Thomas Szasz

{{Short description|Hungarian-American psychiatrist and activist (1920–2012)}}

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Thomas Szasz

| native_name = Szász Tamás István

| image = File:Dr Thomas S Szasz (cropped).jpg

| image_size =

| birth_name = Thomas Stephen Szasz

| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1920|4|15}}

| birth_place = Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary

| death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2012|9|8|1920|4|15}}

| death_place = Manlius, New York, U.S.{{cite news|author=Carey, Benedict|title=Dr Thomas Szasz, Psychiatrist who led movement against his field, dies at 92|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/health/dr-thomas-szasz-psychiatrist-who-led-movement-against-his-field-dies-at-92.html|date=12 September 2012|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227201951/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/health/dr-thomas-szasz-psychiatrist-who-led-movement-against-his-field-dies-at-92.html|archive-date=27 February 2017|url-status=live}}

| residence =

| citizenship = Hungary, United States

| field = Psychiatry

| work_institutions = State University of New York Upstate Medical University

| alma_mater = University of Cincinnati

| doctoral_advisor =

| doctoral_students =

| known_for = Criticism of psychiatry

| spouse = {{Marriage|Rosine Loshkajian|1951|1971|end=died}}

| children = 2

| footnotes =

| signature =

| website = {{URL|szasz.com}}

}}

Thomas Stephen Szasz ({{IPAc-en|s|ɑː|s}} {{respell|SAHSS|'}}; {{langx|hu|Szász Tamás István}} {{IPA|hu|saːs|}}; 15 April 1920 – 8 September 2012) was a Hungarian-American academic and psychiatrist. He served for most of his career as professor of psychiatry at the State University of New York Upstate Medical University.{{cite journal|author1=Knoll, James|title=In Memoriam – Thomas Stephen Szasz, MD|journal=Psychiatric Times|date=13 September 2012|url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/forensic-psychiatry/memoriam%E2%80%94thomas-stephen-szasz-md|access-date=26 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615035750/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/forensic-psychiatry/memoriam%E2%80%94thomas-stephen-szasz-md|archive-date=15 June 2015|url-status=live}} A distinguished lifetime fellow of the American Psychiatric Association and a life member of the American Psychoanalytic Association, he was best known as a social critic of the moral and scientific foundations of psychiatry, as what he saw as the social control aims of medicine in modern society, as well as scientism.

Szasz maintained throughout his career that he was not anti-psychiatry but rather that he opposed coercive psychiatry. He was a staunch opponent of civil commitment and involuntary psychiatric treatment, but he believed in and practiced psychiatry and psychotherapy between consenting adults.

Life and death

Szasz was born on April 15, 1920, in Budapest, Hungary, the second son of Jewish parents Gyula and Lily Szász. In 1938, the family moved to the United States, where he attended the University of Cincinnati for his Bachelor of Science in physics, followed by an MD.{{cite web |url=http://www.ftrbooks.net/psych/bios/thomas_szasz.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020815090539/http://www.ftrbooks.net/psych/bios/thomas_szasz.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 15, 2002 |title=Thomas Stephen Szasz biography – psychiatrist, libertarian, renegade to psychiatry |publisher=FTR books |date=October 19, 1951 |access-date=September 26, 2011 }}

Szasz completed his residency requirement at the Cincinnati General Hospital, then trained as a psychoanalyst at Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis from 1951 to 1956. He took a position as a professor at SUNY in 1956 and received tenure in 1962, taking 24 months out for duty as a practicing psychiatrist with the U.S. Naval Reserve.{{cite web | url = http://www.szasz.com/intro.html | title = Introduction | publisher = Szasz | access-date = September 26, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927050810/http://www.szasz.com/intro.html | archive-date = September 27, 2011 | url-status = live }}{{cite journal|author1=Oliver, Jeffrey|title=The Myth of Thomas Szasz|journal=The New Atlantis|date=Summer 2006|issue=13|pages=68–84|pmid=17152134|url=http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-myth-of-thomas-szasz|volume=13|access-date=2009-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206144714/http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-myth-of-thomas-szasz|archive-date=2009-12-06|url-status=live}}

Szasz had two daughters. His wife, Rosine, died in 1971. Szasz's colleague Jeff Schaler described her death as a suicide.{{Cite web |title=Kaddish for Thomas Szasz |work=szasz.com |access-date=2 December 2019 |url=http://www.szasz.com/szaszdeath.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214095354/http://www.szasz.com/szaszdeath.htm |archive-date=14 December 2019 |url-status=live |first=Jeffrey A. |last=Schaler |author-link=Jeffrey Schaler}}

Thomas Szasz ended his own life on September 8, 2012, after suffering a painful spinal-compression fracture from a recent fall. Szasz had previously argued for the right to die in his writings.{{Cite web |title=Dr. Thomas Szasz dies at 92; psychiatrist who attacked profession |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-thomas-szasz-20120917-1-story.html |first=Thomas H |last=Maugh |date=September 17, 2012 |work=Los Angeles Times}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/health/dr-thomas-szasz-psychiatrist-who-led-movement-against-his-field-dies-at-92.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101043959/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/health/dr-thomas-szasz-psychiatrist-who-led-movement-against-his-field-dies-at-92.html |archive-date=November 1, 2012 |title=Dr. Thomas Szasz, Psychiatrist Who Led Movement Against His Field, Dies at 92 |first=Benedict |last=Carey |website=New York Times|date=September 11, 2012}}

