 42.0

|Jan avg record high C = 20.8

|Feb avg record high C = 21.7

|Mar avg record high C = 24.4

|Apr avg record high C = 27.4

|May avg record high C = 31.4

|Jun avg record high C = 35.7

|Jul avg record high C = 37.4

|Aug avg record high C = 37.4

|Sep avg record high C = 33.2

|Oct avg record high C = 29.6

|Nov avg record high C = 24.9

|Dec avg record high C = 22.1

|year avg record high C = 38.6

|Jan high C = 17.0

|Feb high C = 17.6

|Mar high C = 19.4

|Apr high C = 21.3

|May high C = 24.3

|Jun high C = 27.8

|Jul high C = 30.5

|Aug high C = 31.2

|Sep high C = 28.2

|Oct high C = 24.5

|Nov high C = 20.3

|Dec high C = 17.9

|year high C = 23.3

|Jan mean C = 12.8

|Feb mean C = 13.4

|Mar mean C = 15.1

|Apr mean C = 17.1

|May mean C = 20.1

|Jun mean C = 23.6

|Jul mean C = 26.4

|Aug mean C = 27.2

|Sep mean C = 24.2

|Oct mean C = 20.6

|Nov mean C = 16.3

|Dec mean C = 13.9

|year mean C = 19.2

|Jan low C = 8.7

|Feb low C = 9.2

|Mar low C = 10.9

|Apr low C = 12.9

|May low C = 15.8

|Jun low C = 19.3

|Jul low C = 22.2

|Aug low C = 23.1

|Sep low C = 20.2

|Oct low C = 16.6

|Nov low C = 12.3

|Dec low C = 9.8

|year low C = 15.1

|Jan avg record low C = 5.2

|Feb avg record low C = 5.9

|Mar avg record low C = 7.0

|Apr avg record low C = 9.4

|May avg record low C = 11.9

|Jun avg record low C = 15.7

|Jul avg record low C = 18.9

|Aug avg record low C = 19.5

|Sep avg record low C = 16.1

|Oct avg record low C = 12.5

|Nov avg record low C = 8.2

|Dec avg record low C = 6.0

|year avg record low C = 4.2

|Jan record low C = 0.1

|Feb record low C = 1.0

|Mar record low C = 1.0

|Apr record low C = 6.0

|May record low C = 8.4

|Jun record low C = 10.4

|Jul record low C = 12.0

|Aug record low C = 14.8

|Sep record low C = 10.1

|Oct record low C = 3.4

|Nov record low C = 3.1

|Dec record low C = 2.0

|year record low C = 0.1

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 20.8

|Feb precipitation mm = 23.3

|Mar precipitation mm = 20.7

|Apr precipitation mm = 15.2

|May precipitation mm = 10.9

|Jun precipitation mm = 5.5

|Jul precipitation mm = 0.6

|Aug precipitation mm = 2.3

|Sep precipitation mm = 16.1

|Oct precipitation mm = 25.2

|Nov precipitation mm = 25.1

|Dec precipitation mm = 31.8

|year precipitation mm = 197.5

|unit precipitation days = 1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 2.7

