Textile performance#Comfort

File:M0354 000727-005 1.jpg to light, water and wet rubbing, and permeability]]

Serviceability in textiles or Performance is the ability of textile materials to withstand various conditions, environments, and hazards. The term "serviceability" refers to a textile product's ability to meet the needs of consumers. The emphasis is on knowing the target market and matching the needs of the target market to the product's serviceability.

Aesthetics, durability, comfort and safety, appearance retention, care, environmental impact, and cost are the serviceability concepts employed in structuring the material.{{sfn|Kadolph|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/textiles0000 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407]}}{{sfn|Collier|2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534]}}

Aesthetics imply the appearance and attraction of textile products; it includes the color, pattern and texture of the material.{{sfn|Kadolph|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/textiles0000 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407]}}

Durability in textiles refers to the product's capacity to endure use; the amount of time the product is regarded adequate for the intended application.{{sfn|Kadolph|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/textiles0000 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407]}}

file:Burberry advertisement angling suite of gabardine fabric 1908.jpg advertisement for waterproof gabardine suit, 1908]]

The performance of textiles extends to functionality through comfort and protection.

The term "comfort" (or "being comfortable") refers to a state of physical or psychological well-being—our perceptions, physiological, social, and psychological requirements are all part of it. After food, It is the clothing that satisfies these comfort needs.{{sfn|Song|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ&q=define+comfortable&pg=PA3 3–4]}}

Clothing provides comfort on a number of levels, including aesthetic, tactile, thermal, moisture, and pressure.{{sfn|Song|2011|page=22}}

• Aesthetic comfort: Aesthetic comfort is associated with visual perception that is influenced by color, fabric construction, finish, style, garment fit, and fashion compatibility. Comfort on an aesthetic level is necessary for psychological and social well-being.{{sfn|Song|2011|page=440}}{{sfn|Lyle|1982|page=[https://archive.org/details/moderntextiles02ed 29]}}
• Thermoregulation in humans and thermophysiological comfort: Thermophysiological comfort is the capacity of the clothing material that makes the balance of moisture and heat between the body and the environment. It is a property of textile materials that creates ease by maintaining moisture and thermal levels in a human's resting and active states. The selection of textile material significantly affects the comfort of the wearer. Different textile fibers have unique properties, that make them suitable for use in various environments. Natural fibers are breathable and absorb moisture.{{Cite journal|last1=Cubrić|first1=Ivana Salopek|last2=Skenderi|first2=Zenun |date=March 2013 |title=Evaluating thermophysiological comfort using the principles of sensory analysis|journal=Collegium Antropologicum|volume=37|issue=1|pages=57–64 |pmid=23697251}}{{Cite book |last=Stevens|first=Katy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwKXtwAACAAJ|title=Thermophysiological comfort and water resistant protection in soft shell protective garments|date=2008|publisher=University of Leeds (School of Design) |access-date=2021-06-21|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210559/https://books.google.com/books?id=VwKXtwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXRQAAAAYAAJ&q=Thermophysiological+comfort|title=Textile Trends|date=2001|publisher=Eastland Publications|page=16|access-date=2021-06-21|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211406/https://books.google.com/books?id=hXRQAAAAYAAJ&q=Thermophysiological+comfort|url-status=live}}{{Cite book|last=Conference|first=Textile Institute (Manchester, England) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8pGAAAAYAAJ&q=Thermophysiological+comfort|title=Pre-print of Conference Proceedings: Textile Institute 1988 Annual World Conference, Sydney, Australia, 10–13 July|date=1988|publisher=Textile Institute|isbn=978-1-870812-08-5|page=9|access-date=2021-06-21|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212500/https://books.google.com/books?id=U8pGAAAAYAAJ&q=Thermophysiological+comfort|url-status=live}}{{Cite journal|last1=Ruckman |first1=J.E.|last2=Murray|first2=R.|last3=Choi|first3=H.S.|date=1999|title=Engineering of clothing systems for improved thermophysiological comfort: The effect of openings |journal=International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology|volume=11|issue=1|pages=37–52|doi=10.1108/09556229910258098 }}{{cite journal |last1=Varshney |first1=R. K. |last2=Kothari |first2=V. K. |last3=Dhamija |first3=S. |title=A study on thermophysiological comfort properties of fabrics in relation to constituent fibre fineness and cross-sectional shapes |journal=Journal of the Textile Institute |date=17 May 2010 |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=495–505 |doi=10.1080/00405000802542184 }} The major determinants that influence thermophysiological comfort are permeable construction, heat, and moisture transfer rate.{{sfn|Collier|2000|page=[https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll 539]}}
• Thermal comfort: One primary criterion for our physiological needs is thermal comfort. The heat dissipation effectiveness of clothing gives the wearer a neither very hot nor very cold feel. The optimum temperature for thermal comfort of the skin surface is between 28 and 30 degrees Celsius, i.e., a neutral temperature. Thermophysiology reacts whenever the temperature falls below or exceeds the neutral point on either side; it is discomforting below 28 and above 30 degrees.{{cite journal |last1=Gagge |first1=A.P. |last2=Stolwijk |first2=J.A.J. |last3=Hardy |first3=J.D. |title=Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures |journal=Environmental Research |date=June 1967 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1016/0013-9351(67)90002-3 |pmid=5614624 |bibcode=1967ER......1....1G |quote=For steady exposure to cold and warm environments, thermal comfort and neutral temperature sensations lie in the range for physiological thermal neutrality (28°–30°C), in which there is no physiological temperature regulatory effort. Discomfort increases more rapidly below 28°C than above 30°C, while thermal sensation for both heat and cold increases rapidly each side of neutral. Discomfort correlates best with lowering average skin temperature toward cold environments and with increased sweating toward hot environments. In general, discomfort is associated with a change of average body temperature from 36.5°C. }} Clothing maintains a thermal balance; it keeps the skin dry and cool. It helps to keep the body from overheating while avoiding heat from the environment.{{Cite journal|last1=Gagge|first1=A. P.|last2=Stolwijk|first2=J. A. J.|last3=Hardy|first3=J. D.|date=1967-06-01|title=Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures|journal=Environmental Research|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–20|bibcode=1967ER......1....1G|doi=10.1016/0013-9351(67)90002-3|pmid=5614624}}{{sfn|Song|2011|page=149, 166}}
• Moisture comfort: Moisture comfort is the prevention of a damp sensation. According to Hollies' research, it feels uncomfortable when more than "50% to 65% of the body is wet."
• Tactile comfort: Tactile comfort is a resistance to the discomfort related to the friction created by clothing against the body. It is related to the smoothness, roughness, softness, and stiffness of the fabric used in clothing. The degree of tactile discomfort may vary between individuals. It is possible due to various factors, including allergies, tickling, prickling, skin abrasion, coolness, and the fabric's weight, structure, and thickness. There are specific surface finishes (mechanical and chemical) that can enhance tactile comfort. Fleece sweatshirts and velvet clothing, for example. Soft, clingy, stiff, heavy, light, hard, sticky, scratchy, prickly are all terms used to describe tactile sensations.{{sfn|Au|2011}}{{sfn|Song|2011|page=167, 192, 208, 223, 235, 237, 427}} {{sfn|Das|Alagirusamy|2011|pages=216–244}}
• Pressure comfort: The comfort of the human body's pressure receptors' (present in the skin) sensory response towards clothing. Fabrics with Lycra feels more comfortable because of this response and superior pressure comfort. The sensation response is influenced by the material's structure: snugging, looseness, heavy, light, soft, or stiff structuring.{{sfn|Song|2011|page=25, 235, 432}}{{cite book |doi=10.1533/9781845691462.151 |quote=Pressure comfort is more complex and involves a number of synthetic sensations such as snug, loose, heavy, lightweight, soft and stiff. This factor mainly corresponds to the pressure receptors in skin and may come from a combination of a number of simple sensory responses. Fabric bulk mechanical behavior and overall fitness of garment to the body may be responsible for this dimension of comfort. Fabric handle properties are also highly related to this factor. |chapter=Dimensions of sensory comfort perceptions |title=Clothing Biosensory Engineering |date=2006 |last1=Li |first1=Y.I. |last2=Wong |first2=Anthony S.W. |pages=151–166 |isbn=978-1-85573-925-3 }}