Career

Thomas Szasz was a strong critic of institutional psychiatry and was a prolific writer. According to psychiatrist Tony B. Benning, there were "three major themes in Szasz's writings: his contention that there is no such thing as mental illness, his contention that individual responsibility is never compromised in those suffering from what is generally considered as mental illness, and his perennial interest in calling attention to the political nature of psychiatric diagnosis".{{r|benning}} According to Williams and Caplan, Szasz is "best known for his view that without a diagnosis of neurological disease or damage, a psychiatric diagnosis was meaningless".{{r|williams and caplan}} Though his ideas had little influence on mainstream psychiatry, many were supported by some behavioral and social scientists.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Szasz first presented his attack on "mental illness" as a legal term in 1958 in the Columbia Law Review. In his article he argued that mental illness was no more a fact bearing on a suspect's guilt than is possession by the devil.{{Cite journal|last=Szasz|first=Thomas|date=February 1958|title=Psychiatry, Ethics, and the Criminal Law|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/clr58&i=229|journal=Columbia Law Review|volume=58|issue=2|pages=183–198|doi=10.2307/1119827|jstor=1119827|access-date=2020-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090555/https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals%2Fclr58&i=229|archive-date=2019-03-27|url-status=live}}

His books The Myth of Mental Illness (1961) and The Manufacture of Madness (1970) set out some of the arguments most associated with him.{{Cite news |last=Rosen |first=Jonathan |date=2023-07-19 |title=Quadruplets With Schizophrenia? Researchers Were Confounded. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/19/books/review/girls-and-their-monsters-audrey-clare-farley.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |issn=0362-4331}}

In 1961, Szasz testified before a United States Senate committee, arguing that using mental hospitals to incarcerate people defined as insane violated the general assumptions of the patient–doctor relationship, and turned the doctor into a warden and keeper of a prison.

Szasz was convinced there was a metaphorical character to mental disorders, and its uses in psychiatry were frequently injurious. He set himself a task to delegitimize legitimating agencies and authorities, and what he saw as their vast powers, enforced by psychiatrists and other mental health professionals, mental health laws, mental health courts, and mental health sentences.{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=James|title=The Six Most Essential Questions in Psychiatric Diagnosis: A Pluralogue. Part 1: Conceptual and Definitional Issues in Psychiatric Diagnosis|date=January 13, 2012|volume=7|issue=3|pages=3|doi=10.1186/1747-5341-7-3|pmid=22243994|pmc=3305603|journal=Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine|display-authors=etal |doi-access=free }}{{rp|22}}

Szasz was a critic of the influence of modern medicine on society, which he considered to be the secularization of religion's hold on humankind. Criticizing scientism, he targeted psychiatry in particular, underscoring its campaigns against masturbation at the end of the 19th century, its use of medical imagery and language to describe misbehavior, its reliance on involuntary mental hospitalization to protect society, and the use of lobotomy and other interventions to treat psychosis.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Szasz consistently paid attention to the power of language in the establishment and maintenance of the social order, both in small interpersonal and in wider social, economic, and/or political spheres.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Positions

=Mental illness is a myth=

In Szasz's view, people who are said to have a mental illness only have "problems in living". Diagnoses of "mental illness" or "mental disorder" are passed off as scientific but are judgments (of disdain) to support certain uses of power by authorities.{{r|benning}} In that line of thinking, schizophrenia becomes not the name of a disease entity but a judgment of extreme psychiatric and social disapprobation. Szasz called schizophrenia "the sacred symbol of psychiatry" because those so labeled have long provided and continue to provide justification for psychiatric theories, treatments, abuses, and reforms.

He argued that psychiatry is a pseudoscience that parodies medicine by using medical-sounding words, and that supported by the state through various Mental Health Acts, it has become a modern secular state religion. As a vastly elaborate social control system which disguises itself under the claims of being rational, systematic and therefore scientific, it constitutes a fundamental threat to freedom and dignity.

In The Myth of Mental Illness he argued that people can only play "the mental illness game" if their partner and those around them play a complimentary role - a situation that would later be described as codependency.

=Separate psychiatry and the state=

Szasz believed that if we accept that "mental illness" is a euphemism for behaviors that are disapproved of, then the state has no right to force psychiatric "treatment" on these individuals. Similarly, the state should not be able to interfere in mental health practices between consenting adults (for example, by legally controlling the supply of psychotropic drugs or psychiatric medication). The medicalization of government produces a "therapeutic state", designating someone as, for example, "insane" or as a "drug addict".

In Ceremonial Chemistry (1974), he argued that the same persecution that targeted witches, Jews, gypsies, and homosexuals now targets "drug addicts" and "insane" people. Szasz argued that all these categories of people were taken as scapegoats of the community in ritual ceremonies. To underscore this continuation of religion through medicine, he even takes as an example obesity: instead of concentrating on junk food (ill-nutrition), physicians denounced hypernutrition. According to Szasz, despite their scientific appearance, the diets imposed were a moral substitute to the former fasts, and the social injunction not to be overweight is to be considered as a moral order, not as scientific advice as it claims to be. As with those thought bad (insane people), and those who took the wrong drugs (drug addicts), medicine created a category for those who had the wrong weight (obesity).