|Feb precipitation days = 2.7

|Mar precipitation days = 3.1

|Apr precipitation days = 2.6

|May precipitation days = 1.6

|Jun precipitation days = 0.6

|Jul precipitation days = 0.2

|Aug precipitation days = 0.3

|Sep precipitation days = 1.9

|Oct precipitation days = 3.1

|Nov precipitation days = 3.2

|Dec precipitation days = 3.0

|year precipitation days =

|Jan humidity = 66

|Feb humidity = 65

|Mar humidity = 65

|Apr humidity = 63

|May humidity = 61

|Jun humidity = 61

|Jul humidity = 60

|Aug humidity = 62

|Sep humidity = 65

|Oct humidity = 68

|Nov humidity = 66

|Dec humidity = 67

|year humidity =

|Jan dew point C = 7.0

|Feb dew point C = 7.0

|Mar dew point C = 9.0

|Apr dew point C = 10.0

|May dew point C = 13.0

|Jun dew point C = 16.0

|Jul dew point C = 18.0

|Aug dew point C = 20.0

|Sep dew point C = 18.0

|Oct dew point C = 15.0

|Nov dew point C = 10.0

|Dec dew point C = 8.0

|year dew point C =

|Jan sun = 195

|Feb sun = 198

|Mar sun = 242

|Apr sun = 270

|May sun = 307

|Jun sun = 336

|Jul sun = 353

|Aug sun = 329

|Sep sun = 261

|Oct sun = 226

|Nov sun = 192

|Dec sun = 186

|year sun =

|Jan percentsun = 63.5

|Feb percentsun = 64.9

|Mar percentsun = 64.5

|Apr percentsun = 68.4

|May percentsun = 69.8

|Jun percentsun = 76.7

|Jul percentsun = 79.4

|Aug percentsun = 78.1

|Sep percentsun = 70.3

|Oct percentsun = 64.6

|Nov percentsun = 62.5

|Dec percentsun = 61.8

|year percentsun = 68.7

| source 1 = Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia (AEMET OpenData) {{cite web|url = https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData |title = AEMET OpeenData |publisher = Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia |access-date = 12 May 2024 |archive-date = 16 May 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240516100540/https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData |url-status = live}}{{cite web |url = http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6297&datos=det&x=6297&m=12&v=todos |title = Valores extremos. Almería Almería Aeropuerto |work = Agencia Estatal de Meteorología |publisher = Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. Gobierno de España |access-date = 6 May 2021 |archive-date = 6 May 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210506032517/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6297&datos=det&x=6297&m=12&v=todos |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url = https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/7968e236|title = Extremes|website = opendata.aemet.es|publisher = AEMET OpenData |language = es |access-date = 25 December 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241225071746/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/7968e236|archive-date = 2024-12-25}}{{cite web |url = https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/4f8c00f8|title = Normal|website = opendata.aemet.es|publisher = AEMET OpenData|language = es |access-date = 25 December 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241225071712/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/4f8c00f8|archive-date = 2024-12-25}}|source 2 = [https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/spain/almeria/climate Time and date] (dewpoints, between 1985−2015){{cite web|url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/spain/almeria/climate |title = Climate & Weather Averages at Almería Airport weather station |access-date = 8 February 2022 |archive-date = 8 February 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220208081702/https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/spain/almeria/climate |url-status = live}}

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Almería Airport, 1981-2010 normals

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|Jan high C = 16.9

|Feb high C = 17.6

|Mar high C = 19.6

|Apr high C = 21.4

|May high C = 24.1

|Jun high C = 27.9

|Jul high C = 30.5

|Aug high C = 31.0

|Sep high C = 28.4

|Oct high C = 24.5

|Nov high C = 20.5

|Dec high C = 17.9

|year high C = 23.4

|Jan mean C = 12.6

|Feb mean C = 13.3

|Mar mean C = 15.1

|Apr mean C = 17.0

|May mean C = 19.7

|Jun mean C = 23.5

|Jul mean C = 26.1

|Aug mean C = 26.7

|Sep mean C = 24.2

|Oct mean C = 20.4

|Nov mean C = 16.4

|Dec mean C = 13.8

|year mean C = 19.1

|Jan low C = 8.3

|Feb low C = 9.0

|Mar low C = 10.6

|Apr low C = 12.5

|May low C = 15.3

|Jun low C = 18.9

|Jul low C = 21.7

|Aug low C = 22.4

|Sep low C = 20.0

|Oct low C = 16.3

|Nov low C = 12.3

|Dec low C = 9.6

|year low C = 14.7

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 24

|Feb precipitation mm = 25

|Mar precipitation mm = 16

|Apr precipitation mm = 17

|May precipitation mm = 12

|Jun precipitation mm = 5

|Jul precipitation mm = 1

|Aug precipitation mm = 1

|Sep precipitation mm = 14

|Oct precipitation mm = 27

|Nov precipitation mm = 28

|Dec precipitation mm = 30

|year precipitation mm = 200

|Jan precipitation days = 2.9

|Feb precipitation days = 2.9

|Mar precipitation days = 2.6

|Apr precipitation days = 2.6

|May precipitation days = 1.9

|Jun precipitation days = 0.6

|Jul precipitation days = 0.3

|Aug precipitation days = 0.3

|Sep precipitation days = 1.5

|Oct precipitation days = 2.8

|Nov precipitation days = 3.6

|Dec precipitation days = 3.3

|year precipitation days = 25.4

|unit precipitation days = 1 mm

|humidity colour = green

|Jan humidity = 67

|Feb humidity = 67

|Mar humidity = 65

|Apr humidity = 62

|May humidity = 63

|Jun humidity = 61

|Jul humidity = 60

|Aug humidity = 63

|Sep humidity = 65

|Oct humidity = 68

|Nov humidity = 67

|Dec humidity = 67

|year humidity = 65

|Jan sun = 194

|Feb sun = 191

|Mar sun = 232

|Apr sun = 261

|May sun = 297

|Jun sun = 325

|Jul sun = 342

|Aug sun = 315

|Sep sun = 256

|Oct sun = 218

|Nov sun = 183

|Dec sun = 178

|year sun = 2994

|Jan light = 10.5

|Feb light = 11.3

|Mar light = 12.4

|Apr light = 13.6

|May light = 14.6

|Jun light = 15.2

|Jul light = 14.9

|Aug light = 14.0

|Sep light = 12.8

|Oct light = 11.7

|Nov light = 10.7

|Dec light = 10.2

|source 1 = Agencia Estatal de Meteorología{{cite web

|url = http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=6325O&k=and

|title = Valores climatológicos normales. Almería Aeropuerto

|work = Agencia Estatal de Meteorología

|publisher = Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. Gobierno de España

