Timeline of Armenian history

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{{History of Armenia}}

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This is a timeline of Armenian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Armenia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Armenia. See also the list of Armenian kings.

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Millennia: 3rd BC{{·}}2nd BC–1st BC{{·}}1st–2nd{{·}}3rd

----{{anchor|3rd millennium BC}}

Centuries: 24th BC{{·}}23rd BC{{·}}22nd BC{{·}}21st BC

12000 BC

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ca. 12000Some Ughtasar Petroglyphs carved onto dark brownish-black volcanic stones left behind by an extinct volcano

43rd century BC

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ca. 4300Areni-1 cave late Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age ritual site and settlement, was inhabited by humans

40th century BC

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ca. 4000 BCGodedzor archeological site was built

30th century BC

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ca. 3000 BCShengavit site inhabited during a series of settlement phases from approximately 3000 BC to 2500 BC

25th century BC

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|+

!Year

!Date

!Event

2492 BC

|11 August

|A legendary battle recounted by Movses Khorenatsi, said to have taken place in the valley of Hoşap River, Vaspurakan.

24th century BC

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2400 BCThe Book of Genesis identifies the land of Ararat as the resting place of Noah's Ark after the "great deluge" described there. The Indo-Europeans were people who presumably spread from the Caucasus, settling on lands along the way. Armenian is one of the Indo-European language branches.

23rd century BC

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2300 BCThe legendary figure Hayk creates the Armenian nation in the Ararat region. (Akkadians mention Armani in 2300 BC)

22nd century BC

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21st century BC

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{{anchor|2nd millennium BC}}

Centuries: 20th BC{{·}}19th BC{{·}}18th BC{{·}}17th BC{{·}}16th BC{{·}}15th BC{{·}}14th BC{{·}}13th BC{{·}}12th BC{{·}}11th BC{{·}}10th BC{{·}}9th BC{{·}}8th BC{{·}}7th BC{{·}}6th BC{{·}}5th BC{{·}}4th BC{{·}}3rd BC{{·}}2nd BC{{·}}1st BC

20th century BC

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2000 BCTrialeti culture

19th century BC

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18th century BC

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17th century BC

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1700 BCAram, Armenian patriarch mentioned in the History of Armenia (Moses of Chorene) (dated 5th century AD) {{See also|Mitanni}}

16th century BC

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15th century BC

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1450 BCArtatama I (Thutmose III of Egypt, mentions the people of Ermenen in 1446 BC)

14th century BC

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1400Artashumara
1384Artatama II

13th century BC

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12th century BC

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1200 BCNairi, a confederation of tribes in the Armenian Highlands, roughly corresponding to the modern Van and Hakkâri provinces of modern Turkey.

11th century BC

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10th century BC

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9th century BC

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860 BCFoundation of the Kingdom of Urartu with Aramé.
834 BCReign of Sarduri I who constructs Tushpa (Van). (to 828 BC)
810 BCReign of Menuas who conquers the Araratian fields. (to 785 BC)

8th century BC

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785 BCReign of Argishtis I.
782 BCConstruction of the fortress of Erebuni (modern Yerevan).

7th century BC

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!Year

!Date

!Event

680

BC

|

|End of the Argishti II's reign.

680

BC

|

|Beginning of the reign of Rusa II.

6th century BC

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585 BCConquest of Urartu by the Medes.
570 BCReign of Orontes I Sakavakyats.
533 BC

|

|Satrapy of Armenia is formed.

512 BCArmenia is annexed to Persia by Darius I. Urartu is officially called Armenia in the Behistun inscription.

5th century BC

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401 BCOrontes I (Yervand I).

4th century BC

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rowspan="2" | 331 BCAlexander the Great attacks Persia and defeats Darius III, but never conquers Armenia. As a result, Armenia regains its independence from Persia.
|Reign of Orontes III begins.

3rd century BC

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!Year

!Date

!Event

260 BC

|

|Reign of Arsames I begins.

235 BC

|

|Foundation of Arsamosata.

rowspan="2" |228 BC

|

|Death of Arsames I.

|Eldest son of Arsames I Xerxes became king of Commagene, Sophene and Armenia.
212 BC

|

|Reign of Orontes IV begins.

200 BC

|

|Orontes IV was killed by his own army, by betrayal from Artaxias I.

2nd century BC

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190 BCArtaxias I reclaims the sovereignty of Armenia from the Seleucids by establishing the Artaxiad dynasty with Artaxata as the capital.

1st century BC

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95 BCAccession of power by Tigranes the Great.
93 BCInvasion of Cappadocia
88 BCConquest of Atropatene, Gordyene, and Osrhoene
83 BCConquest of Syria, Phoenicia, and Cilicia
71 BC

|

|Conquest of Acre.

69 BCTigranes' army is defeated at the Battle of Tigranocerta against Lucullus' Roman army.
68 BCLucullus is beaten off from Artaxata.
67 BCLucullus is recalled to Rome.
66 BCPompey invades Armenia, but returns to Roman land after being offered a generous sum of money by Tigranes.
rowspan="2" valign="top" | 55

BC

|

Death of Tigranes the Great. Artavasdes II continues to rule Armenia.
Reign of Artavasdes.
rowspan="2" |34

BC

|

|Mark Antony campaigned against Armenia.

|End of Artavasdes II's reign.
31 BC

|

|Antony's defeat at the Battle of Actium, Cleopatra had Artavasdes decapitated.