Szasz argued that psychiatrics were created in the 17th century to study and control those who erred from the medical norms of social behavior; a new specialization, "drogophobia", was created in the 20th century to study and control those who erred from the medical norms of drug consumption; and then, in the 1960s, another specialization, bariatrics (from the Greek βάρος baros, for "weight"), was created to deal with those who erred from the medical norms concerning the weight the body should have. Thus, he underscores that in 1970 the American Society of Bariatric Physicians had 30 members, and already 450 two years later.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

==The therapeutic state==

The "therapeutic state" is a phrase coined by Szasz in 1963.{{cite journal|last=Baker|first=Robert|author-link=Robert A. Baker|title=Psychiatry's Gentleman Abolitionist|journal=The Independent Review|date=Winter 2003|volume=VII|issue=3|pages=455–460|url=http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_07_3_baker.pdf|access-date=February 12, 2012|issn=1086-1653|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410081714/http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_07_3_baker.pdf|archive-date=April 10, 2019|url-status=live}} The collaboration between psychiatry and government leads to what Szasz calls the therapeutic state, a system in which disapproved actions, thoughts, and emotions are repressed ("cured") through pseudomedical interventions.{{cite journal |url=http://reason.com/archives/2000/07/01/curing-the-therapeutic-state-t |journal=Reason Magazine |title=Curing the Therapeutic State: Thomas Szasz interviewed by Jacob Sullum |author=Jacob Sullum |date=July 2000 |pages=28 et seq. |access-date=2015-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114112507/http://reason.com/archives/2000/07/01/curing-the-therapeutic-state-t |archive-date=2014-01-14 |url-status=live }}{{cite book|last=Costigan|first=Lucy|title=Social Awareness in Counseling|year=2004|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-75523-3|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfCesrlvK-gC&pg=PA17|access-date=2015-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101161637/http://books.google.com/books?id=wfCesrlvK-gC&pg=PA17|archive-date=2014-01-01|url-status=live}}{{rp|17}} Thus suicide, unconventional religious beliefs, racial bigotry, unhappiness, anxiety, shyness, sexual promiscuity, shoplifting, gambling, overeating, smoking, and illegal drug use are all considered symptoms or illnesses that need to be cured.{{rp|17}} When faced with demands for measures to curtail smoking in public, binge-drinking, gambling or obesity, ministers say that "we must guard against charges of nanny statism."{{cite journal|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Mike|title=From 'nanny state' to 'therapeutic state'|journal=The British Journal of General Practice|date=August 2004|volume=1|issue=54(505)|page=645|pmc=1324868|pmid=15517694}} The "nanny state" has turned into the "therapeutic state" where nanny has given way to counselor. Nanny just told people what to do; counselors also tell them what to think and what to feel. The "nanny state" was punitive, austere, and authoritarian, the therapeutic state is touchy-feely, supportive – and even more authoritarian.

According to Szasz, "the therapeutic state swallows up everything human on the seemingly rational ground that nothing falls outside the province of health and medicine, just as the theological state had swallowed up everything human on the perfectly rational ground that nothing falls outside the province of God and religion."{{cite journal|last=Szasz|first=Thomas|title=The Therapeutic State: The Tyranny of Pharmacracy|journal=The Independent Review|date=Spring 2001|volume=V|issue=4|pages=485–521|url=http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_05_4_szasz.pdf|access-date=January 20, 2012|issn=1086-1653|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214211148/http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_05_4_szasz.pdf|archive-date=February 14, 2012|url-status=live}}{{rp|515}} Faced with the problem of "madness", Western individualism proved to be ill-prepared to defend the rights of the individual: modern man has no more right to be a madman than medieval man had a right to be a heretic because if once people agree that they have identified the one true God, or Good, it brings about that they have to guard members and nonmembers of the group from the temptation to worship false gods or goods.{{rp|496}} A secularization of God and the medicalization of good resulted in the post-Enlightenment version of this view: once people agree that they have identified the one true reason, it brings about that they have to guard against the temptation to worship unreason – that is, madness.{{rp|496}}

Civil libertarians warn that the marriage of the state with psychiatry could have catastrophic consequences for civilization.{{Cite web|url=http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0411b.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115054600/http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0411b.asp|url-status=dead |title=Bush's Brave New World |first=Sheldon |last=Richman |date=March 4, 2005 |archivedate=January 15, 2006}} In the same vein as the separation of church and state, Szasz believes that a solid wall must exist between psychiatry and the state.

=Abolish involuntary commitment=

Szasz made efforts to abolish involuntary psychiatric hospitalization for over two decades, and in 1970 took a part in founding the American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization (AAAIMH).{{cite book |last=Torrey |first=Edwin Fuller |author-link=Edwin Fuller Torrey|title=Surviving Schizophrenia: A family manual |year=1988|publisher=Perennial Library|isbn=978-0-06-055119-3|page=315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYJHAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2015-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804101738/https://books.google.com/books?id=uYJHAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=2016-08-04|url-status=live}} Its founding was announced by Szasz in 1971 in the American Journal of Psychiatry{{cite journal|last=Szasz|first=Thomas|title=American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|date=June 1, 1971|volume=127|issue=12|page=1698|url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=152361|pmid=5565860|doi=10.1176/ajp.127.12.1698|access-date=June 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203022238/http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=152361|archive-date=February 3, 2014|url-status=live}} and American Journal of Public Health.{{cite journal|last=Szasz|first=Thomas|title=To the editor|journal=American Journal of Public Health|year=1971|volume=61|page=1076|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVUqAQAAMAAJ|doi=10.2105/AJPH.61.6.1076-a|pmid=18008426|pmc=1529883|issue=6|access-date=2015-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318141938/http://books.google.com/books?id=jVUqAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=2015-03-18|url-status=live}} Until it was dissolved in 1980, the association provided legal help to psychiatric patients and published a journal, The Abolitionist.{{cite book |title=Szasz Under Fire: A Psychiatric Abolitionist Faces His Critics |year=2004 |publisher=Open Court Publishing |isbn=978-0-8126-9568-7 |ol=17135675M |page=xiv |editor=Schaler, Jeffrey}}