|access-date = 4 July 2012

|archive-date = 10 January 2020

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200110033621/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=6325O

|url-status=live }}{{Cite web

|url = http://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010

|title = Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010) - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España

|access-date = 15 June 2020

|archive-date = 9 April 2016

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160409044838/http://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010

|url-status = live}}}}

In 2000, a team of geologists found a cave filled with giant gypsum crystals in an abandoned silver mine near Almería. The cavity, which measures {{convert|8|x|1.8|x|1.7|m}}, may be the largest geode ever found.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/787776.stm |title=Giant crystal cave discovered |first=Jonathan |last=Amos |date=12 June 2000 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=18 November 2017 |archive-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221131351/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/787776.stm |url-status=live }} The entrance of the cave was blocked by five tons of rocks, and was under police protection (to prevent looters from entering). According to geological models, the cave was formed during the Messinian salinity crisis 6 million years ago, when the Mediterranean sea evaporated and left thick layers of salt sediments (evaporites). The site is currently open for tourists under guided tours.

The festive events that occur in the municipality are listed below:{{Cite web |title=Fiestas Almería Ciudad |url=https://www.turismodealmeria.org/que-hacer/fiestas-y-tradiciones/ |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=Almería Turismo │Turismo e información de Almería ciudad |language=es |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916212823/https://www.turismodealmeria.org/que-hacer/fiestas-y-tradiciones/ |url-status=live }}

• Carnival
• Holy Week
• Cruces de mayo
• Saint Joan's Eve

• Said al-Andalusi (1029–1070), mathematician, astronomer and philosopher
• José Torres "Tomatito" (born 1958), flamenco guitar player{{cite news |last=Pita |first=Helena |title=La guitarra de Tomatito |url=http://www.rtve.es/television/20170620/guitarra-tomatito/1565733.shtml |date=20 June 2017 |access-date=15 February 2018 |work=Radiotelevisión Española |language=es |archive-date=15 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215204144/http://www.rtve.es/television/20170620/guitarra-tomatito/1565733.shtml |url-status=live }}
• Lita Baron (1923–2015), actress, singer and dancer, born in Almería{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0056270/ |title=Lita Baron (1923–2015) |publisher=IMDb |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026071250/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0056270/ |url-status=live }}
• David Bisbal (born 1979), Grammy Award winner{{cite news |author=Agencias |title=David Bisbal, premio al "mejor nuevo artista" en los Grammy Latino |url=http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-04-09-2003/abc/Espectaculos/david-bisbal-premio-al-mejor-nuevo-artista-en-los-grammy-latino_205601.html |date=4 September 2003 |newspaper=ABC |location=Miami, EEUU |language=es |access-date=15 February 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215204217/http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-04-09-2003/abc/Espectaculos/david-bisbal-premio-al-mejor-nuevo-artista-en-los-grammy-latino_205601.html |url-status=live }}
• Francisco Losada (1612–1667), composer
• Nieves Navarro (born 1938), actress{{cite news |title=Nace en Almería la actriz Nieves Navarro García |url=http://www.diariodealmeria.es/vivir/Nace-Almeria-Nieves-Navarro-Garcia_0_1189681539.html |date=10 November 2017 |access-date=15 February 2018 |newspaper=Diario de Almería |language=es |archive-date=16 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025100/http://www.diariodealmeria.es/vivir/Nace-Almeria-Nieves-Navarro-Garcia_0_1189681539.html |url-status=live }}
• Manuel Lao Hernández, founder of Cirsa, Spain's largest casino operator
• Rosa García-Malea López (born 1981), first female fighter pilot in the Spanish Air Force
• Juan Martínez Oliver (born 1964), road bicycle racer{{cite book |last=Delgado |first=Pedro |title=Las escapadas de Perico: Rutas en bici por España |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsTWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT392 |publisher=Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España |date=14 April 2016 |pages=256 |isbn=9788403515000 |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123214225/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsTWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT392#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
• Eduardo del Pino Vicente, journalist and writer{{cite news |title=Primer Concurso de micro guiones de cine |url=https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/5/vivir/148389/Primer-Concurso-de-micro-guiones-de-cine |date=16 March 2018 |access-date=22 March 2018 |newspaper=La Voz de Almería |language=es |archive-date=23 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092357/https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/5/vivir/148389/Primer-Concurso-de-micro-guiones-de-cine |url-status=live }}
• Chus Lampreave (1930–2016), actress who died in Almería{{cite news |url=https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/5/vivir/103852/fallece-en-almeria-chus-lampreave |title=Fallece en Almería Chus Lampreave |first=Evaristo |last=Martínez |date=4 April 2016 |access-date=13 September 2018 |newspaper=La Voz de Almería |language=es |archive-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150708/https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/5/vivir/103852/fallece-en-almeria-chus-lampreave |url-status=live }}
• Jimena Quirós (1899–1983), Spanish scientist, considered the first female oceanographer in the country and the first female staff scientist of the Spanish Institute for Oceanography (IEO){{Cite web |date=16 August 2020 |title=Jimena Quirós: the first Spanish oceanographer |url=https://tekdeeps.com/jimena-quiros-the-first-spanish-oceanographer/ |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=Tek Deeps |language=en-US |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921171642/https://tekdeeps.com/jimena-quiros-the-first-spanish-oceanographer/ |url-status=usurped }}
• Mar Abad (born 1972), journalist, writer and businesswoman, born in Almería

