Thorfinn Karlsefni

The byname Karlsefni means "makings of a man" according to the preface of Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Pálsson,{{Harvnb|Magnusson|Pálsson|1965|loc=Intro., p.8}} although the Cleasby-Vigfusson dictionary glosses it as "a thorough man",{{citation|last1=Cleasby|first1=Richard|author-link1=Richard Cleasby|last2=Vigfússon|first2=Guðbrandur|author-link2=Guðbrandur Vigfússon|title=An Icelandic-English Dictionary|publisher=Printed for private distribution by J. Bunford Samuel|year=1922|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_owAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA116|page=116|quote=EFNI n. .. β. in a personal sense: manns-efni, a promising young man; karls-efni, a thorough man }} elaborated elsewhere as a "real man", a "sterling man".{{Harvnb|DeCosta|1901|p=122n}}: "Enfi" finds its equivalent in the Latin Materia, signifying "Stuff". "Mannsefni" stood for a "promising man," and "Karlsefni" for a "real" or "sterling" man... indicated that the person to whom it was applied was made of "good stuff"

Thorfinn's expeditions are documented in the Grœnlendinga saga ("Saga of the Greenlanders" henceforth Grl.) and Eiríks saga rauða ("Saga of Eirik the Red" Henceforth Eir.),Manuscripts of Eiríks saga rauða are indicated by the sigla: A=Hauksbok, B=AM 557=Skálholtsbók in {{Harvnb|Storm|1891}} which together are referred to as "The Vinland Sagas."{{Harvnb|Magnusson|Pálsson|1965}}, {{Harvnb|Smiley|2001|pp=626–676}} etc. The two sources differ significantly in their details (see Saga sources below).{{Harvnb|Jones|1968|p=300}}

In Greenland, Thorfinn met and married Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir, widow of Thorstein Eiriksson. Gudrid was staying under the care of her brother-in-law Leif Eriksson at Brattahlíð, an estate given to Leif by his father Eirik the Red after his death. Eirik had died in an epidemic c. 1003, though Eir. has him still alive and playing host to Gudrid.{{Harvnb|Magnusson|Pálsson|1965|loc=Grl., ch. 6}}, "(After her husband's death, Thorstein the Black conveyed her to Eiriksfjord, and) Gudrid went to stay with her brother-in-law Leif Eiriksson at Brattahlid" (Grl., Ch.6, p.64); "Eirik the red received her at Brattahlid.." (Eir. Ch. 6, p.90)

According to Grl., Thorfinn decided to go to Vínland at the insistence of his wife Gudrid. Leif agreed to lend the houses he built in Vinland, but was unwilling to make a free gift of it. Among the other settlers to Vinland was Freydis, the sister or half-sister of Leif Eriksson, who may have accompanied Karlsefni's voyage (Eir.) or headed an expedition of her own that ended in carnage (Grl.).

The Grl. records that Karlsefni left Greenland with 60 men and five women, following the route taken by Leif and Thorvald Eiriksson. The Eir. writes that he took three ships with 140 men aboard, and describes the voyage in greater detail than the Grl.{{Harvnb|Smiley|2001|p=666}}{{Harvnb|Smiley|2001|p=666}} gives "hundred plus forty men" and {{Harvnb|Magnusson|Pálsson|1965|p=94}} "160 people", but {{Harvnb|Storm|1891}} has "var fjórir tigir manna annars hundraðs" with the reading of ".xl. manna ok .c. " (A, Hauksbok) footnoted

In Vinland, Gudrid bore Thorfinn a boy, Snorri,{{Harvnb|Magnusson|Pálsson|1965|loc=Grl, ch. 7 (p.66), Eir, ch. 12 (p.102)}}, listed as "Snorri Karlsefnisson" in name index.{{cite web|first= Alana |last= Mitchell|title= Legend that begins in Newfoundland ends with a 'fantasy' discovery in field |url= http://www.vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=LE&record=is004 |format= Reprint |work= Leif Eriksson Monuments Pages|date= 2002-11-30 |access-date= 2008-08-25 |quote= Eventually, they settled in what is now Newfoundland, gave birth to Snorri Thorfinnson and stayed for about three years.}} who was the first child of European descent known to have been born in the New World. Many Icelanders trace their roots to Snorri. The exact location of Thorfinn's colony is unknown, though it may have been the Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland. Excavations of Thorfinn's home in Greenland in 1930 revealed a deposit of anthracite coal identified as having originated in the vicinity of Rhode Island.{{Cite journal |last=Oxenstierna |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Oxenstierna |date=May 1967 |title=The Vikings |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24931497 |url-access=subscription |journal=Scientific American |volume=216 |issue=5 |pages=66-79 |issn=00368733 |access-date=11 November 2024 |jstor=24931497}}