According to Williams and Caplan, "Szasz's philosophical activism was not intended to improve the treatment of people affected by mental illness as much as to block involuntary treatment." Citing Szasz's writings, legal reforms were enacted, and all 50 US states narrowed their criteria for involuntary commitment from the prior standard of "need for treatment"—causing the number of patients in public psychiatric hospitals to plummet, and the homeless population to balloon. It also exponentially increased the prison population with an estimate of 40%–80% inmates with mental illness by 2006.{{r|williams and caplan}}

Three legal decisions were key:

Lessard v. Schmidt (1972) required states to narrow their vague commitment statutes,
O'Connor v. Donaldson (1975) limited commitment to imminently dangerous mentally ill persons, and
Rennie v. Klein (1978) established the right of patients to refuse mental treatment.{{r|williams and caplan}}

=Abolish insanity defense=

Szasz advocated for the removal of the insanity defense. Just as legal systems work on the presumption that a person is innocent until proven guilty, individuals accused of crimes should not be presumed incompetent simply because a doctor or psychiatrist labels them as such. Mental incompetence should be assessed like any other form of incompetence, i.e., by purely legal and judicial means with the right of representation and appeal by the accused.

Szasz believed that testimony about the mental competence of a defendant should not be admissible in trials. Psychiatrists testifying about the mental state of an accused person's mind have about as much business as a priest testifying about the religious state of a person's soul in our courts. Szasz argued that the insanity defense was a legal tactic invented to circumvent the punishments of the church, which at the time included confiscation of the property of those who committed suicide, often leaving widows and orphans destitute. Only an insane person would do such a thing to his widow and children, it was successfully argued. This is legal mercy masquerading as medicine, according to Szasz.{{cite web | url=https://www.irrenoffensive.de/szaszsymposium/myth.htm | title=Thomas Szasz - the myth of mental illness |website=irrenoffensive.de}}{{Better source needed|date=September 2024|reason=Self-published website; looks like a copy of a Szasz work}}

=Right to drugs=

According to Szasz, drug addiction is not a "disease" to be cured through legal drugs but a social habit. Szasz also argued in favor of a free market for drugs. He criticized the war on drugs, arguing that using drugs is in fact a victimless crime. Prohibition itself constituted the crime. He argued that the war on drugs leads states to do things that would have never been considered half a century before, such as prohibiting a person from ingesting certain substances or interfering in other countries to impede the production of certain plants, e.g. coca eradication plans, or the campaigns against opium; both are traditional plants opposed by the Western world. Although Szasz was skeptical about the merits of psychotropic medications, he favored the repeal of drug prohibition.{{Cite journal|last=Klein|first=Daniel B.|date=1993|title=[Book Review] Our Right to Drugs: A Case for a Free Market|url=http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/klein/PdfPapers/bookreviewofSzasz.pdf|journal=Southern Economic Journal|volume=59|issue=3|pages=552–553|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225040053/http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/klein/PdfPapers/bookreviewofSzasz.pdf|archive-date=December 25, 2016|doi=10.2307/1060304|jstor=1060304}}

Szasz also drew analogies between the persecution of the drug-using minority and the persecution of Jewish and homosexual minorities.

{{Blockquote |text=The Nazis spoke of having a "Jewish problem". We now speak of having a drug-abuse problem. Actually, "Jewish problem" was the name the Germans gave to their persecution of the Jews; "drug-abuse problem" is the name we give to the persecution of people who use certain drugs. |author=Szasz in The Second Sin (1973){{cite book |last=Szasz |first=Thomas Stephen |title=The Second Sin |year=1973 |ol=24219110M |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=0710077572}}{{rp|64}} }}

Szasz cites former U.S. Representative James M. Hanley's reference to drug users as "vermin", using "the same metaphor for condemning persons who use or sell illegal drugs that the Nazis used to justify murdering Jews by poisoned gas—namely, that the persecuted persons are not human beings, but "vermin."{{Sfn|Ceremonial Chemistry (2003)|p=15}}

=Right to die=

In an analogy to birth control, Szasz argued that individuals should be able to choose when to die without interference from medicine or the state, just as they are able to choose when to conceive without outside interference. He considered suicide and the right to die to be among the most fundamental rights, but he opposed state-sanctioned euthanasia. In his 2006 book about Virginia Woolf, Szasz stated that Woolf put an end to her life by a conscious and deliberate act, her suicide being an expression of her freedom of choice.{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Szasz |title=My Madness Saved Me: The Madness and Marriage of Virginia Woolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5JeUnEE94MC |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7658-0321-4}}{{Page needed|date=September 2024}}{{Cite book |quote=The Nazis sought to prevent Jewish suicides. Wherever Jews tried to kill themselves – in their homes, in hospitals, on the deportation trains, in the concentration camps – the Nazi authorities would invariably intervene in order to save the Jews' lives, wait for them to recover, and then send them to their prescribed deaths. |last=Kwiet |first=Konrad |author-link=Konrad Kwiet |chapter=The Ultimate Refuge: Suicide in the Jewish Community under the Nazis |title=Part 2 The Origins of the Holocaust |pages=658–690 |doi=10.1515/9783110970494.658 |publisher=K. G. Saur |year=1989 |isbn=978-3-598-21552-0 |ol=2193372M}}{{Rp|661}}