• Helianthemum almeriense
• List of municipalities in Almería

{{Reflist}}

{{Notelist}}

{{See also|Timeline of Almería#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Almería}}

• {{Cite journal |last= Aziz Salem |first= Abdel |year= 1979–1980 |title= Algunos aspectos del florecimiento económico de Almería islámica durante el período de los taifas y de los almorávides |journal= Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos |issue= 20 |pages= 7–22 |issn= 1132-3485 |url=https://www.institutoegipcio.es/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Vol.-XX-Revista-del-Instituto-Egipcio-de-Estudios-Islamicos-1979-1980.pdf }}
• {{Cite book |last= Mazzoli-Guintard |first= Christine |date= May 2016 |chapter= Almería, ¿ciudad-mundo en los siglos XI y XII? |title=Carolvs, Homenaje a Friedrich Edelmayer |location= Alcalá la Real |publisher= Ayuntamiento de Alcalá la Real |pages= 241–249 |isbn= 978-84-89014-76-3 |chapter-url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02399107/document }}
• {{Cite journal |last= Melo |first= Diego Carrasco |year= 2019 |title=El sultanato Nazarí de Granada y la frontera (S. XIII-XV) |journal= Revista Encrucijada Americana |volume= 11 |issue=2 |location= Santiago |publisher= Universidad Alberto Hurtado |issn= 0719-3432 |url= https://encrucijadaamericana.uahurtado.cl/index.php/ea/article/view/146/145/ }}
• {{Cite book |last= Molina López |first= Eduardo |year= 1990 |chapter= Almería en la etapa Nasri (siglos XIII al XV). Estado de la cuestión, balance y perspectivas |title= Almería entre culturas: (siglos XIII-XVI) |volume= 1 |publisher= Instituto de Estudios Almerienses de la Diputación de Almería |pages= 15–68 |isbn= 84-86862-43-4 |chapter-url= https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/619799.pdf }}
• {{cite book |last1= Rodríguez Escudero |first1= Luis Orlando |year= 2017 |title= Análisis arquitectónico y recreación virtual de los baños árabes, del Conjunto Monumental, La Alcazaba de Almería |type= Master in ingeniery and architecture |location= University of Cordoba |url= https://repositorio.ual.es/bitstream/handle/10835/6114/17221_THESIS_Analisis%20Arquitectonico_Recreacion%20Virtual_Banos%20Arabes_La%20Alcazaba_(Final).pdf?sequence=1 }}
• {{cite book |last1= Rogers |first1= Clifford J. |title= The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Vol. 1 |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195334036 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&q=Garc%C3%ADa+Ram%C3%ADrez+of+Navarre }}
• {{Cite journal |last= Sánchez Sedano |first= María del Pilar |year= 1985 |title= Inventario de arquitectura musulmana en la provincia de Almería |journal= Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Almerienses. Letras |issn= 0211-7541 |issue= 5 |pages= 163–188 |url= https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/81725.pdf }}
• {{Cite book |last= Viguera Molins |first= María Jesús |year= 2014 |chapter= Los reinos de taifas y el reino aftasí |editor-first= Juan |editor-last= Zozaya Stabel-Hansen |editor2-first= Guillermo S. |editor2-last= Kurtz Schaefer |title= Estudios sobre el reino aftasí |location= Badajoz |publisher= Consejería de Educación y Cultura. Junta de Extremadura |isbn= 978-84-9852-429-1 |chapter-url=http://museoarqueologicobadajoz.juntaex.es/filescms/web/uploaded_files/LIBRO_LOS_AFTASIES.pdf#page=25}}

• [https://www.postalcodigo.com/almeria Postal codes in Almería]

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