Tatra National Park, Poland

{{For|the Tatra National Park in Slovakia|Tatra National Park, Slovakia}}

{{Infobox protected area

| name = Tatra National Park

| alt_name = Tatrzański Park Narodowy

| iucn_category = II

| photo = Rysy 006.JPG

| photo_caption = Mountain lakes of Czarny Staw pod Rysami and Morskie Oko seen from Poland's highest point, the north-western summit of Rysy, {{convert|2499|m|ft|0}} in elevation.

File:POL Tatrzański Park Narodowy LOGO since 2009.svg

Park logo with the Tatra chamois

| location = Tatra Mountains, southern Poland

| nearest_city = Zakopane

| map = Lesser Poland Voivodeship#Poland | relief = 1

| map_caption = Location in Poland

| alt =

| coordinates = {{coord|49.2443|19.9556|scale:300000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}

| area = 211.64 km² (81.71 mi²)

| established = 1954

| visitation_num =

| visitation_year =

| governing_body = Ministry of the Environment

| embedded = {{Designation list

| embed = yes

| designation1 = Ramsar

| designation1_offname = Glacial lakes in the Tatra National Park

| designation1_date = 11 December 2017

| designation1_number = 2340{{Cite web|title=Glacial lakes in the Tatra National Park|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2340|access-date=25 April 2018}}

| designation2 = Ramsar

| designation2_offname = Peat bogs in the Tatra National Park

| designation2_date = 11 December 2017

| designation2_number = 2341{{Cite web|title=Peat bogs in the Tatra National Park|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2341|access-date=25 April 2018}}}}

}}

Tatra National Park ({{langx|pl|Tatrzański Park Narodowy}}; abbr. TPN) is a national park located in the Tatra Mountains in Tatra County, in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in central-southern Poland.[http://en.poland.gov.pl/Tatra,National,Park,10364.html en.poland.gov: Tatra National Park] . accessed 5.12.2013 The park is headquartered in the town of Zakopane.{{Cite web |title=Biuletyny Informacji Publicznej |url=https://bip.malopolska.pl/tpnzakopane/Article/id,240992.html |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=bip.malopolska.pl}}

The Tatra Mountains form a natural border between Poland to the north and Slovakia to the south, and the two countries have cooperated since the early 20th century on efforts to protect the area. Slovakia created an adjoining national park, and UNESCO later designated the area a transboundary biosphere reserve.

Park history

The first calls for protection of the Tatras came at the end of the 19th century.{{Cite web |date=2021-01-14 |title=Poznaj |url=https://tpn.pl/poznaj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313203537/https://tpn.pl/poznaj |archive-date=2023-03-13 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Tatrzański Park Narodowy |language=pl-PL}} In 1925, the first efforts to create a national park, in cooperation with Czechoslovakia, took place. The park was formally created in 1937, on an area that belonged to the state forests authority. In 1947, a separate administrative unit, Tatra Park, was created.

In 1954, by decision of the Polish Government, Tatra National Park was created. It was established originally over an area of {{convert|215.56|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, but it is currently slightly smaller, at {{convert|211.64|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Of this, {{convert|151.91|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} is forest and the remainder mainly meadows. Strictly protected zones account for {{convert|115.14|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, of which {{convert|61.49|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} are forest ecosystems.

In 1992, the Polish and Slovakian national parks in the Tatras were jointly designated a transboundary biosphere reserve by UNESCO, under its Man and the Biosphere Programme.{{cite web |url= http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/# | work=Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development | title=Europe & North America: 297 biosphere reserves in 36 countries | access-date=2016-01-31 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150805094626/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america| archive-date=2015-08-05 }}

Geography

;Mountains

The National Park covers one of the two Alpine mountain ranges in Poland. The Polish Tatra range, which is a part of the Western Carpathian Mountains, is divided into two sections: the High Tatras (Tatry Wysokie) and the Western Tatras (Tatry Zachodnie). The landscape consists of sharp-edged peaks and hollows with numerous rock formations. The highest peak in Poland, Rysy ({{convert|2499|m|ft}} AMSL), is located here.

;Caves

There are around 650 caves in the park, of which the Wielka Śnieżna cave system is the longest ({{convert|23.7|km|mi}}), and the deepest (maximum depth {{convert|808|m|ft}}).{{Cite web |last=Kardaś |first=Rafał M. |date=2014 |title=Jaskinie Polski |url=https://jaskiniepolski.pgi.gov.pl/Details/Information/490 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123185111/https://jaskiniepolski.pgi.gov.pl/Details/Information/490 |archive-date=2023-01-23}} Six caves of this system are open to public.

;Water

File:Dolina Pieciu Stawow Polskich 2023-09-08.jpg in the Polish Tatras]]

There are several streams, the longest stream reaching {{convert|20|km|mi}}. Waterfalls, such as Mickiewicz Falls are popular with tourists. The highest waterfall is Siklawa Falls at {{convert|70|m|ft}} followed by Black Lake Falls {{convert|40|m|ft}} and Siklawica Falls {{convert|24|m|ft}}.

The park has over 30 mountain lakes, called staw (Polish: pond). These water bodies are an important part of the High Tatra landscape. The largest lakes are: Morskie Oko with an area of 349,000 m² and maximum depth of {{convert|50.8|m|ft}}); and Wielki Staw Polski with an area of 344,000 m² and maximum depth of {{convert|79.3|m|ft}}).

Biology and ecology

File:Nosal i widok na Tatry.jpg

File:20181006 Lis rudy Tatrzański Park Narodowy 1440 7492 DxO.jpg in the park]]

=Flora=

Up to {{convert|1250|m|ft}} there are mainly silver fir (Abies alba) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests. Higher levels, up to {{convert|1550|m|ft}}, are covered with European spruce (Picea abies) forests, which turn into meadows and grasslands at higher elevations up to {{convert|1800|m|ft}}. The highest elevations, above {{convert|1800|m|ft}}, have alpine flora habitats.

Other typical species include Swiss pine (Pinus cembra), edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum), and stemless carline thistle (Carlina acaulis). Spring in the Kościeliska Valley is notable for the fields of giant crocus (Crocus vernus, syn: Crocus scepusiensis).

=Fauna=

The National Park contains several endemic fauna species, and many endangered and protected ones. Animals include: the Tatra chamois, Alpine marmot and Tatra marmot, protected since the mid-19th century; brown bear, Eurasian lynx, gray wolf, European otter and the lesser spotted eagle.

Culture

=The Górale=

The Podhale region of the Tatras is home to the Górales or the Goral (highland) people. Distinctive elements of their culture include the Podhale dialect (language), music, and traditional artisan customs such as clothes, wooden vernacular architecture, cheesemaking, and craft works.[https://archive.today/20130629230431/http://www.nationalgeographicstock.com/ngsimages/explore/explorecomp.jsf?xsys=SE&id=103898 National Geographic Magazine; "The Górale People"]; c. 1980s issue; pp 105 - 130. The historic Górale culture was traditionally passed on in oral stories.

=Environment=

The area of the Tatra mountains was exploited by human activities in the past. During summer, domestic animals such as goat, sheep, and cows pastured on the meadows, which contributed to soil erosion. In the 18th and 19th centuries, several mines and ironworks were built here, industries that used substantial harvests of local timber.

Current environmental threats include: the proximity of the fast-developing town of Zakopane; and air pollution from the industrial zones in Kraków, Ostrava, and Orava. Fauna is threatened by poachers and habitat loss.

The high number of tourists is the largest threat to the park's ecosystem currently. Also, the infrastructure, such as hotels and car parks, is not sufficient for the current volume of visitors.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}