Citizens Commission on Human Rights

In 1969, Szasz and the Church of Scientology co-founded the Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR) to oppose involuntary psychiatric treatments. Szasz served on CCHR's Board of Advisors as Founding Commissioner.{{cite web |url=http://www.cchr.org/index.cfm/7075 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128034907/http://www.cchr.org/index.cfm/7075 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 28, 2005 |title=CCHR's Board of Advisors |work=Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR) |access-date=July 29, 2006 }} In the keynote address at the 25th anniversary of CCHR, Szasz stated, "We should all honor CCHR because it is really the organization that for the first time in human history has organized a politically, socially, internationally significant voice to combat psychiatry. This has never been done in human history before."{{Cite web|url=http://www.scientology.org/en_US/news-media/faq/pg037.html|title=What is CCHR? |website=Church of Scientology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030714134936/http://www.scientology.org/en_US/news-media/faq/pg037.html|archive-date=2003-07-14}} In a 2009 interview aired by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Szasz explained that he was an atheist and collaborated with Scientology only out of convenience, as an organization with money who were active in this cause.{{cite web|title=Thomas Szasz speaks (Part 2 of 2)|url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/allinthemind/thomas-szasz-speaks-part-2-of-2/3138880#transcript |series=All in the Mind |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation Radio |date=11 April 2009|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222083956/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/allinthemind/thomas-szasz-speaks-part-2-of-2/3138880#transcript|archive-date=22 December 2012|url-status=live}}

Reception

In the summer of 2001, Szasz took part in a Russell Tribunal on human rights in psychiatry held in Berlin between June 30 and July 2, 2001, and was part of the majority verdict which claimed that there was "serious abuse of human rights in psychiatry" and that psychiatry was "guilty of the combination of force and unaccountability".{{cite journal|last=Parker|first=Ian|title=Russell Tribunal on Human rights in Psychiatry & "Geist Gegen Genes", June 30 – July 2, 2001, Berlin|journal=Psychology in Society|year=2001|volume=27|pages=120–122|issn=1015-6046}}

In 2005, Robert Evan Kendell presented a critique of Szasz's conception of disease and the contention that mental illness is "mythical" as presented in The Myth of Mental Illness. Kendell argued that Szasz's conception of disease exclusively in terms of "lesion", i.e. morphological abnormality, is arbitrary and unsound, and his argument that "disease or illness can only affect the body" was based on Cartesian dualism which is already known to be medically inaccurate.{{cite book |editor1-last=Schaler |editor1-first=Jeffrey |author=R. E. Kendell |title=Szasz Under Fire: The Psychiatric Abolitionist Faces His Critics |edition=1st |year=2005 |publisher=Open Court |location=Illinois |isbn=978-0812695687 |ol=17135675M |chapter=The Myth of Mental Illness |pages=29–48}}

In 2011, Szasz published an essay in recognition of the 50th anniversary of The Myth of Mental Illness, which had been delivered as a plenary address at the 2010 International Congress of the Royal College of Psychiatrists in Edinburgh.{{cite journal | last1 = Szasz | first1 = Thomas | title = The myth of mental illness: 50 years later | journal = The Psychiatrist | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | pages = 179–182 |date=May 2011 | doi = 10.1192/pb.bp.110.031310 | doi-access = free }} In the same issue, a response from Edward Shorter echoed Kendell's criticism and dismissed Szasz as largely premised on a conception of mind drawn from the psychiatry of the early-mid 20th century – namely psychoanalytic psychiatry – which does not exist in the current disciplines of psychiatry or medicine. Modern psychiatry has de facto dispensed with the idea of mental illness, i.e. the notion that psychiatric disease is mainly or entirely psychogenic and is not a part of biological psychiatry. To this extent, he said, Szasz's critique does not address contemporary biologically-oriented psychiatry, and is irrelevant.{{cite journal | last1 = Shorter | first1 = Edward | title = Still tilting at windmills: Commentary on ... The myth of mental illness | journal = The Psychiatrist | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | pages = 183–184 |date=May 2011 | doi = 10.1192/pb.bp.111.034108 | doi-access = free }}

According to Williams and Caplan (2012), Szasz mostly influenced libertarians and the anti-psychiatry movement, with resultant devastating effects on those with severe mental illness, by promoting his "non-evidence based, philosophical foundation for the practice of mental health that prioritised the views and preferences of individuals with serious mental disorders above the true interests of a person not in the grip of mental illness". Considering that mental illness greatly contributes to homelessness and incarceration in the USA, they challenge whether "people with serious mental disorders who are confined to these settings [are] any better off than their pre-Szaszian predecessors who once filled asylums?"{{r|williams and caplan}}

=Awards=

Szasz received significant public recognition for his work, including:{{cite journal|last1=Buchanan-Barker|first1=P|last2=Barker|first2=P|title=The convenient myth of Thomas Szasz|date=February 2009|volume=16|issue=1|pages=87–95|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01310.x |pmid=19192090|journal=Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing}}