File:The Way We Dress - The Transformative Power of Clothes.webm

Protection in textiles refers to a large application area where the performance (of functionality) is more central than aesthetic values.

• UV protection performance in textiles,{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-820257-9.00011-4 |chapter=Advanced ultraviolet protective agents for textiles and clothing |title=Advances in Functional and Protective Textiles |date=2020 |last1=Ray |first1=Amal |last2=Singha |first2=Kunal |last3=Pandit |first3=Pintu |last4=Maity |first4=Subhankar |pages=243–260 |isbn=978-0-12-820257-9 }} There are tests to quantify the protection values from harmful ultraviolet rays.{{Cite book|editor-last=Paul|editor-first=Roshan|last1=Almeida|first1=Laurindo.|location=Cambridge England |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZlzAwAAQBAJ&q=UV+performance+test+in+textiles&pg=PA481 |title=Functional Finishes for Textiles: Improving Comfort, Performance and Protection|date=2014-10-20|publisher=Elsevier, Woodhead Publishing|isbn=978-0-85709-845-0 |page=481|access-date=2021-06-14|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811104652/https://books.google.com/books?id=PZlzAwAAQBAJ&q=UV+performance+test+in+textiles&pg=PA481|url-status=live}}
• Flame retardant textiles{{Cite book|last1=Pan|first1=N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6h1tAgAAQBAJ&q=flame+retardant+textiles+performance&pg=PP1|title=Functional Textiles for Improved Performance, Protection and Health|last2=Sun|first2=G.|date=2011-06-21|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-85709-287-8|pages=99–125|access-date=2021-06-14|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811104633/https://books.google.com/books?id=6h1tAgAAQBAJ&q=flame+retardant+textiles+performance&pg=PP1|url-status=live}}
• Water repellant performance of textiles{{Cite book|last1=Mansdorf|first1=Seymour Zack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_y5dmf_iVgC&q=Water+repellency+in+textiles+performance&pg=PA295 |title=Performance of Protective Clothing: Second Symposium|last2=Sager|first2=Richard|date=1988 |publisher=ASTM International|isbn=978-0-8031-1167-7|access-date=2021-06-14|archive-date=2021-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811104633/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_y5dmf_iVgC&q=Water+repellency+in+textiles+performance&pg=PA295|url-status=live}}
• Waterproofness{{sfn|Williams|2009|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7--iAgAAQBAJ&q=wind+protective+textiles&pg=PA222 222]}}
• Cold and wind protection textiles{{sfn|Williams|2009|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7--iAgAAQBAJ&q=wind+protective+textiles&pg=PA222 222]}}
• Bacteria and virus protection in textiles.{{cite journal|last1=Iyigundogdu|first1=Zeynep Ustaoglu|last2=Demir|first2=Okan|last3=Asutay|first3=Ayla Burcin|last4=Sahin|first4=Fikrettin|date=2017 |title=Developing Novel Antimicrobial and Antiviral Textile Products|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=181|issue=3|pages=1155–1166|doi=10.1007/s12010-016-2275-5|pmc=7091037|pmid=27734286}} Antiviral textiles are a further exploitation of using antimicrobial surfaces that are applicable to both natural and synthetic textiles. Exhibiting antiviral properties, these surfaces may inactivate the lipid-coated viruses. There are particular test methods for assessing the performance of antiviral textiles.{{cite web|title=A quantitative test method to assess the antiviral performance|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:18184:ed-2:v1:en|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.iso.org|archive-date=2016-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617031837/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:18184:ed-2:v1:en}}
• Bulletproof vest

The ability of a textile product to retain its appearance after being used, washed, and ironed is referred to as appearance retention.{{sfn|Kadolph|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/textiles0000 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407]}}

The treatment necessary to maintain the appearance of textile products is referred to as care. Textile products need to be cleaned and ironed to keep their look. This includes things like how to wash them and how to dry them.{{sfn|Kadolph|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/textiles0000 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407]}} Care labelling for textile products takes into account the performance of each component as well as the manufacturing methods.{{sfn|Corbman|1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/textilesfibertof0006 542]}}

It is influenced by a variety of elements. The cost of a textile product includes the raw material, manufacturing, and maintenance costs.{{sfn|Kadolph|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/textiles0000 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407]}}

Every textile product has an impact on the environment. The extent to which textiles harm the environment during manufacturing, care, and disposal is a concept of textile serviceability.{{sfn|Kadolph|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/textiles0000 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407]}} The substances which add performance to textiles have a severe impact on the environment and on human health. The halogenated flame retardants, PFC treated stain repellant, and triclosan or triclocarban or silver-containing antimicrobial fabrics certainly have a lot to do with the effluent and environment.{{sfn|Muthu|2020|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BmruDwAAQBAJ&q=The+substances+which+add+performance+in+textiles+have+a+severe+impact+on+human+health+and+the+environment.&pg=PA59 59]}}

Fundamentally, each fiber and fabric has distinct properties, and they are chosen based on their suitability for fitness for purpose.{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-88224-0.50011-4 |chapter=Textile Performance: End Use and Relevant Tests |title=Textile Processing and Properties - Preparation, Dyeing, Finishing and Performance |series=Textile Science and Technology |date=1994 |volume=11 |pages=346–442 |isbn=978-0-444-88224-0 |editor1-first=Tyrone L |editor1-last=Vigo }}{{cite web|title=Textile-based materials - Textile-based materials - AQA - GCSE Design and Technology Revision - AQA|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zjc3rwx/revision/1|access-date=2021-06-30|website=BBC Bitesize|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181222/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zjc3rwx/revision/1|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Sources and origins – Textiles – Edexcel – GCSE Design and Technology Revision – Edexcel|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zfr3rwx/revision/1|access-date=2021-06-30|website=BBC Bitesize|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181234/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zfr3rwx/revision/1|url-status=live}} Users have five basic criteria for performance, including appearance, comfort, durability, maintenance, and cost.{{sfn|Smith|1982|pages=[https://archive.org/details/textilesinperspe0002smit vii, 65]}} These performance expectations are not the same as those of specialist textiles. Due to the often highly technical and legal requirements of these products, these textiles are typically tested in order to ensure they meet stringent performance requirements. A few examples of different areas are:

• Sportswear must have these characteristics: strength, moisture management, stretch, and thermal comfort.
• Military textiles demand protection from hostile weather. A bulletproof vest necessitates low impact. Camouflage may be needed.{{sfn|Wang|2016|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oABKCgAAQBAJ 25, 19]}}
• Firefighting clothing must be flame resistant, thermally resistant, and lightweight. Water resistance and visibility are requirements for bunker gear. Turnout gear for firefighters is not a "one size fits all" proposition. It depends on the individual role and duties assigned.{{efn-ua|E.g., bomb suit, emergency medical, fall protection, HazMat, industrial flash fire, PASS, proximity firefighting, which requires a fire proximity suit, SCBA, fire station/work uniforms, structural firefighting, thermal imaging cameras, urban search and rescue or wildland firefighting.{{cite web |url=https://www.seinet.org/search.htmgclid=CjwKCAjwzruGBhBAEiwAUqMR8B_ci4LsOaXFshxB2n_pZvNdvfI0kM_9hmD_hHqW-aoamdsiALccWBoC6y8QAvD_BwE§ion=hidden-fire_and_emergency_services#sections=FireandEmergencyServices_collapse3 |title=Fire and Emergency Services |publisher=Safety & Equipment Institute ASTM}}}}
• Occupational hazards demand a specific degree of protection.{{sfn|Wang|2016|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oABKCgAAQBAJ 25, 19]}}
• Medical textiles need clothing with barriers and antimicrobial surfaces, such as cleanroom suits and hazmat suits.
• Wearable electronics in E-textiles require flexibility as well as washability. (See Wearable technology and Hexoskin.)
• Body armor (protective clothing designed to absorb or deflect physical attacks) demands specific performance standards.
• Wetsuits are made with neoprene and butyl rubber. The foamed neoprene of the suit thermally insulates the wearer.{{Cite web|url=https://wetsuitwarehouse.com.au/pages/pages-wetsuit_materials|title=Wetsuit Materials|website=Wetsuit Warehouse|access-date=2021-06-20|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201820/https://wetsuitwarehouse.com.au/pages/pages-wetsuit_materials|url-status=live}}
• Automotive textiles have specific performance requirements in various sections of the car. The different types of fibers used for separate areas of the car's interior are shown below:

:

Tensile strength, bursting, sensorial comfort, thermal comfort, heat transfer, water repellency MVTR, air permeability, pilling, shrinkage, fading, lightfastness, drape and hand feel are a few performance parameters.{{sfn|Collier|2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534]}}{{sfn|Tobler-Rohr|2011|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lnlwAgAAQBAJ&q=Textiles+protect+as+cold,+heat,+and+rain.&pg=PA224 224]}}{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-100646-7.00007-2 |quote=Performance textiles are a new paradigm for the textile industry and represent one of the fastest-growing sectors of the industry. Performance textiles are textiles that provide additional functions such as repellency, resistance or protection from a specified element including fabrics that resist wrinkles, soils, or odours and/or protect from environmental conditions. |chapter=Repellent finishes |title=Principles of Textile Finishing |date=2017 |last1=Roy Choudhury |first1=Asim Kumar |pages=149–194 |isbn=978-0-08-100646-7 }}

File:PPCLI CADPAT.jpg in CADPAT camouflage uniforms. Camouflaged uniforms are used to make its wearers less visible. The opposite effect is desired in fashion use of camo designs]]

File:Composite 3d.png

File:File-Water droplet at DWR-coated surface1.jpg.]]

Performance of textile products is primarily based on fiber and fabric structure. Fiber properties are fundamentally determined by their physical and chemical properties..{{sfn|Smith|1982|pages=[https://archive.org/details/textilesinperspe0002smit vii, 65]}} Specific finishing methods, functional finishes, fit, and product design could all be used to improve the overall performance of a textile product, allowing it to achieve higher performance levels.{{sfn|Kadolph|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/textiles0000 9, 11]}}{{Cite book|last=Paul|first=R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZlzAwAAQBAJ&q=The+performance+of+textile+products+influences+their+appearance,+comfort,+durability,+and+protection.|title=Functional Finishes for Textiles: Improving Comfort, Performance and Protection|date=2014-10-20 |publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-85709-845-0|pages=1}}

Performance has an array of characteristics that affect appearance, durability, and comfort. Performance characteristics are in-built or incorporated into the textile materials. For example, technical textiles are classified into twelve separate categories. In which the performance is predetermined, and textiles are manufactured and structured as per the application and end-use.{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-49224-3_3 |chapter=Classification of Technical Textiles |title=Fibers for Technical Textiles |series=Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering |date=2020 |last1=Rasheed |first1=Abher |pages=49–64 |isbn=978-3-030-49223-6 }} Durable water repellent is another functional finish that makes fabrics resistant to water (hydrophobic).

Clothing insulation is a property that provides thermal insulation for the wearer.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2010, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy{{cite journal |last1=Schiavon |first1=S. |last2=Lee |first2=K. H. |date=2012 |title=Dynamic predictive clothing insulation models based on outdoor air and indoor operative temperatures |doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.08.024 |journal=Building and Environment |volume=59 |pages=250–260 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3338m9qf/qt3338m9qf.pdf?t=mapmig |access-date=2021-06-21 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203054/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3338m9qf/qt3338m9qf.pdf?t=mapmig |url-status=live}} A stain-repellent is an added property of fabrics to make them stain resistant.{{cite web |url=http://www.tikp.co.uk/knowledge/material-functionality/stain-resistance/ |title=Stain Resistance |work=Textile Information Knowlwedge Platform |publisher=Textile Centre of Excellence |year=2020 |access-date=June 19, 2021 |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202316/http://www.tikp.co.uk/knowledge/material-functionality/stain-resistance/ |url-status=live}} Sun protective clothing aids in the avoidance of both light and harmful UV rays.

There is a whole panoply of properties that relate to material functionality and their use in performance fabric applications. These include, inter alia:

• Abrasion resistance, is the resistance of materials and structures to abrasion can be measured by a variety of test methods.
• Antimicrobial, In textiles is an application of an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth.
• Antistatic, is an application of a compound used for treatment of materials or their surfaces in order to reduce or eliminate buildup of static electricity.
• Air permeability is a fabric's ability to allow air to pass through it. While air permeable fabrics tend to have relatively high moisture vapor transmission, it is not compulsory to be air permeable to be breathable.
• Breathability, the capacity of a fabric to transmit moisture vapour.
• Biodegradable, is important for sustainability, it is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. Natural fibers are easily biodegradable, hence more sustainable.
• Bioresorbable
• Bomb suit, is a specialized body armor for protection from explosions.
• Colour fastness, characterizes a material's colour's resistance to fading or running.
• Conductive
• Crease and wrinkle resistance are textiles that have been treated to resist external stress and hold their shape. Clothing made from this fabric does not need to be ironed and may be sold as non-iron, no-iron, wash and wear, durable press, and easy care. While fabric cleaning and maintenance may be simplified, some wearers experience decreased comfort.
• Dimensional stability (fabric), also known as shrinkage in fabrics is the change of dimensions in textile products when they are washed or relaxed.
• Durable water repellent, is a functional finish to make fabrics water-resistant (hydrophobic).
• Enhanced coloration
• Flame and heat resistance, are textiles that are more resistant to fire than others through chemical treatment or manufactured fireproof fibers.
• Fluorescence Fluorescent compounds are often used to enhance the appearance of fabric and paper, causing a "whitening" effect. In this scenario, an optical brightener can make an already-white surface appear brighter. The blue light emitted by the brightener compensates for the diminishing blue of the treated material and changes the hue away from yellow or brown and toward white. Optical brighteners are used in laundry detergents, high brightness paper, cosmetics, high-visibility clothing and more.
• Hand feel, the property of fabrics related to the touch that express sensory comfort. It refers to the way fabrics feel against the skin or in the hand and conveys information about the cloth's softness and smoothness.
• Heated clothing is a type of clothing designed for cold-weather sports and activities, such as motorcycle riding, downhill skiing, diving, winter biking, and snowmobiling, trekking and for outdoor workers such as construction workers and carpenters.
• High-visibility clothing is a type of safety clothing.
• Hydrophilicity
• Hydrophobicity
• Light responsive, Light reflective
• Luminescence
• Oleophobicity
• Pilling is generally considered an undesirable trait. There are applications that can resist pilling ( a surface defect of textiles) caused by wearing.
• Racing suit is a kind of fire suit due to its fire retardant properties, is clothing such as overalls worn in various forms of auto racing by racing drivers, crew members.
• Reinforcement
• Sauna suit is a garment made from waterproof fabric designed to make the wearer sweat profusely.
• Space suit is a garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of outer space, vacuum and temperature extremes.
• Stain resistance is a property of fabrics in which they repel stains.
• Thermal insulation
• Thermal responsive
• Ultrafiltration
• Ultraviolet resistance
• Waterproof fabrics are those that are naturally resistant to water and wetting, or have been treated to be so.

In terms of performance, wool has been advertised as a "miracle fabric"{{Cite web|last=Hoguet|first=Deidre|date=2014-04-10|title=Sustainability and performance in textiles: can you have it all?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainability-performance-textiles-wool-environment|access-date=2021-09-02|website=the Guardian}}{{Cite journal |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_national-lamb-wool-grower_1978-12_68_12 |title=Advertising and Merchandising are Major Factors in ASPC's Product Promotion Mix |journal=The National Wool Grower |volume=68 |issue=12 |date=December 1978 |publisher=American Sheep Industry Association |via=Internet Archive |page=[https://archive.org/details/sim_national-lamb-wool-grower_1978-12_68_12/page/14/mode/2up 14]}}{{Cite web|author=Peter Hughes|date=2021-01-25|title=Merino wool: using blockchain to track Australia's 'miracle fibre'|url=https://everledger.io/merino-wool-using-blockchain-to-track-australias-miracle-fibre/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Everledger}} as it naturally possesses a variety of functional properties, including stretch, warmth, water absorption, flame retardance, and the ability to wick away body moisture.{{Cite web|title=Wool Fibre – Properties, Facts & Benefits |publisher=The Woolmark Company |url=https://www.woolmark.com/fibre/|access-date=2021-08-21|website=www.woolmark.com}}{{Cite web|title=Functional Benefits|url=https://www.lavalan.com/functional-benefits/|access-date=2021-08-21|website=Lavalan}} Additionally, Merino wool has the ability to protect from harmful UV rays.{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-824543-9.00014-1 |quote=The characteristics of the wool fibers are good elasticity, soft and durable, resilience, good wear and tear resistance and it is less resistant to acids and bases. |chapter=Introduction to bio-based fibers and their composites |title=Advances in Bio-Based Fiber |date=2022 |last1=Madhu |first1=P. |last2=Praveenkumara |first2=J. |last3=Sanjay |first3=M.R. |last4=Siengchin |first4=Suchart |last5=Gorbatyuk |first5=Sergey |pages=1–20 |isbn=978-0-12-824543-9 }}{{Cite web|title=Focus Topic – Functional Fabric Fair 2020 |url=https://www.functionalfabricfair.com/new-york/en-us/focus-topic-inspired-by-nature.html |access-date=2021-08-21|website=www.functionalfabricfair.com}} Natural and synthetic fibers have various properties that influence the final textile performance. Most of the natural fibers are suited for comfort, where synthetics are better for aesthetics and durability.

• Cotton, wool and linen are naturally absorbent fibers.
• Linen has luster.{{sfn|Kadolph|2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado 53]}}
• Most commonly used synthetic fibers, such as nylon, polyester, polypropylene, and elastane, are hydrophobic and thermoplastic.
• Elastane is a polyether-polyurea copolymer that is exceptionally elastic.

Additional properties are properties other than the inherent properties of the textiles which are specifically added in accordance with the specific needs. They may be added during different textile manufacturing steps from fiber to fabric.

High-performance fibers are specifically synthesized to achieve unique properties such as higher heat resistance, exceptional strength, high strength-to-weight ratio, stiffness, tensile strength, chemical or fire resistance.{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-100904-8.00012-2 |chapter=Comfort and durability in high-performance clothing |title=High-Performance Apparel |date=2018 |last1=Motlogelwa |first1=S. |pages=209–219 |isbn=978-0-08-100904-8 }}{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-100646-7.00007-2 |chapter=Repellent finishes |title=Principles of Textile Finishing |date=2017 |last1=Roy Choudhury |first1=Asim Kumar |pages=149–194 |isbn=978-0-08-100646-7 }} These high-performance fibers are used in protective clothing (PPE) with exceptional characteristics like chemical resistance and fire resistance.{{sfn|Paul|2019|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1sOKDwAAQBAJ&q=mobiltech&pg=PA354 110, 121]}}