The relatively few women among so many men caused internal dissension within the settlement, and inability to cooperate caused abandonment of the settlement in the summer of 1006. Thorfinn reached Greenland safely, but many of the settlers drowned when their ship was wrecked in the Irish Sea.{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Frank C. |title =America Sails the Seas |publisher =Robert M. McBride & Company |date =1938 |location =New York |page =21 }}

It has been pointed out that Eiríks saga rauða (Eir.) distorts the facts by giving undue credit to Thorfinn.{{Harvnb|Magnusson|Pálsson|1965|loc=Intro., pp.30-31}} "(Haukr Erlendsson) had a special interest in Eirik's saga, for he himself was descended from Thorfinn...he inserted additional genealogical material into the text (Chapters 7 and 14) and made several slight alterations designed to add further lustre to his ancestor's fame."

For instance, it denies that Thorvald Eiriksson ever led his own voyage to reach Vinland (as Grl. records), even before Thorfinn. Although Thorvald had met his death by Native American arrows in Vinland before Karlsefni embarked, Eir. postponed Thorvald's death so he can be made to accompany Karlsefni to Vinland,{{Harvnb|Jones|1968|p=301|quote=the author of Eiríks Saga.. having delayed Thorvald Eiriksson's voyage so that we now find him sailing in company with Karlsefni.., etc.}} ultimately to suffer a more fantastical death from a shot fired by a Uniped.{{Harvnb|Magnusson|Pálsson|1965|loc=Grl., ch. 12, pp. 101-103}} Eir. shifts over to Karlsefni the credit for naming numerous geographic features, from Helluland and Markland to Kjalarnes "Keel Ness", though "this flatly contradicts the Grœnlendinga saga and is assuredly wrong".{{Harvnb|Jones|1968|p=301}} Helluland (Baffin Island) and Markland were named by Leif; Kjalarness was where Thorvald had wrecked his ship, and the keel was left to stand as a monument,{{Harvnb|Magnusson|Pálsson|1965|loc=Grl., ch. 5 (pp.59-61)}}; {{Harvnb|Storm|1891|loc="Ch. Þorvalldr for til Vijn lanz"|p=60}} and not an anonymous shipwreck as Eir. puts it.

According to the Grœnlendinga saga, Thorfinn Karlsefni's expedition commenced after his marriage to Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir. This marriage to Gudrid was predicted earlier in the saga by Gudrid's first husband Thorstein Eriksson, upon his death. {{Efn|Thorstein had succumbed to disease when the couple was heading for a journey trying to recover the body of Thorvald in Vinland.}} The expedition brought women and livestock, signifying that they planned on being settled in the area for a while. Along the voyage, they ate a beached whale. They also cut timber, harvested grapes, and caught fish and game. A bull they brought frightened the native people (Skraelings). They tried to appease the natives by offering milk, but the natives took ill and battles commenced. Gudrid gave birth to Thorfinn's son Snorri before they headed back to Greenland.

Eirik the Red's Saga depicts Thorfinn Karlsefni as a successful merchant from Reynines, Skagafjord, in the north of Iceland. Karlsefni embarks on a trading expedition with 40 men, and arrive at Brattahlid, Greenland where they are hosted by Eirik the Red. Karlsefni marries Gudrid that winter. Karlsefni departs with three ships and 140 men in search of Vinland. Karlsefni's expedition winter on a piece of land, where two scouting slaves found grapes and wild grain. Eating a beached whale causes illness, as well as a rift. Thorhall's group declared the whale to be a boon from Thor, offending the Christian members and they part ways.

Karlsefni's expedition discovers further south a bountiful area full of wheat, fish, and game. They attempt contact with the natives who travel in hide-covered boats. The natives leave and the Greenlanders winter there, where their livestock flourish. The following spring, the expedition reencounters the natives and engages in trade with them, until a bull breaks free and frightens away the natives. The natives return after three weeks with hostile intent, a skirmish ensues, and the Greenlanders attempt as best they can to flee into the forest. Karlsefni and his men are saved by Freydis, who scares the natives off by slapping her bare breast with a sword taken from one of the fallen Greenlanders.