American Humanist Association Humanist of the Year (1973){{cite web|title=The Humanist of the Year|url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/AHA/Humanists_of_the_Year|publisher=American Humanist Association|access-date=May 1, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114082408/http://www.americanhumanist.org/AHA/Humanists_of_the_Year|archive-date=January 14, 2013}}
Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards (1974){{cite web|title=Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged|url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|publisher=Jefferson Awards for Public Service|access-date=2 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|archive-date=24 November 2010|url-status=dead}}
an honorary doctorate in behavioral science at Universidad Francisco Marroquín (1979){{cite web|title=Honorary doctoral degrees|url=https://www.ufm.edu/index.php/Honorary_Doctoral_Degrees|publisher=Universidad Francisco Marroquín|access-date=May 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112212149/https://www.ufm.edu/index.php/Honorary_Doctoral_Degrees|archive-date=January 12, 2013|url-status=live}}
American Psychological Association division of Humanistic Psychology Rollo May Award (1998){{cite web|title=Rollo May Award: Past Recipients|url=https://www.apadivisions.org/division-32/awards/rollo-may?tab=4 |website=Society for Humanistic Psychology}}
The Center for Independent Thought established the Thomas S. Szasz Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Cause of Civil Liberties{{cite web|title=Past Szasz Award Winners|url=https://www.centerforindependentthought.org/past-szasz-award-winners |website=Center for Independent Thought}}

Writings

=Books=

{{cite book |title=Pain and Pleasure: A Study of Bodily Feelings |url=https://archive.org/details/painandpleas_szas_1988_000_4409289 |url-access=registration |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1988 |orig-date=1957 |isbn=978-0-8156-0230-9}}
{{cite book |title=The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct |url=https://archive.org/details/mythofmentalilln0000szas |url-access=registration |quote= |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1974 |orig-date=1961 |isbn=978-0-06-014196-7}}
{{cite book |title=Law, Liberty, and Psychiatry: An Inquiry into the Social Uses of Mental Health Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZT1y5WFr-0C |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1989 |orig-date=1963 |isbn=978-0-8156-0242-2}}
{{cite book |title=Psychiatric Justice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvK7f_aNcAAC |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1988 |orig-date=1965 |isbn=978-0-8156-0231-6}}
{{cite book |title=The Ethics of Psychoanalysis: The Theory and Method of Autonomous Psychotherapy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2sqVmqNLWUC |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1988 |orig-date=1965 |isbn=978-0-8156-0229-3}}
{{cite book |title=Ideology and Insanity: Essays on the Psychiatric Dehumanization of Man |url=https://archive.org/details/ideologyinsanity00szas |url-access=registration |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1991 |orig-date=1970 |isbn=978-0-8156-0256-9}}
{{cite book |title=The Manufacture of Madness: A Comparative Study of the Inquisition and the Mental Health Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpOcRRum3XEC |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1997 |orig-date=1970 |isbn=978-0-8156-0461-7}}
{{cite book |title=The Second Sin |year=1973 |ol=24219110M |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=0710077572}}
{{cite book |title=The Age of Madness: A History of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization Presented in Selected Texts (editor) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pt49AAAAIAAJ |location=London |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd |year=1975 |orig-date=1973 |isbn=978-0-7100-7993-0}}
{{cite book |title=Ceremonial Chemistry: The Ritual Persecution of Drugs, Addicts, and Pushers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9KRwndkEEkC |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2003 |orig-year=1974 |ol=8049134M |isbn=0815607687 |ref={{sfnref|Ceremonial Chemistry (2003)}}}}
{{cite book |title=Schizophrenia: The Sacred Symbol of Psychiatry |url=https://archive.org/details/schizophreniasac00szas |url-access=registration |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1988 |orig-date=1976 |isbn=978-0-8156-0224-8}}
{{cite book |title=Anti-Freud: Karl Kraus and His Criticism of Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry |url=https://archive.org/details/antifreudkarlkra00szas |url-access=registration |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1990 |orig-date=1976 |isbn=978-0-8156-0247-7}} (First published in 1976 under the name: Karl Kraus and the Soul-Doctors: A Pioneer Critic and His Criticism of Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis – Louisiana State University Press, 1976.)
{{cite book |title=Heresies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fI0WAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Doubleday Anchor |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-385-11162-1}}