• Aramid fiber, namely Kevlar, a strong, abrasion-resistant, durable material with high performance. Fiber and fabric engineering can optimize the functionality of the materials.{{Cite book |last=O'Mahony|first=Marie |url=https://archive.org/details/sportstechrevolu0000omah|title=Sportstech : revolutionary fabrics, fashion and design|date=2002|publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=New York |via=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-500-51086-5}} Kevlar and Nomex which is a flame-resistant meta-aramid material, are used together in advanced bomb suits. The suit helps bomb disposal soldiers from threats associated with improvised explosive devices, including those related to fragmentation, blast overpressure, impact, heat, and flame.
• Carbon fibers have several advantages including high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight to strength ratio, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion.{{cite web|date=2018-07-02|title=Carbon woven fabrics |publisher=Compositesplaza |url=https://compositesplaza.com/products/carbon/carbon-woven-fabrics|access-date=2021-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702122309/https://compositesplaza.com/products/carbon/carbon-woven-fabrics |archive-date=2018-07-02 |url-status=live |quote=Carbon woven fabrics from Compositesplaza are used in the following applications:Model building, Yachts- and Boats construction, Automotive (car parts), Sporting goods, Orthopedic parts, Aviation parts, industrial Construction, Luxury items and jewelry, Motorsport parts.}}{{cite journal |last1=Lomov |first1=Stepan V. |last2=Gorbatikh |first2=Larissa |last3=Kotanjac |first3=Željko |last4=Koissin |first4=Vitaly |last5=Houlle |first5=Matthieu |last6=Rochez |first6=Olivier |last7=Karahan |first7=Mehmet |last8=Mezzo |first8=Luca |last9=Verpoest |first9=Ignaas |title=Compressibility of carbon woven fabrics with carbon nanotubes/nanofibres grown on the fibres |journal=Composites Science and Technology |date=February 2011 |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=315–325 |doi=10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.11.024 }}
• Polybenzimidazole fiber, also known as PBI, has high thermal stability, flame resistance, and moisture recovery, making it suitable for use in protective clothing. PBI are usually yellow to brown solid infusible up to 400 °C or higher.{{sfn|Bhuiyan|1982}} PBI is also used in Space suits. In 1969, the United States Air Force selected polybenzimidazole (PBI) for its superior thermal protective performance after a 1967 fire aboard the Apollo 1 spacecraft killed three astronauts.{{cite journal|last1=Haertsch|first1=Emilie|last2=Meyer|first2=Michal|date=2016|title=Tough Stuff |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/tough-stuff|journal=Distillations|volume=2 |issue=2|pages=12–13|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004529/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/tough-stuff|url-status=live}} In the early 1970s USAF laboratories experimented with polybenzimidazole fibers for protective clothing to reduce aircrew deaths from fires.{{cite book |year=1971 |page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210017813369;view=1up;seq=618 612] |chapter=Statement of Hon. Grant L. Hansen, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Research and Development) |title=Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1972 | publisher=U.S. Govt. Print. Off. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210017813369}}
• Silicon carbide fiber composed of Silicon carbide is used for bulletproof vests.
• UHMWPE (Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene) is a high abrasion and wear resistance material suitable for durability, low friction, and chemical resistance.{{sfn|Paul|2019|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1sOKDwAAQBAJ&q=mobiltech&pg=PA354 110, 121]}}

Finishing improves appearance and performance.{{sfn|Kadolph|2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado 330, 331]}}

Textile finishing is the process of converting the loomstate or raw goods into a useful product, which can be done mechanically or chemically. Finishing is a broad term that refers to a variety of physical and chemical techniques and treatments that finish one stage of textile production while also preparing for the next. Textile finishing can include aspects like improving surface feel, aesthetical enhancement, and adding advanced chemical finishes.{{Cite book|last=Choudhury|first=Asim Kumar Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_9PCwAAQBAJ&q=finishing+textiles|title=Principles of Textile Finishing|date=2017-04-29|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|isbn=978-0-08-100661-0 |pages=1–10}} A finish is any process that transforms unfinished products into finished products.{{Cite book|last1=Hollen|first1=Norma R. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780023675300 |title=Textiles |date=1988|place=New York|publisher=Macmillan|via=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-02-367530-0|pages=2}}

This includes mechanical finishing and chemical applications which alter the composition of treated textiles (fiber, yarn or fabric.) Mechanical finish purports machine finishes such as embossing, heat setting, sanforizing, sheering, various, luster imparting, surface finishes, and glaze finishes.{{Cite book|last1=Schindler|first1=W. D.|last2=Hauser|first2=P. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S42kAgAAQBAJ&q=Mechanical+finish+signifies+machine+finishes |title=Chemical Finishing of Textiles|date=2004-08-10|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-84569-037-3|pages=1, 2}}{{Cite book |last=Joseph|first=Marjory L. |title=Joseph's introductory textile science |date=1992|place=Fort Worth|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers|isbn=978-0-03-050723-6 |pages=337–340 |url=https://archive.org/details/josephsintroduct06edjose |via=Internet Archive}}

Chemical finishing refers to the process of applying and treating textiles with a variety of chemicals in order to achieve desired functional properties. Chemical finishing of textiles is a part of the textile finishing process where the emphasis is on chemical substances instead of mechanical finishing.{{Cite book |last1=Schindler|first1=W. D.|last2=Hauser |first2=P. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S42kAgAAQBAJ&q=chemical+finishing+of+textiles |title=Chemical Finishing of Textiles|date=2004-08-10 |publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-84569-037-3|pages=1–20}}{{sfn|Kadolph|1998|pp=285, 300–316}} Chemical finishing in textiles also known as wet finishing.{{cite book |doi=10.1533/9781845690373.7 |quote=Chemical finishing can be defined as the use of chemicals to achieve a desired fabric property. Chemical finishing, also referred to as ‘wet’ finishing, includes processes that change the chemical composition of the fabrics that they are applied to. In other words, an elemental analysis of a fabric treated with a chemical finish will be different from the same analysis done prior to the finishing. |chapter=Chemical finishing processes |title=Chemical Finishing of Textiles |date=2004 |last1=Schindler |first1=W.D. |last2=Hauser |first2=P.J. |pages=7–28 |isbn=978-1-85573-905-5 }} Chemical finishing adds properties to the treated textiles. These properties may vary from Normal to Advanced or High Tech. Softening of textiles, durable water repellancy and wrinkle free fabric finishes are examples of chemical finishing.{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-100646-7.00006-0 |chapter=Softening |title=Principles of Textile Finishing |date=2017 |last1=Roy Choudhury |first1=Asim Kumar |pages=109–148 |isbn=978-0-08-100646-7 }}{{sfn|Kadolph|1998|pp=285, 300–316}}

Cravenette was an old chemical finish of the early 20th century that makes cloths water repellant.{{Cite web|title=Definition of CRAVENETTE|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cravenette|access-date=2021-07-24|website=www.merriam-webster.com}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0t4pAAAAYAAJ&q=cravenette&pg=PA67 |title=Catalog|date=1922|publisher=Sears, Roebuck and Company |pages=67}}{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQHCnpcQy5UC&q=cravenette |title=The Saturday Evening Post|date=1952|pages=64, 87}}{{Cite book|last=Winge|first=Jane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWhpvCyL5zUC&q=cravenette |title=Fabric Finishes|date=1981 |publisher=Cooperative Extension Service, North Dakota State University|pages=7}}{{Cite book |author=United States Department of the Treasury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOg9AQAAMAAJ&q=cravenette|title=Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, and Other Laws: Including the Decisions of the Board of General Appraisers and the Court of Customs Appeals|date=1905 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=8}}

The first modern waterproof raincoat was created following the patent by Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh in 1824 of new tarpaulin fabric, described by him as "India rubber cloth," and made by sandwiching a rubber softened by naphtha between two pieces of fabric.{{cite news|date=30 December 2016|title=Charles Macintosh: Chemist who invented the world-famous waterproof raincoat|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/charles-macintosh-chemist-google-doodle-who-is-he-when-waterproof-coat-a7499871.html|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321145712/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/charles-macintosh-chemist-google-doodle-who-is-he-when-waterproof-coat-a7499871.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|date=15 January 2017|title=History of the Raincoat|work=LoveToKnow |url=http://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/clothing-types-styles/history-raincoat|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122065537/https://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/clothing-types-styles/history-raincoat|url-status=live}} Application of performance finishes are not a new concept; Oilcloth is the first known coated fabric. Boiling linseed oil is used to make oilcloth. Boiling oils have been used from the year 200 AD.{{Cite web|date=2013-05-30|title=MoreInfo-Staining and Finishing for Muzzeloading Gun Builders – Methods and Materials 1750–1850|url=http://www.thealchemist.us/alchemist1_005.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530042026/http://www.thealchemist.us/alchemist1_005.htm|archive-date=2013-05-30|access-date=2021-08-08}} The "special purpose finishes" or Performance finishes are that improve the performance of textiles for a specific end-use.{{sfn|Kadolph|1998|p=301}} Performance finishing contributes to a variety of areas. These finishes enable treated textiles with different characteristics, which may be opposite to their natural or inherent nature. Functional finishes add value other than hand feel and aesthetics.{{sfn|Kadolph|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/textiles0000 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407]}}{{sfn|Collier|2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534]}} Certain finishes can alter the performance suiting for thermal comfort (thermal regulation), antimicrobial, UV protection, easy care (crease resistant cotton fabrics), and insect repellant etc.{{sfn|Bonaldi|2018|pages=129–156}}

