Tiki Formation
{{short description|Geologic formation in India}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Tiki Formation
| image =
| caption =
| type = Geological formation
| age = {{fossil range|Carnian|Norian|Carnian-Norian}}
| period = Norian
| prilithology = Mudstone
| otherlithology = Claystone, sandstone
| namedfor = Tiki village
| namedby =
| region = Madhya Pradesh
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.9|N|81.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|42.6|S|51.1|E|display=inline}}
| unitof = Gondwana Group
| subunits = Lower & Upper members
| underlies =
| overlies =
| thickness =
| extent =
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | India#India Madhya Pradesh
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | India#India Madhya Pradesh
| lat_deg = 23.9
| lon_deg = 81.4
| mark = Pink ff0080 pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}
The Tiki Formation is a Late Triassic (Carnian to Norian) geologic formation in Madhya Pradesh, northern India. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus. Phytosaur remains attributable to the genus Volcanosuchus have also been found in the Tiki Formation.Chatterjee, 1978
The genera Tikiodon, Tikitherium and Tikisuchus and species Rewaconodon tikiensis, Hyperodapedon tikiensis and Parvodus tikiensis have been named after the Tiki Formation.
Paleobiota
{{paleobiota-key-compact}}
= Cynodonts =
= Reptiles =
Teeth similar to Galtonia, Protecovasaurus,{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Sanghamitra |last2=Bhat |first2=Mohd Shafi |last3=Datta |first3=P. M. |date=2021-02-01 |title=First record of varied archosauriforms from the Upper Triassic of India based on isolated teeth, and their biostratigraphic implications |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2019.1609957 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=237–253 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2019.1609957 |bibcode=2021HBio...33..237R |issn=0891-2963}} and Azendohsaurus are known from the formation. Claws similar to shuvosaurids and dinosaurs{{Cite journal |last1=Rakshit |first1=Nibedita |last2=Bhat |first2=Mohd Shafi |last3=Ray |first3=Sanghamitra |last4=Datta |first4=P.M. |date=2018 |title=First report of dinosaurian claws from the Late Triassic of India |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1871174X1730135X |journal=Palaeoworld |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=179–187 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2018.01.001}} have also been reported, though their exact identification is questionable. Saurischian dinosaurs may have been present based on vertebrae and limb fragments.{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Sanghamitra |last2=Bhat |first2=Mohd Safi |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Debarati |last4=Datta |first4=P. M. |date=2016-12-31 |title=Vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation of India: new finds and their biostratigraphic implications |url=https://jpsonline.co.in/index.php/jop/article/view/298 |journal=Journal of Palaeosciences |language=en |volume=65 |issue=(1-2) |pages=47–59 |doi=10.54991/jop.2016.298 |issn=2583-4266}}
= Amphibians =
class="wikitable" align="center" | |||
colspan="4" align="center" | Amphibians of the Tiki Formation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Material | Notes |
Eodiscoglossus
| E. sp |An incomplete jaw | A discoglossid frog | |||
Compsocerops{{Cite journal |last1=Chakravorti |first1=Sanjukta |last2=Sengupta |first2=Dhurjati Prasad |date=2023-03-06 |title=The first record of chigutisaurid amphibian from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation and the probable Carnian pluvial episode in central India |url=https://peerj.com/articles/14865/ |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=11 |pages=e14865 |doi=10.7717/peerj.14865 |doi-access=free |issn=2167-8359}}
| C. tikiensis | | |||
MetoposaurusChatterjee & Majumdar, 1987
| M. sp. | | A metoposaurid temnospondyl | |||
Panthasaurus
| P. maleriensis | | A metoposaurid temnospondyl |
= Fish =
= Flora =
{{div col|colwidth=29em}}
- Baiera sp.Pal, 1984
- Dicroidium sp.
- Elatocladus sp.
- Lepidopteris sp.
- Pagiophyllum sp.
- Sphenobaiera sp.
- Xylopteris sp.
- Yabeiella sp.
{{div col end}}
Correlations
The Tiki Formation is considered a temporal equivalent of the Lower Maleri Formation. The majority of the Tiki Formation correlates with the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation, and the overlying lower Caturrita Formation of Brazil, the Isalo II Beds of Madagascar, Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland, and the lower Tecovas Formation of the Chinle Group of North America.
See also
References
{{Reflist|refs=
{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=M. S. |last2=Ray |first2=S. |last3=Datta |first3=P. M. |title=New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=2020 |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=376–393 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2020.95|s2cid=228836405 }}
{{cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=P. M. |title=Earliest mammal with transversely expanded upper molar from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2005 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=200–207 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0200:EMWTEU]2.0.CO;2}}
Weishampel et al., 2004, "Dinosaur distribution", pp. 517-607
{{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=S. |title=A new Late Triassic traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from India |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2015 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=e930472 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.930472|bibcode=2015JVPal..35E0472R |s2cid=86368800 }}
}}
= Bibliography =
- {{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=J. |first2=K. M. |last2=Sharma |year=2019 |title=Micro and mega-vertebrate fossils from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India: palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographic implications |journal=Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=151–168|doi=10.1177/0971102320190201 |bibcode=2019JPalS..64..151K }}
- {{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=D. |first2=S. |last2=Ray |year=2012 |title=Taphonomy of an Upper Triassic vertebrate bonebed: A new rhynchosaur (Reptilia; Archosauromorpha) accumulation from India |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=333-334 |pages=75–91|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.010 |bibcode=2012PPP...333...75M }}
- {{cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=P. M. |first2=D. P. |last2=Das |first3=Z.-X. |last3=Luo |year=2004 |title=A late Triassic dromatheriid (Synapsida: Cynodontia) from India |journal=Annals of Carnegie Museum |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=72–84|doi=10.5962/p.215151 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2004AnCM...73...72D }}
- {{cite book |editor-last=Weishampel |editor-first=David B. |editor-last2=Dodson |editor-first2=Peter |editor-last3=Osmólska |editor-first3=Halszka |year=2004 |title=The Dinosauria|edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C |location=Berkeley|publisher= University of California Press |pages=1–880 |accessdate=2019-02-21|isbn=0-520-24209-2}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=P. M. |first2=D. P. |last2=Das |year=1996 |title=Discovery of the oldest fossil mammal from India |journal=Indian Minerals |volume=50 |pages=217–222}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=S. |first2=P. K. |last2=Majumdar |year=1987 |title=Tikisuchus romeri, a new rauisuchid reptile from the Late Triassic of India |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=787–793|doi=10.1017/S0022336000029139 |bibcode=1987JPal...61..787C }}
- {{cite journal |last=Pal |first=P.K |year=1984 |title=Triassic plant megafossils from the Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India |journal=The Palaeobotanist |volume=32 |pages=253–309}}
- {{cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=S |year=1978 |title=A primitive parasuchid (Phytosaur) reptile from the Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of India |journal=Palaeontology |volume=21 |pages=83–127}}
- {{cite journal |last=Huene |first=F. von |year=1940 |title=The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Triassic Maleri Beds |journal=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India Palaeontologia Indica |series=New Series |volume=32 |pages=1–42}}
- {{cite journal |last=Lydekker |first=R |year=1885 |title=The Reptilia & Amphibia of the Maleria & Denwa Groups |journal=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palaeontologia Indica, Series IV. Indian Pretertiary Vertebrata |volume=1 |pages=1–38}}
Category:Geologic formations of India
Category:Triassic System of Asia