{{cite book |title=The Theology of Medicine: The Political-Philosophical Foundations of Medical Ethics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybCoL-fQR4IC |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1988 |orig-date=1977 |isbn=978-0-8156-0225-5}}
{{cite book |title=Psychiatric Slavery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OeefBqX7ggC |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-8156-0511-9}}
{{cite book |title=The Myth of Psychotherapy: Mental Healing as Religion, Rhetoric, and Repression |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIgZAZHbkN4C |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1988 |orig-date=1978 |isbn=978-0-8156-0223-1}}
{{cite book |title=Sex by Prescription: The Startling Truth about Today's Sex Therapy |url=https://archive.org/details/sexbyprescriptio00szasrich |url-access=registration |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1990 |orig-date=1980 |isbn=978-0-8156-0250-7}}
{{cite book |title=The Therapeutic State: Psychiatry in the Mirror of Current Events |url=https://archive.org/details/therapeuticstate00szas_0 |url-access=registration |location=Buffalo NY |publisher=Prometheus Books |year=1984 |isbn=978-0879752392}}
{{cite book |title=Insanity: The Idea and Its Consequences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LE5WUcD-aJUC |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1997 |orig-date=1987 |isbn=978-0-8156-0460-0}}
{{cite book |title=The Untamed Tongue: A Dissenting Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZcbAQAAIAAJ |location=Lasalle, IL |publisher=Open Court |year=1990 |isbn=978-0812691030}}
{{cite book |title=Our Right to Drugs: The Case for a Free Market |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780815603337 |url-access=registration |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1996 |orig-date=1992 |isbn=978-0-8156-0333-7}}
{{cite book |title=A Lexicon of Lunacy: Metaphoric Malady, Moral Responsibility, and Psychiatry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPDm0yCo5dkC |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2003 |orig-date=1993 |isbn=978-1-56000-065-5}}
{{cite book |title=Cruel Compassion: Psychiatric Control of Society's Unwanted |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pduB22E43oC |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1998 |orig-date=1994 |isbn=978-0-8156-0510-2}}
{{cite book |title=The Meaning of Mind: Language, Morality, and Neuroscience |url=https://archive.org/details/meaningofmindlan0000szas |url-access=registration |location=Westport CT |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-275-95603-5}}
{{cite book |title=Fatal Freedom: The Ethics and Politics of Suicide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5AqzlMdurkcC |location=Westport CT |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-275-96646-1}}
{{cite book |title=Pharmacracy: Medicine and Politics in America |url=https://archive.org/details/pharmacracymedic0000szas |url-access=registration |location=Westport CT |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-275-97196-0}}
{{cite book |title=Liberation by Oppression: A Comparative Study of Slavery and Psychiatry |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7658-0145-6|title-link=Liberation by Oppression: A Comparative Study of Slavery and Psychiatry }}
{{cite book |title=Faith in Freedom: Libertarian Principles and Psychiatric Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXiORLCPQMMC |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7658-0244-6}}
{{cite book |title=Words to the Wise: A Medical-Philosophical Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROlclp2hxxsC |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7658-0217-0}}
{{cite book |title=My Madness Saved Me: The Madness and Marriage of Virginia Woolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5JeUnEE94MC |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7658-0321-4}}
{{cite book |title=Coercion as Cure: A Critical History of Psychiatry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYdLS6qyTwUC |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7658-0379-5}}
{{cite book |title=The Medicalization of Everyday Life: Selected Essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u9qWtgitwcIC |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8156-0867-7}}
{{cite book |title=Psychiatry: The Science of Lies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3FALCgiwqgC |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8156-0910-0}}
{{cite book |title=Antipsychiatry: Quackery Squared |url=http://www.syracuseuniversitypress.syr.edu/fall-2009/antipsychiatry.html |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8156-0943-8}}
{{cite book |title=Suicide Prohibition: The Shame of Medicine |location=Syracuse, New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8156-0990-2}}
{{cite book |title=Handbook of Psychiatry volume 1 |last1=Nurbakhsh |first1=Javad |last2=Szasz |first2=Thomas |last3=Jahangiri |first3=Hamideh |location=Germany |publisher=Lap Lambert |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-330-34637-6}}

