summer

The modern English summer derives from the Middle English somer, via the Old English sumor.{{cite web |title=Etymology of summer |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/summer |website=etymonline.com |access-date=14 March 2024}}

{{further|Meteorological seasons}}

From an astronomical view, the equinoxes and solstices would be the middle of the respective seasons,{{cite book|last=Ball|first=Sir Robert S|title=Elements of Astronomy|year=1900|publisher=The MacMillan Company|location=London|page=52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNSHRDu98k0C&pg=PA52|isbn=978-1-4400-5323-8}}{{cite book|last=Heck|first=Andre|title=Organizations and strategies in Astronomy|volume=7|year=2006|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-5300-9|page=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSsaxkeixH0C&pg=PA14}} but sometimes astronomical summer is defined as starting at the solstice, the time of maximal insolation, often identified with 21 June or 21 December. By solar reckoning, summer instead starts on around 5 May, ends around 7 August and the summer solstice is Midsummer. A variable seasonal lag means that the meteorological centre of the season, which is based on average temperature patterns, occurs several weeks after the time of maximal insolation.{{cite web |author=Cecil Adams |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/161/is-it-true-summer-in-ireland-starts-may-1 |title=Is it true summer in Ireland starts May 1? |publisher=The Straight Dope |date=1983-03-11 |access-date=2011-09-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830161742/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/161/is-it-true-summer-in-ireland-starts-may-1 |archive-date=30 August 2011 }}

The meteorological convention defines summer as comprising the months of June, July, and August in the northern hemisphere and the months of December, January, and February in the southern hemisphere.{{cite book |publisher= HMSO|location= London |isbn= 978-0-11-400363-0|page= 260|title=Meteorological Glossary|year= 1991|url=https://archive.org/details/meteorologicalgl0000grea/page/260/mode/2up?q=260&view=theater }}{{cite web |url=http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Schools/School+Members+Area/Ask+the+experts/Meteorological+forecasting.htm |title=Professor Paul Hardaker answers questions on meteorological forecasting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023116/http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Schools/School+Members+Area/Ask+the+experts/Meteorological+forecasting.htm |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead |website=Royal Geographical Society}} Under meteorological definitions, all seasons are arbitrarily set to start at the beginning of a calendar month and end at the end of a month. This meteorological definition of summer also aligns with the commonly viewed notion of summer as the season with the longest (and warmest) days of the year, in which daylight predominates.

The meteorological reckoning of seasons is used in countries including Australia, New Zealand, Austria, Denmark, Russia and Japan. It is also used by many people in the United Kingdom and Canada. In Ireland, the summer months according to the national meteorological service, Met Éireann, are June, July and August. By the Irish calendar, summer begins on 1 May (Beltane) and ends on 31 July (Lughnasadh).{{cn |date=August 2023}}

File:Inari, Finland - panoramio (5).jpg, the sun can appear even at midnight. Photo of midnight sun in Inari, Finland.]]

Days continue to lengthen from equinox to solstice and summer days progressively shorten after the solstice, so meteorological summer encompasses the build-up to the longest day and a diminishing thereafter, with summer having many more hours of daylight than spring. Reckoning by hours of daylight alone, summer solstice marks the midpoint, not the beginning, of the seasons. Midsummer takes place over the shortest night of the year, which is the summer solstice, or on a nearby date that varies with tradition.

Where a seasonal lag of half a season or more is common, reckoning based on astronomical markers is shifted half a season.{{Cite journal|last1=Driscol|first1=D. M.|last2=Rice|first2=P. B.|last3=Fong|first3=J. M. Y. | doi = 10.1002/joc.3370140905|title=Spatial variation of climatic aspects of temperature: Interdiurnal variability and lag|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=14|issue=9|pages=1001|year=1994|bibcode=1994IJCli..14.1001D|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229243}} By this method, in North America, summer is the period from the summer solstice (usually 20 or 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere) to the autumn equinox.{{cite web|url=http://www.jsonline.com/sports/outdoors/48297387.html|title=First day of summer worth celebrating|publisher=JSOnline|access-date=2011-09-27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713123543/http://www.jsonline.com/sports/outdoors/48297387.html|archive-date=13 July 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.fox11online.com/dpp/weather/gdw_wluk_green_bay_fathers_day_first_day_summer_200906190659_rev1|title=Father's Day is first day of summer|website=Fox11online.com|date=2009-06-19|access-date=2011-09-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917013640/http://www.fox11online.com/dpp/weather/gdw_wluk_green_bay_fathers_day_first_day_summer_200906190659_rev1|archive-date=17 September 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/SummerSolstice.html|title=Summer Solstice |work= Eric Weisstein's World of Astronomy |publisher=Scienceworld.wolfram.com|access-date=2011-09-27}}

Reckoning by cultural festivals, the summer season in the United States is traditionally regarded as beginning on Memorial Day weekend (the last weekend in May) and ending on Labor Day (the first Monday in September), more closely in line with the meteorological definition for the parts of the country that have four-season weather. The similar Canadian tradition starts summer on Victoria Day one week prior (although summer conditions vary widely across Canada's expansive territory) and ends, as in the United States, on Labour Day.