Nanotechnology in textiles is a branch of nano-science in which molecular systems at the nano-scale of size (1–100 Nanometre) are applied in the field of textiles to improve performance or add functions to textiles. Nanotechnology unites a variety of scientific fields, such as material science, physics, chemistry, biology and engineering. For example: Nanocoating (of microscopically structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with visible light) in textiles for biomimetics is the new method of structural coloration without dyes.{{Cite book|last1=Mishra|first1=Rajesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WR6DwAAQBAJ&q=Nanotechnology+in+Textiles|title=Nanotechnology in Textiles: Theory and Application |last2=Militky|first2=Jiri|date=2018-11-14|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|isbn=978-0-08-102627-4 |pages=195–220|access-date=2021-07-02|url-status=live|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811104618/https://books.google.com/books?id=4WR6DwAAQBAJ&q=Nanotechnology+in+Textiles}}{{cite journal |last1=Yetisen |first1=Ali K. |last2=Qu |first2=Hang |last3=Manbachi |first3=Amir |last4=Butt |first4=Haider |last5=Dokmeci |first5=Mehmet R. |last6=Hinestroza |first6=Juan P. |last7=Skorobogatiy |first7=Maksim |last8=Khademhosseini |first8=Ali |last9=Yun |first9=Seok Hyun |title=Nanotechnology in Textiles |journal=ACS Nano |date=22 March 2016 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=3042–3068 |doi=10.1021/acsnano.5b08176 |pmid=26918485 |url=http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/27012926/Nanotechnology_in_Textiles.pdf }}{{cite web|date=2020-05-27|title=The Role of Nanotechnology in the Production of Fabrics |website=AZoNano.com |url=https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5501|access-date=2021-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182612/https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5501 |archive-date=2021-07-09|url-status=live}}{{cite journal |last1=Rivero |first1=Pedro J. |last2=Urrutia |first2=Aitor |last3=Goicoechea |first3=Javier |last4=Arregui |first4=Francisco J. |title=Nanomaterials for Functional Textiles and Fibers |journal=Nanoscale Research Letters |date=December 2015 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=501 |doi=10.1186/s11671-015-1195-6 |pmc=4695484 |pmid=26714863 |bibcode=2015NRL....10..501R |doi-access=free }}{{Cite book|date=2016 |chapter=Biomimetic nanocoatings for structural coloration of textiles|title=Active Coatings for Smart Textiles|pages=269–299 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-100263-6.00012-5|last1=Shao|first1=J.|last2=Liu|first2=G.|last3=Zhou|first3=L. |publisher=Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier|location=Duxford, UK|isbn=978-0-08-100263-6}}{{cite web |title=What Is Nanotechnology? |publisher=National Nanotechnology Initiative |url=https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition|access-date=2021-07-02|archive-date=2021-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710023828/https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition |url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=How will nanotechnology improve textiles?|url=https://nano-magazine.com/news/2018/9/5/how-will-nanotechnology-improve-textiles|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Nano Magazine – Latest Nanotechnology News|date=5 September 2018 |url-status=live|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182206/https://nano-magazine.com/news/2018/9/5/how-will-nanotechnology-improve-textiles}}{{sfn|Brown|Stevens|2007|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iaujAgAAQBAJ&q=Nanotechnology+in+Textiles 409, 417, 470]}}

See further Nanofabrics

Surface tension biomimetics is a phenomenon of exploitation of biomimetics properties to create functional effects such as shark skin, and lotus leaf that have the ability to repel water and self-cleaning. In textiles, surfaces with hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties are formed with the help of coatings and applied finishes.{{cite web|title=Technology Overview|url=http://www.sharklet.com/our-technology/technology-overview/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Sharklet Technologies, Inc.|archive-date=2021-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629113256/http://www.sharklet.com/our-technology/technology-overview/ |url-status=live}}{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=David W. |last2=Wei |first2=Haiying |last3=Gauthier |first3=Alec C. |last4=Song |first4=Junlong |last5=Jin |first5=Yongcan |last6=Xiao |first6=Huining |title=Superhydrophobic modification of cellulose and cotton textiles: Methodologies and applications |journal=Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts |date=February 2020 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1016/j.jobab.2020.03.001 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020JBiBi...5....1W }}

Certain technologies can alter the surface characterizations of textiles.

Plasma is a highly reactive state that activates the substrate, and the oxidized surface of the plasma-treated textile improves dyeing while reducing environmental impacts. Plasma can also be used to treat textiles to obtain waterproofing and oil repellent properties. Different gases in the same fiber may have other effects, and various gases are chosen for different results.{{sfn|Lawrence|2014|pages=70–75, 80–82}}

Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) irradiation is used to modify the structural and surface properties of textiles, as well as to texturize them.{{sfn|Lawrence|2014|pages=70–75, 80–82}}

{{Main|3D textiles}}

3D textiles are used in versatile applications, like military textiles, bulletproof jackets, protective clothing, manufacturing 3D composites, and medical textiles. Examples include 3D spacer fabrics, which are used in treating a wound.{{Cite book|last=Chen|first=Xiaogang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0SdBAAAQBAJ&q=3D+textiles+x+axis%2C+z-axis+for+thickness&pg=PA2|title=Advances in 3D Textiles|date=2015-05-28|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-78242-219-8|pages=2–10}}

Standards vary with the use and application areas. Military textiles, industrial textiles have separate tests to analyze performance in extreme conditions.{{sfn|Wang|2016|}}{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pbpgzrd5RY8C&q=performance+fabrics|title=USA Standard Performance Requirements for Textile Fabrics|date=1968|publisher=United States of America Standards Institute}} The American National Standards Institute approves the textile performance standards set by ASTM International.{{sfn|Tortora|Collier|1997|page=[https://archive.org/details/understandingtex00tort 20, 21]}} Other testing agencies or bodies which are recognized or accepted as international standards depending on the contracts:{{sfn|Wang|2016|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oABKCgAAQBAJ 25, 19]}}

The comfort performance of textiles is the foremost requirement that influences product acceptance. Following comfort, safety and protection are the top priorities.{{cite web |title=Comfort Performance |publisher=NC State University |url=https://textiles.ncsu.edu/tpacc/comfort-performance/ |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=Textile Protection And Comfort Center |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182623/https://textiles.ncsu.edu/tpacc/comfort-performance/ |url-status=live }} Numerous tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of textiles.