= Selected scholarly papers =

{{cite journal|title=Koryagin and psychiatric coercion|journal=The Lancet|date=3 September 1988|volume=332|issue=8610|pmid=2900959|pages=573|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(88)92700-6|last1=Szasz|first1=T.|s2cid=5176787}}
{{cite journal|title=Diagnoses are not diseases|journal=The Lancet|date=28 December 1991|volume=338|issue=8782–8783|pages=1574–1576|doi=10.1016/0140-6736(91)92387-H|pmid=1683983|last1=Szasz|first1=T.|s2cid=35351783}}
{{cite journal|title=Curing, coercing, and claims-making: a reply to critics|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|date=June 1993|volume=162|issue=6|pages=797–800|doi=10.1192/bjp.162.6.797|pmid=8330111|last1=Szasz|first1=Thomas|s2cid=2282452 }}
{{cite journal|title=Debunking antipsychiatry: Laing, law, and Largactil|journal=Current Psychology|date=June 2008|volume=27|issue=2|pages=79–101|doi=10.1007/s12144-008-9024-z|last1=Szasz|first1=Thomas|s2cid=145618728}}
{{cite journal|title=Medical metaphorology|journal=American Psychologist|date=August 1975|volume=30|issue=8|pages=859–8561|doi=10.1037/0003-066X.30.8.859|last1=Szasz|first1=Thomas S.}}
{{cite journal|title=The danger of coercive psychiatry|journal=American Bar Association Journal|date=October 1975|volume=61|pages=1246–1248|pmid=11664493|last1=Szasz|first1=T. S.}}
{{cite journal|title=Power and psychiatry|journal=Society|date=May–June 1981|volume=18|issue=4|pages=16–18|doi=10.1007/BF02701339|last1=Szasz|first1=Thomas S.|s2cid=143684254}}
{{cite journal|title=Protecting patients against psychiatric intervention|journal=Society|date=March–April 2004|volume=41|issue=3|pages=7–9|doi=10.1007/BF02690175|last1=Szasz|first1=Thomas|s2cid=144199897}}
{{cite journal|title=Pharmacracy in America|journal=Society|date=July–August 2004|volume=41|issue=5|pages=54–58|doi=10.1007/BF02688218|last1=Szasz|first1=Thomas|s2cid=145162903}}
{{cite book|author=Szasz, Thomas|chapter=The Concept of Mental Illness: Explanation or Justification? |editor1=Engelhardt, Tristam |editor2=Spicker, Stuart |title=Mental Health: Philosophical Perspectives|series=Philosophy and Medicine|date=1978|pages=235–250|volume=4|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-94-015-6911-8|doi=10.1007/978-94-015-6909-5_17}}
{{cite journal|title=Mental illness is still a myth|journal=Society|date=May–June 1994|volume=31|issue=4|pages=34–39|doi=10.1007/BF02693245|last1=Szasz|first1=Thomas|s2cid=145520286}}
{{cite journal|title=Varieties of psychiatric criticism|journal=History of Psychiatry|date=September 2012|volume=23|issue=3|pages=349–355|doi=10.1177/0957154X12450236|url=http://www.aepsi.it/Szasz_Psy_critic_.pdf|last1=Szasz|first1=Thomas|citeseerx=10.1.1.674.8694|s2cid=143972152}}
{{cite journal|title=The healing word: its past, present, and future|journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology|date=Spring 1998|volume=38|issue=2|pages=8–20|doi=10.1177/00221678980382002|last1=Szasz|first1=Thomas|s2cid=144504646}}
{{cite journal|title=Psychiatric diagnosis, psychiatric power and psychiatric abuse|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics|date=September 1994|volume=20|issue=3|pages=135–138|pmc=1376496|pmid=7996558|doi=10.1136/jme.20.3.135|author=Szasz T}}
{{cite journal|title=The cure of souls in the therapeutic state|journal=The Psychoanalytic Review|date=February 2003|volume=90|issue=1|pages=45–62|pmid=12898787|doi=10.1521/prev.90.1.45.22089|last1=Szasz|first1=T.}}
{{cite journal|title=The myth of mental illness: 50 years later|journal=The Psychiatrist|date=27 April 2011|volume=35|issue=5|pages=179–182|doi=10.1192/pb.bp.110.031310|last1=Szasz|first1=Thomas|doi-access=free}}
{{cite journal|title=Psychiatry and the control of dangerousness: on the apotropaic function of the term "mental illness"|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics|date=August 2003|volume=29|issue=4|pages=227–230|pmc=1733760|pmid=12930856|doi=10.1136/jme.29.4.227| author = Szasz T}}
{{cite journal|title=Secular humanism and "scientific psychiatry"|journal=Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine|date=25 April 2006|volume=1|issue=1|pmc=1483825|pmid=16759353|doi=10.1186/1747-5341-1-5|pages=E5 | author = Szasz T |doi-access=free }}
{{cite journal|title=Law and psychiatry: The problems that will not go away|journal=Journal of Mind and Behavior|date=1990|volume=11|issue=3–4|pages=557–563|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1991-16033-001}}
{{cite journal|title=Soviet psychiatry: the historical background|journal=Inquiry|date=5 December 1977|pages=4–5}}
{{cite journal|title=Soviet psychiatry: its supporters in the West|journal=Inquiry|date=2 January 1978|pages=4–5}}
{{cite journal|title=Soviet psychiatry: winking at psychiatric terror|journal=Inquiry|date=6 February 1987|pages=3–4}}
{{cite journal|title=The therapeutic state: the tyranny of pharmacracy|journal=The Independent Review|date=Spring 2001|volume=V|issue=4|pages=485–521|url=http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_05_4_szasz.pdf|access-date=20 January 2012|issn=1086-1653}}
{{cite journal|title=Crazy talk: Thought disorder or psychiatric arrogance?|journal=British Journal of Medical Psychology|date=March 1993|volume=66|issue=4|pages=61–67|pmid=8485078|doi=10.1111/j.2044-8341.1993.tb01726.x|last1=Szasz|first1=T.}}
{{cite journal|title=Psychiatry, anti-psychiatry, critical psychiatry: what do these terms mean?|journal=Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology|date=September 2010|volume=17|issue=3|pages=229–232|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ppp/summary/v017/17.3.szasz.html}}

References

{{Reflist|refs=

{{Cite journal |title=No such thing as mental illness? Critical reflections on the major ideas and legacy of Thomas Szasz |first=Tony B. |last=Benning |journal=BJPsych Bulletin |year=2016 |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=292–295 |doi=10.1192/pb.bp.115.053249 |pmid=28377805 |pmc=5353517}}

{{cite journal|last1=Williams |first1=Arthur |last2=Caplan |first2=Arthur |author2-link=Arthur Caplan |title=Thomas Szasz: Rebel with a questionable cause |journal=The Lancet |date=20 October 2012 |volume=380|issue=9851|pages=1378–1379 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61789-9 |pmid=23091833 |s2cid=5065659}}

}}

External links

{{sister project links|d=Q66162|c=Category:Thomas Steven Szasz|n=no|b=no|voy=no|wikt=no|s=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|v=Szaszian studies}}

[http://www.szasz-texte.de/publist.html Bibliography of Szasz's writings]
[https://thomas-szasz-finder.tiiny.site Thomas Szasz Knowledge Finder]
[https://www.szasz.com/publist.html The Writings of Thomas S. Szasz]
[http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/s/szasz_ts.htm Inventory of Szasz papers at Syracuse University]
[http://www.szasz.com/ Thomas S. Szasz Cybercenter for Liberty and Responsibility]
1970 video: [https://archive.org/details/conceptsandcontroversiesinmodernmedicinepsychiatryandlawhowaretheyrelated Concepts and Controversies in Modern Medicine: Psychiatry and Law: How are They Related? pt. 1] [https://archive.org/details/conceptsandcontroversiesinmodernmedicinepsychiatryandthelawhowtheyarerelated pt. 2] Two-part video discussion of forensic psychiatry by Szasz and Bernard L. Diamond.

Category:1920 births

Category:2012 deaths

Category:Activists from Syracuse, New York

Category:Jewish American atheists

Category:American human rights activists

Category:American humanists

Category:American libertarians

Category:American male non-fiction writers

Category:American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent

Category:American psychiatrists

Category:American psychoanalysts

Category:Anti-psychiatry