In some Southern Hemisphere countries such as Brazil, Argentina, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, summer is associated with the Christmas and New Year holidays. Many families take extended holidays for two or three weeks or longer during summer.

In Australia and New Zealand, summer begins on 1 December and ends on 28 February (29 February in leap years).

In Chinese astronomy, summer starts on or around 5 May, with the jiéqì (solar term) known as lìxià (立夏), i.e. "establishment of summer".{{cite book |last1=Stepanchuk |first1=Carol |title=Mooncakes and Hungry Ghosts: Festivals of China |date=1991 |publisher=China Books & Periodicals |location=San Francisco |isbn=0-8351-2481-9}}{{cite book |title=菇溪風情 |date=1 January 2019 |publisher=寧波出版社 |isbn=978-7-5526-3347-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SwhXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |access-date=31 March 2023 |language=zh |pages=9, 21 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405145403/https://books.google.com/books?id=SwhXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |url-status=live }} Summer ends around 7 August, with the solar term of lìqiū (立秋, "establishment of autumn").

In southern and southeast Asia, where the monsoon occurs, summer is more generally defined as lasting from March, April, May and June, the warmest time of the year, ending with the onset of the monsoon rains.{{citation needed|date=May 2008}}

Because the temperature lag is shorter in the oceanic temperate southern hemisphere,{{cite book|title=Physical Geography|first1=Robert E.|last1=Gabler|first2=James F.|last2=Petersen|first3=L. Michael|last3=Trapasso|first4=Dorothy|last4=Sack |location=Belmont, California|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2008|page=107|isbn=0495555061 }} most countries in this region use the meteorological definition with summer starting on 1 December and ending on the last day of February.{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Jack|url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/2003-12-21-answers-seasons_x.htm|title=Answers: When do the seasons begin|publisher=Usatoday.Com|date=2005-02-22|access-date=2011-09-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127202256/http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/2003-12-21-answers-seasons_x.htm|archive-date=27 January 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/|title=Bureau of Meteorology |publisher=Bom.gov.au|date=2011-03-11|access-date=2011-09-27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912140134/http://www.bom.gov.au/|archive-date=12 September 2017}}

{{See also|Hail|Tropical cyclone|Wet season}}

File:Darwin thunderstorm.jpg at night in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.]]

Summer is traditionally associated with hot or warm weather. In Mediterranean climates, it is also associated with dry weather, while in other places (particularly in Eastern Asia because of the monsoon) it is associated with rainy weather. The wet season is the main period of vegetation growth within the savanna climate regime.{{cite web |website=Charles Darwin University |date=2009 |url=http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/units/sbi507/module2/savanna.html |title=Characteristics of tropical savannas| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217001357/http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/units/sbi507/module2/savanna.html |archive-date=17 February 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 December 2008}} Where the wet season is associated with a seasonal shift in the prevailing winds, it is known as a monsoon.{{cite web |website=Glossary of Meteorology |date=2009 |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=monsoon&submit=Search |title=Monsoon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322122025/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=monsoon&submit=Search |archive-date=22 March 2008 |url-status=dead |publisher=American Meteorological Society |access-date=16 January 2009}}

File:Ida 2021-08-29 1321Z.jpg from late August 2021.]]

In the northern Atlantic Ocean, a distinct tropical cyclone season occurs from 1 June to 30 November.{{cite web|author=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division|title=Frequently Asked Questions: When is hurricane season?|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=25 July 2014|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718065833/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html|archive-date=18 July 2006}} The statistical peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is 10 September. The Northeast Pacific Ocean has a broader period of activity, but in a similar timeframe to the Atlantic.{{cite web|author=McAdie, Colin|publisher=National Hurricane Center|title=Tropical Cyclone Climatology|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastprofile.shtml|date=10 May 2007|access-date=9 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506010751/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastprofile.shtml|archive-date=6 May 2010}} The Northwest Pacific sees tropical cyclones year-round, with a minimum in February and March and a peak in early September. In the North Indian basin, storms are most common from April to December, with peaks in May and November. In the Southern Hemisphere, the tropical cyclone season runs from the start of November until the end of April with peaks in mid-February to early March.{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP24-English2008.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Southeastern Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Oceans|date=10 March 2009|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=6 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325105120/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP24-English2008.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2009}}

Thunderstorm season in the United States and Canada runs in the spring through summer but sometimes can run as late as October or even November in the fall. These storms can produce hail, strong winds and tornadoes, usually during the afternoon and evening.