The test method evaluates the thermal resistance and water vapor permeability of fabrics, which bear on the garment's comfort.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LINGAAAAYAAJ&q=Sweating+guarded+hot+plate+test+method|title=Occupational Health and Safety ; Protective Clothing|date=2007|publisher=ASTM|isbn=978-0-8031-4412-5|page=346|access-date=2021-07-03|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811104619/https://books.google.com/books?id=LINGAAAAYAAJ&q=Sweating+guarded+hot+plate+test+method|url-status=live}}{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Jianhua |title=Sweating guarded hot plate test method |journal=Polymer Testing |date=August 2006 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=709–716 |doi=10.1016/j.polymertesting.2006.03.002 }}

• ISO 11092:2014 (the test for physiological effects — Test for measuring thermal resistance and water-vapor resistance){{cite web|title=ISO 11092:2014 |url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/59/65962.html|access-date=2021-07-03|website=ISO|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811104649/https://www.iso.org/standard/65962.html|url-status=live}}
• ASTM F1868 (test for measuring thermal and evaporative resistance){{cite web|title=ASTM F1868 – 17 Standard Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate |url=https://www.astm.org/Standards/F1868.htm|access-date=2021-07-03|website=www.astm.org|archive-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307085224/https://www.astm.org/Standards/F1868.htm|url-status=live}}

Water vapor transmission rate also called moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) is a method of testing or measuring the permeability for vapor barriers.

• ASTM F2298 – 03 (test for clothing materials such as protective clothing, laminates, and membranes) a similar test by Japanese Standards Association is JSA – JIS L 1099.{{cite web|title=JSA – JIS L 1099 – Testing methods for water vapor permeability of textiles {{!}} Engineering360|url=https://standards.globalspec.com/std/1592586/JIS%20L%201099|access-date=2021-07-03|website=standards.globalspec.com|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182434/https://standards.globalspec.com/std/1592586/JIS%20L%201099|url-status=live}}

The air permeability test method is for measuring the ability of air to pass through textile materials.{{cite web|title=Standard Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics|url=https://csbs.uni.edu/sites/default/files/Air_Permeability.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-03|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183255/https://csbs.uni.edu/sites/default/files/Air_Permeability.pdf}}

• ASTM D737-96 alternative test method is
• ISO 9237:1995

The moisture wicking or moisture management test is for testing moisture management properties such as wicking capabilities and drying efficiencies.

• AATCC test method 195
• ISO 13029:2012 {{cite web|title=ISO Standard|url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:13029:ed-1:v1:en|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.iso.org|archive-date=2016-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617031837/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:13029:ed-1:v1:en}}

The Qmax test method is used to evaluate the surface warm-cool sensations of fabric and to indicate the instantaneous thermal feeling sensed when the fabric first comes into contact with the skin surface.{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Junghyun |last2=Yoo |first2=Hwa-Sook |last3=Hong |first3=Kyong Ha |last4=Kim |first4=Eunae |title=Knitted fabric properties influencing coolness to the touch and the relationship between subjective and objective coolness measurements |journal=Textile Research Journal |date=September 2018 |volume=88 |issue=17 |pages=1931–1942 |doi=10.1177/0040517517715079 }}{{cite journal |doi=10.11419/senshoshi1960.28.414 |date=1987 |volume=28 |last1=今井 |first1=順子 |last2=米田 |first2=守宏 |last3=丹羽 |first3=雅子 |title=Sensory tests for objective evaluation of fabric warm/Cool touch |journal=繊維製品消費科学 |doi-access=free }}

A thermal manikin is a device for analysing the thermal interface of the human body and its environment. It assesses the thermal comfort and insulation properties of clothing, such as protective gear for the military.{{sfn|Parsons|2002|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4oxA6W_Os50C&q=thermal+manikin&pg=PA182 182]}}{{sfn|Yarborough|Nelson|2005|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pbnN_SL4H9AC&q=thermal+manikin&pg=PA27 27]}}

Kawabata evaluation system measures the mechanical properties of the textiles such as tensile strength, shear strength, surface friction and roughness, The Kawabata evaluation system predicts human responses and understands the perception of softness. Additionally, it can be used to determine the transient heat transfer properties associated with the sensation of coolness generated when fabrics come into contact with the skin while being worn.{{sfn|Allerkamp|2010|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RNlfJ1CFKoQC&q=kawabata+evaluation+system&pg=PA53 53]}}{{cite journal |last1=Harwood |first1=R J |last2=Weedall |first2=P J |last3=Carr |first3=C |title=The use of the Kawabata Evaluation System for product development and quality control |journal=Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists |date=February 1990 |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=64–68 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-4408.1990.tb01244.x }}

Clothing serves a variety of functions in our daily lives, from the home to occupational hazards. The role of textiles in comfort, recreation, and safety. The performance aspects of textiles through images.

File:Well-clothed baby.jpg|upright=.85|A baby wearing many items of soft winter clothing: headband, cap, fur-lined coat, scarf and sweater, expressing comfort of clothing

File:Sp5hnk oh0.jpg|A young woman wearing t-shirt and shorts at the warm summer in Åland

File:Sanitary towel.jpg|upright=1.3|The functional properties of fabrics for sanitary napkins include wickability, moisture retention, monodirectional moisture transmission, softness.

File:A water droplet DWR-coated surface2 edit1.jpg|alt=A shiny spherical drop of water on blue cloth|Fluorine-containing durable water repellent makes a fabric water-resistant.

File:N95mask.jpg|N95 mask

File:Usain Bolt 100 m heats Moscow 2013.jpg|100m race record holder Usain Bolt (in yellow) and other runners in sportswear.

File:Double ring leap.jpg| enhanced moveability with Elastane.

File:Chasseur sous-marin et son équipement.jpg|Spearfisher in wet suit.

File:Die Bienenzüchter (Bruegel).jpg|A 1568 painting depicting beekeepers in protective clothing, by Pieter Brueghel the Elder

File:Worker weighing carbon nanotubes.png|alt=A man wearing a white lab coat reaches over a beaker containing white powder on a balance|A worker wearing a respirator, lab coat, and gloves while weighing carbon nanotubes

File:PPE kit.jpg|alt=Two paramedics wearing medical PPE gowns outdoors.|Medical PPE gowns worn by medical personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic

File:Übung Northern Coast.jpg|An EOD technician wearing a bomb suit

File:TFS Nomex Hood.JPG|A firefighter in Toronto, Canada wears a Nomex hood in 2007.

File:Hazmat DEA.jpg|DEA agents wearing Level B hazmat suits.