The expedition heads back north, and Karlsefni searches for Thorhall in vain. Karlsefni's men encounter the one-legged creature that shoots Thorvald Eiriksson dead with an arrow. Karlsefni's son Snorri is born in the New World. The group eventually decides to return home, and as they pass Markland, they encounter five Skraelings (three adults and two children). The adult Skraelings disappear into the earth, while the children are taken by Karlsefni to Greenland, where they are taught to speak Norse and are baptized.{{cite book |translator-last1=Sephton |translator-first1=Rev. John |date=1880 |title=Eirik the Red's Saga: A Translation read before the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17946/17946-h/17946-h.htm |location=Liverpool |publisher=D. Marples & Co. |page=32}} After spending time in Greenland, Karlsefni and Gudrid return to Karlsefni's farm at Reynines, in Iceland.

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{{Tree chart |RAGNAR|RAGNAR=Ragnar LodbrokRagnar Hairy-Breeks — Björn Ironside — Aslak — Thorvald Backbone (hryggr) — Björn Butterbox, etc. is the patrilineal lineage given in the Hauksbók

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{{Tree chart |JARNSIDA-BJORN|JARNSIDA-BJORN=Björn Ironside

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{{Tree chart|ASLAKUR|ASLAKUR=Asleik{{Refn|group="†"|Áslákssonar, Bjarnarsonar járnsíðu in the Hauksbók}}|boxstyle_ASLAKUR=background-color: #fff;}}

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{{Tree chart |HROALDR| | | | |KJARVAL|HROALDR=Hroald Spine{{Refn|group="†"|Hroald Spine (Hróaldr hryggr) is called Thorvald Backbone (Þórvaldr hryggr Ásleiksson) in the genealogy of Hauksbók version}}|KJARVAL=Kjarval, King of Ireland

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{{Tree chart |BYRDUSMJOR-BJORN| |THORIR|y|FRIDGERD|BYRDUSMJOR-BJORN=Björn ButterboxBjörn byrðusmjör|THORIR=Thorir Slouch|FRIDGERD=Fridgerd

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{{Tree chart |HOFDA-THORDR|y|THORGERD| |THORD-GELLIR|HOFDA-THORDR=Thord of Hofdi
(Þórðr fra Höfða Bjarnarson)|THORGERD=ThorgerdIn the Hauksbók she is indicated as bearing the same name as her mother Fridgerd.|THORD-GELLIR=Thord GellirThord Gellir or "Yeller", son of Olaf Feilan, grandson of Aud the Deep-Minded

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{{Tree chart | | |SNORRI|y|THORHILD|SNORRI=Snorri (Þórðarson)|THORHILD=Thorhild the PtarmiganÞórhildr Rjúpa

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{{Tree chart | | | |THORDR|y|THORUNN|THORDR=Thord HorseheadÞórðr hesthöfði|THORUNN=Thorunn

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| below = Thorfinn Karlsefni's genealogy based on Landnámabók up to Karlsefni's father. (For further descendants, see under Snorri Karlsefnisson).}}

Thorfinn Karlsefni was born circa 980–985 in Iceland.{{cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/karlsefni |title=Karlsefni |last=Wallace |first=Birgitta |date=November 9, 2018 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Canada |access-date=November 19, 2022}} His father was Thord Horsehead (Þórðr hesthöfði Snorrason),{{Harvnb|Magnusson|Pálsson|1965|loc=Grl., ch. 7 (pp. 64-67 and notes)}}{{Harvnb|Magnusson|Pálsson|1965|loc=Eir., ch. 7 (pp. 91-93 and notes)}} and his mother was named Thorunn (Þórunn). Thord Horsehead was son of Snorri, son of {{Interlanguage link multi|Thord of Hofdi|2=is|3=Höfða-Þórður Bjarnarson|preserve=1}}.

Thorfinn was presumably raised at his father's estate called Stad (Stað) in Reyniness (Reynistaður). This estate was located in the Skagafjord bay area, which is also where Thorfinn's great-grandfather established roots, at his farm of Hofdi in Hofdastrond.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Landnámabók indicates that the great-grandfather Thord of Hofdi had emigrated (from Norway?) to Iceland.}} Thorfinn himself also retired in the area in his later years; while Eiríks saga says "he went (back) to his farm in Reyniness,"{{Harvnb|Magnusson|Pálsson|1965|loc=Eir., ch. 14 (pp. 104-5)}} Grænlendinga saga states he bought new lands at Glaumbaer.