Schools and universities typically have a summer break to take advantage of the warmer weather and longer days. In almost all countries, children are out of school during this time of year for summer break, although dates vary. Many families will take holidays for a week or two over the summer, particularly in Southern Hemisphere Western countries with statutory Christmas and New Year holidays.

In the United States, public schools usually end in late May in Memorial Day weekend, while colleges finish in early May. Schools often resume in mid-August. Note that school start and end dates vary significantly across the US.

In England and Wales, school ends in mid-July and resumes again in early September. In Scotland, the summer holiday begins in late June and ends in mid-to-late August. Similarly, in Canada the summer holiday starts on the last or second-last Friday in June and ends in late August or on the first Tuesday of September, with the exception of when that date falls before Labour Day, in which case, ends on the second Tuesday of the month. In Russia, the summer holiday begins at the end of May and ends on 31 August.

In the Southern Hemisphere, school summer holiday dates include the major holidays of Christmas and New Year's Day. School summer holidays in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa begin in early December and end in early February, with dates varying between states. In South Africa, the new school year usually starts during the second week of January, thus aligning the academic year with the Calendar year. In India, school ends in late April and resumes in early or mid-June. In Cameroon and Nigeria, schools usually start a summer vacation in mid-July and resume in the later weeks of September or the first week of October.

A wide range of public holidays fall during summer, including:

• Northern Hemisphere
• Bank holidays in the United Kingdom and Ireland
• Bastille Day, National Day of France (14 July)
• Belgian National Day (21 July)
• Canada Day (1 July)
• Festa della Repubblica, Italian national day and republic day (2 June)
• Independence Day (Jordan) (25 May)
• Independence Day (Pakistan) (14 August)
• Independence Day (India) (15 August)
• Independence Day (Indonesia) (17 August)
• Independence Day (Malaysia) (31 August)
• Independence Day (United States) (4 July)
• Juneteenth (United States) (19 June)
• King's Official Birthday (United Kingdom and some Commonwealth countries) (third Saturday in June)
• Memorial Day (United States) or Victoria Day (Canada) through Labor Day
• National Day of Singapore (9 August)
• National Day of Sweden (6 June) and Midsummer, sometimes referred to as the "alternative National Day"
• Ólavsøka, Faroe Islands (29 July)
• Swiss National Day (1 August)
• Victory Day (Turkey) (30 August)

• Southern Hemisphere
• Australia Day (26 January)
• Christmas Day (25 December) and Boxing Day (26 December) in many countries
• New Year's Day (1 January) and the following day (2 January) in many countries
• Waitangi Day (6 February) In New Zealand

{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}

File:Biokúpalisko Sninské rybníky 011.jpg

File:Atlantic Ocean shoreline in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.jpg shoreline in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina in summer]]

People generally take advantage of the high temperatures by spending more time outdoors during summer. Activities such as travelling to the beach and picnics occur during the summer months. Sports including cricket, association football (soccer), horse racing, basketball, American football, volleyball, skateboarding, baseball, softball, tennis and golf are played.

Water sports also occur. These include water skiing, wakeboarding, swimming, surfing, tubing and water polo. The modern Olympics have been held during the summer months every four years since 1896. The 2000 Summer Olympics, in Sydney, were held in spring and the 2016 Summer Olympics, in Rio de Janeiro, were held in winter.

In the United States, many television shows made for children are released during the summer, as children are off school.

Conversely, the music and film industries generally experience higher returns during the summer than other times of the year and market their summer hits accordingly. Summer is popular for animated movies to be released theatrically in movie theaters.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

With many schools closed, especially in Western countries, travel and vacationing tend to peak during the summer. Teenagers and university students often take summer jobs, and business activity for the recreation, tourism, restaurant, and retail industries reach their peak.

File:Bike86.jpg|Children cycling during summer

File:Barefoot skiing.jpg|Barefoot skiing

File:Fig tree.jpg|Fig trees bear fruit when summer is near

File:Fan in the summer.jpg|Using a handheld fan in summer

• Summer Olympic Games
• Summer War

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{{Commons}}

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{{Seasons}}

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