File:US Navy 050813-N-0962S-262 Fuel spills from the gas tank as pit crew members rush to get the No. 14 Navy Accelerate Your Life Dodge Charger back on the track.jpg|Fuel spills from the gas tank as pit crew members in their PPE

File:Aldrin Apollo 11 cropped.jpg|Apollo spacesuit worn by astronaut Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11

File:Textilbeton1.jpeg|Close-up of a piece of textile-reinforced concrete

File:Bmw gina 2.jpg|Rear view of BMW GINA a fabric body car. BMW GINA is a fabric-skinned shape-shifting sports car concept built by BMW

File:BMW_Alpina_B3_Biturbo_E92-Leder-Vordersitze_in_Dakota-braun.jpg|Front bucket seats in a BMW Alpina Automotive textiles

File:Peugeot 306 airbags deployed.jpg| Deflated airbags

• Clothtech, technical textiles for clothing and footwear applications.
• Composite materials
• Clothing physiology

{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{Cite book|last=Allerkamp|first=Dennis|title=Tactile Perception of Textiles in a Virtual-Reality System|date=September 8, 2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-13974-1 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RNlfJ1CFKoQC&q=kawabata+evaluation+system&pg=PA53}}
• {{Cite book|last=Au|first=K.F.|title=Advances in Knitting Technology|publisher=Woodhead Publishing |year=2011|isbn=978-1-84569-372-5}}
• {{cite book|title=Some problems encountered with degradation mechanisms of addition polymers (in Synthesis and degradation, rheology and extrusion)|last1=Bhuiyan |first1=A.L.|publisher=Springer Publishing |year=1982|isbn=978-3-540-11774-2|location=Berlin u.a.}}
• {{Cite book|date=2018|chapter=Functional finishes for high-performance apparel|title=High-Performance Apparel|pages=129–156 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-100904-8.00006-7|last1=Bonaldi|first1=R.R.|isbn=978-0-08-100904-8 |series=Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles |publisher=Woodhead Publishing}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Brown|first1=P.|title=Nanofibers and Nanotechnology in Textiles|last2=Stevens|first2=K. |date=October 17, 2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-84569-373-2|pages=409, 417, 470 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaujAgAAQBAJ&q=Nanotechnology+in+Textiles}}
• {{Cite book|last=Collier|first=Billie J.|title=Understanding textiles|date=2000|publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-13-021951-0|pages=529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534 |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll|via=Internet Archive}}
• {{Cite book|last=Corbman|first=Bernard P.|title=Textiles: fiber to fabric|date=1983|location=New York |publisher=Gregg Division, McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-013137-8|page=542 |url=https://archive.org/details/textilesfibertof0006|via=Internet Archive}}
• {{harvc|last1=Das|first1=A.|last2=Alagirusamy|first2=R.|year=2011|c=Improving tactile comfort in fabrics and clothing |pages=216–244 |doi=10.1533/9780857090645.2.216 |in=Song}}
• {{Cite book|last=Fulton|first=Robert E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EnFRAAAAMAAJ|title=Managing Engineering Data: Emerging Issues: Presented at the 1988 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, July 31 – August 4, 1988, San Francisco, California|date=1988|publisher=American Society of Mechanical Engineers}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Kadolph|first1=Sara J.|title=Textiles|year=1998|location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |publisher=Bobbs-Merrill Company|isbn=978-0-13-494592-7|pages=9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407 |url=https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado|via=Internet Archive}}
• {{Cite book|last=Kadolph|first=Sara J.|title=Textiles|date=2007|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-13-118769-6|page=53 |url=https://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado |via=Internet Archive}}
• {{Cite book|title=High Performance Textiles and Their Applications |editor-first1=Carl |editor-last1=Lawrence |edition=1st |type=Hardcover, eBook |isbn=978-1-84569-180-6 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |date=July 5, 2014 |series=Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles |url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/high-performance-textiles-and-their-applications/lawrence/978-1-84569-180-6|via=Elsevier|pages=70–75, 80–82}}
• {{Cite book|last=Lyle|first=Dorothy Siegert|title=Modern textiles|date=1982|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-07805-0 |location=New York |page=29 |url=https://archive.org/details/moderntextiles02edlyle|via=Internet Archive}}
• {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi5HDgAAQBAJ |title=Engineering of High-Performance Textiles |series=The Textile Institute Book Series |editor-first1=Menghe |editor-last1=Miao |editor-first2=John H |editor-last2=Xin |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-08-101885-9}}
• {{Cite book|last=Muthu|first=Subramanian Senthilkannan|title=Chemical Management in Textiles and Fashion |date=September 29, 2020|publisher=Woodhead Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmruDwAAQBAJ&q=The+substances+which+add+performance+in+textiles+have+a+severe+impact+on+human+health+and+the+environment.&pg=PA59|isbn=978-0-12-820497-9|page=59}}
• {{Cite book|last=Parsons|first=Ken|title=Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort and Performance, Second Edition|date=December 26, 2002|publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-415-23792-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4oxA6W_Os50C&q=thermal+manikin&pg=PA182|page=182}}
• {{Cite book|editor-last=Paul|editor-first=Roshan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sOKDwAAQBAJ&q=mobiltech&pg=PA354|title=High Performance Technical Textiles|date=2019-02-19|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-32505-5|pages=110, 121}}
• {{Cite book|editor-last=Shishoo|editor-first=Roshan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6aajAgAAQBAJ&q=automotive+textile|title=Textile Advances in the Automotive Industry|date=October 20, 2008|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-84569-504-0|page=15}}
• {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Betty F.|title=Textiles in perspective|date=1982|publisher=Prentice-Hall|isbn=978-0-13-912808-0|location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|pages=vii, 65 |url=https://archive.org/details/textilesinperspe0002smit|via=Internet Archive}}
• {{Cite book|editor-last=Song|editor-first=Guowen|title=Improving Comfort in Clothing|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84569-539-2|location=Oxford Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ}}
• {{Cite book|last=Tobler-Rohr|first=Marion I.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnlwAgAAQBAJ&q=Textiles+protect+as+cold,+heat,+and+rain.&pg=PA224|title=Handbook of Sustainable Textile Production|date=June 27, 2011|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-85709-286-1|page=224}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Tortora|first1=Phyllis G.|title=Understanding textiles|last2=Collier|first2=Billie J.|date=1997 |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |publisher=Bobbs-Merrill Company|isbn=978-0-13-439225-7|pages=20, 21 |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingtex00tort|via=Internet Archive}}
• {{Cite book| edition=7th| publisher=Fairchild Publications| isbn=978-0-87005-707-6| last1=Tortora| first1=Phyllis G.| last2=Merkel| first2=Robert S.| title=Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles| location=New York| date=January 10, 1996 |page=567}}
• {{Cite book|last=Wang|first=Lijing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oABKCgAAQBAJ|title=Performance Testing of Textiles: Methods, Technology and Applications|date=June 17, 2016|publisher=Woodhead Publishing |isbn=978-0-08-100578-1|pages=25, 19}}
• {{Cite book|last=Williams|first=J. T.|title=Textiles for Cold Weather Apparel|date=2009-09-29 |publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-84569-717-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7--iAgAAQBAJ&q=wind+protective+textiles&pg=PA222|page=222}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Yarborough|first1=Portia Dalecene|title=Performance of Protective Clothing: Global Needs and Emerging Markets: 8th Symposium |last2=Nelson|first2=Cherilyn N.|date=2005|publisher=ASTM International |isbn=978-0-8031-3488-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbnN_SL4H9AC&q=thermal+manikin&pg=PA27|page=27}}

{{fabric}}

Category:Textiles

Category:Clothing by function

Category:Textile treatments

Category:Properties of textiles

Category:Articles containing video clips

Category:Clothing and the environment