A more detailed genealogy (under Eiríks saga rauða, ch. 7) is interpolated in the H or Hauksbók text of Haukr Erlendsson. Haukr had particular interest since he himself claimed descent from Thorfinn. However, Haukr's ancestral trace before Karlsefni's great-grandfather Thord of Hofdi deviates from other sources, and the Landnámabók versionLandnámabók: {{Harvnb|Ellwood|1898|loc=Part III, Ch. X, pp.136-}}; {{Harvnb|Pálsson|2007|loc=§208. Thord (p.93)}}: "Thord, the son of Bjorn Butter-Box, son of Hroald Spine, son of Bjorn Ironside, son of Ragnar Hairy-Breeks.Thord.. took possession of Hofdastrand in Skagafjord.. and made his home at Hofdi...had a third son called Snorri, who married Thorhild the Ptarmigan, daughter of Thord Gellir, and their son was Thord Horse-Head. He married Thorgerd, daughter of Thorir Slouch and Fridgerd, daughter of King Kjarval of Ireland." is deemed more reliably accurate.For example, {{citation|last=Rafn|first=Carl Christian|author-link=Carl Christian Rafn|title=Antiqvitates americanæ|publisher=Schulzianæ|year=1837|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXtSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA470}} crossreferences "Þórvaldr hryggr Ásleiksson" given by Haukr as Thord of Hofdi's grandfather to "Hróaldr hryggr" given by the Landnámabók.

Though not shown in the family tree (right), Thorfinn also claims descent from the matriarch Aud the Deep-Minded through Thord Gellir.{{Harvnb|Pálsson|2007}}, §95. Aud the Deep-Minded (p. 50) to §109 Olaf Feilan (p. 55)

In the early twentieth century, Icelandic sculptor Einar Jónsson was commissioned by Joseph Bunford Samuel to create a statue of Thorfinn Karlsefni through a bequest that his wife, Ellen Phillips Samuel, made to the Fairmount Park Art Association (of Philadelphia, now the Association for Public Art).{{citation|last1=Samuel|first1=Joseph Bunford|author2=Einar Jónsson|title=The Icelander Thorfinn Karlsefni who Visited the Western Hemisphere in 1007|publisher=Printed for private distribution by J . Bunford Samuel|year=1922|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVl779iraEIC|pages=5–9}} Her bequest specified that the funds were to be used to create a series of sculptures "emblematic of the history of America." Thorfinn Karlsefni (1915–1918) was installed along Philadelphia's Kelly Drive near the Samuel Memorial and unveiled on November 20, 1920.{{Harvnb|Samuel|Einar Jónsson|1922|p=5}}{{cite web|url=http://associationforpublicart.org/interactive-art-map/thorfinn-karlsefni|title=Interactive Map > Thorfinn Karlsefni|work=Association for Public Art homepage|access-date=2016-08-03}}; adapted from {{citation|first=Penny Balkin|last=Bach|title=Public Art in Philadelphia|publisher=Temple University Press|place=Philadelphia|year=1992}} There is another casting of the statue in Reykjavík, Iceland.

By the 21st century, the statue in Philadelphia had become a common rallying location for local white supremacy groups. In time, these rallies led to counter protests and vandalism of the statue.{{cite news |last=Bender |first=William |date=October 18, 2013 |title=Skinheads, protesters headed to Fairmount Park |url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/20131018_Skinheads__protesters_headed_to_Fairmount_Park.html |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |location=Philadelphia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720233521/https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/20131018_Skinheads__protesters_headed_to_Fairmount_Park.html |archive-date=July 20, 2020 |access-date=January 2, 2023}}{{cite web |url=https://www.theaftermonument.com/single/emma/index.html |title=Entangled Duality of a Viking Statue: Þorfinnur Karlsefni |last=Theodórsdóttir |first=Emma |date=2021 |website=The After Monument |publisher=Design Academy Eindhoven (Information Design Masters program) |access-date=January 2, 2023}} In the early morning hours of October 2, 2018, police were called to the statue's location and found it had been toppled from its stone base and dragged into the nearby Schuylkill River.{{cite news |last=Stamm |first=Dan |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Philly's Thorfinn Karlsefni Statue Toppled Into Schuylkill River |url=https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/thorfinn-karlsefni-statue-schuylkill-river/191603/ |work=NBC10 Philadelphia |location=Philadelphia |access-date=January 2, 2023}}{{cite news |last=Newhouse |first=Sam |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Viking statue turned 'flashpoint' between skinheads and Antifa toppled into Schuylkill River |url=https://metrophiladelphia.com/viking-statue-turned-flashpoint-between-skinheads-and-antifa-toppled-into-schuylkill-river/ |work=Metro |location=Philadelphia |access-date=January 2, 2023}} As of 2020, the statue was being conserved, but the City of Philadelphia had no timeline for its reinstallation and was taking the appropriation of the statue by hate groups into consideration as it made plans for the future.{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Gary |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Where is the toppled Boathouse Row Viking statue? |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/viking-statue-thorfinn-karlsefni-white-nationalists-boathouse-row-20200130.html |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |location=Philadelphia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130135659/https://www.inquirer.com/news/viking-statue-thorfinn-karlsefni-white-nationalists-boathouse-row-20200130.html |archive-date=January 30, 2020 |access-date=January 2, 2023}}

The 1967 comedic science fiction novel The Technicolor Time Machine by Harry Harrison reveals at its ending that the character named Ottar—an 11th-century Viking hired by a film studio as consultant and actor—is indeed Thorfinn Karlsefni.

Elizabeth H. Boyer published "Freydis and Gudrid" in 1978, a fictionalized account of the first Vinland settlement.

Margaret Elphinstone's "The Sea Road" (2000) is a novel told in the first person. As an old woman, Gudrid recounts her childhood in Iceland, her family's harrowing voyage to Greenland, her marriages, and the trip to Vinland led by Thorfinn Karlsefni.

A fictionalized version of Thorfinn Karlsefni is the protagonist of the 2005 manga series Vinland Saga, which was adapted into an anime in 2019.

{{Notelist}}

;Genealogy tree notes

{{Reflist|group="†"}}

{{reflist}}

Texts

• {{citation|editor-last=Storm|editor-first=Gustav |editor-link=Gustav Storm|title=Eiríks saga rauða og Flatøbogens Grænlendingaþáttr: samt uddrag fra Ólafssaga Tryggvasonar|publisher=S. L. Møllers bogtr.|year=1891|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGxkBx_vMeUC |oclc=64689433}}

Translations

• {{citation|first1=Magnus |last1= Magnusson |author-link1=Magnus Magnusson |first2=Hermann |last2=Pálsson |author-link2=Hermann Pálsson |title=The Vinland Sagas |publisher=Penguin |year=1965 |isbn=0-14-044154-9}}, with indices for Personal Names and Place Names.
• {{citation|translator-last=Kunz |translator-first=Keneva |editor-first=Jane |editor-last=Smiley |title=The Vinland Sagas |work=The Sagas of the Icelanders |publisher=Viking Penguin |year=2001 |pages=626–676 |isbn=0-14-100003-1}}
• {{citation|last= Ellwood|first=T. |title=The Book of the Settlement of Iceland: translated from the original Icelandic of Ari the Learned|place=Kendal|publisher=T. Wilson|year=1898|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3BBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA136|chapter=Part III, Ch. X|page=136}}
• {{citation|first= Hermann|last=Pálsson|title=Landnámabók|publisher=Univ. of Manitoba Press|year=2007|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj6cIwMCZqIC&pg=PA93|chapter=§208. Thord|page=93|isbn=978-0-887-55370-7}}

Studies

• {{citation|last= DeCosta|first=Benjamin Franklin|author-link=Benjamin Franklin DeCosta|title=The pre-Columbian discovery of America, by the Northmen: With Translations from the Icelandic Sagas |publisher=J. Munsell's son|year=1901|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjlAAAAAYAAJ}}
• {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Jones|1968}}|last=Jones|first=Gwyn|author-link=Gwyn Jones (author)|title=A history of the Vikings|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|orig-date=1968|format=Open Library|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofvikings0002jone/page/300|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofvikings0002jone/page/300 300]|isbn=978-0-19-285139-0}}

• [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=558 Biography] Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• {{Cite Appleton's|wstitle=Thorfinn|author=James C. Brogan|year=1889|notaref=x}}
• {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Thorfinn Karlsefni|volume=26|page=878|first=Charles Raymond|last=Beazley|author-link=Raymond Beazley}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorfinnr Thordarson}}

Category:10th-century Icelandic people

Category:11th-century Icelandic people

Category:Scandinavian explorers of North America

Category:Icelandic explorers

Category:Viking Age in Canada

Category:Year of birth unknown

Category:Year of death unknown

Category:11th-century explorers

Category:Norse colonization of North America

Category:Norse settlements in Greenland