30 BC

|

|Beginning of Artaxias II's reign

rowspan="2" |20 BC

|

|Artaxias II was killed by his rebellious subjects.

|Beginning of Tigranes III's reign.
8 BC

|

|The Armenians installed Tigranes IV as King as the successor to his father.

{{anchor|1st millennium}}

Centuries: 1st{{·}}2nd{{·}}3rd{{·}}4th{{·}}5th{{·}}6th{{·}}7th{{·}}8th{{·}}9th{{·}}10th{{·}}11th{{·}}12th{{·}}13th{{·}}14th{{·}}15th{{·}}16th{{·}}17th{{·}}18th{{·}}19th{{·}}20th

1st century

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1End of the Artaxiad dynasty in Armenia. Arsacid dynasty of Parthia incorporates Armenia.
53Tiridates I reaffirms Armenian independence by founding the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia.
58Roman general Corbulo invades Armenia with the assistance of the Iberians and Commagenians.
62

|

|The combined Armenian-Parthian forces defeated Roman army near place called Rhandeia.

63

|

|Treaty of Rhandeia.

66Tiridates is crowned in Rome by Nero, after he and Corbulo came to an agreement.
72War against the Alans.
77

|

|Tiridates I bulit Garni Temple.

88

|

|End of Tiridates I’s reign.

2nd century

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!Year

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109

|

|End of Sanatruk's reign.

110

|

|Axidares was put on the Armenian throne by his paternal uncle, King Osroes I of Parthia without Roman consultation.

114

|

|Roman emperor Trajan annexes Armenia and declares war on Parthia.

117

|

|Beginning of the reign of Vologases I.

{{circa|120}}

|

|The old town of Vardgesavan was renovated and renamed Vagharshapat.

161

|

|Vologases IV invaded Armenia and replaced its Roman client king Sohaemus with his own son Pacorus.

191

|

|Beginning of the reign of Khosrov I.

3rd century

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228Tiridates II repels Sassanid invasion.
287Beginning of the reign of Tiridates III.

4th century

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301Armenia becomes the first official Christian state in the world, King Tiridates III proclaims Christianity as the official state religion of Armenia. Zoroastrianism starts to decline gradually.
330End of Tiridates III's reign.
356

|

|Council of Ashtishat called by Saint Nerses, catholicos of the Armenian church.

370

|

|Beginning of the reign of Pap.

371

|

|Roman-Armenian forces defeated Sasanian army near Bagavan.

rowspan="2" |374

|

|Murder of Pap.

|Beginning of the reign of Varazdat.
386

|

|King Khosrov III is crowned as king. Byzantine annexes the western parts of Armenia (Armenia Minor) to the Byzantine Empire.

387Division of Armenia into Western and Eastern parts per the Peace of Acisilene between the Sassanid Persians and Byzantines.
392Armenia regains its might by the coronation of King Vramshapuh in 392.

5th century

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405Mesrop Mashtots invents the Armenian alphabet.
414

|

|King Vramshapuh dies.

415

|

|Shapur IV, son of the Sasanid king Yazdgerd I, is put on the Armenian throne.

422

|

|Reign of Armenia king Artaxias IV, last ruler of the Arsacid dynasty.

428End of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia. Marzpanate Armenia era as part of the Sassanid Empire begins.
439

|

|Mamikonian prince Hamazasp marries Sahakanuysh and so unifies the estates of the Mamikonians and descendants of Saint Gregory the Illuminator.

449

|

|The Sasanid king, Yazdegerd II, declares an order according to which all Christians in his realm must convert to Zoroastrianism.

451The Battle of Avarayr, led by Vartan Mamikonian, secures the Christian religion in Armenia.
484

|

|the Treaty of Nvarsak was signed between Vahan Mamikonian and Balash.

491

|

|The Armenian Church remains faithful to its mono-physical faith and separates itself from the churches in Rome and Byzantine.

6th century

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506

|

|First Council of Dvin.

7th century

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607

|

|Third Council of Dvin.

639The first Arab invasion under the leadership of Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah devastates the region of Taron.
642Arabs storm the city of Dvin killing 12,000 its inhabitants and taking 35,000 into slavery.
645Theodorus Rshtuni and other Armenian nakharars accepted Muslim rule over Armenia.
650Armenia becomes the main battleground of the Khazar–Arab Wars & Byzantine–Arab Wars which leaves the lands depopulated. (to 750)

8th century

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!Event

790

|

|The Principality of Hamamshen is established in the modern day area of eastern Rize Province, Turkey.

9th century

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861Ashot I Bagratuni is recognized as prince of princes by the Baghdad court, followed by a war against local Muslim emirs. (to 862)
885Ashot wins and is thus recognized King of the Armenians by Baghdad in 885.
886Formal recognition of Armenian sovereignty by Constantinople.
891King Ashot I dies and is succeeded by his son Smbat I, in 892.

10th century

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961King Ashot III (953–977) transfers the capital from Kars to Ani, which came to be considered the "City of a 1001 Churches" which rivaled other metropolises like Baghdad and Constantinople.

11th century

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1016Seljuk Turks first appear in the region.
1045Armenia falls to Byzantine troops, and an exodus from the Armenian lands begins.
1064Byzantine Ani, once the capital of Bagratid Armenia, is conquered and destroyed by the Seljuk Turks.
1071After the Battle of Manzikert, Seljuk dominance is established over Anatolia and a large number of Turkish tribes migrate to the region.
1072The Seljuks sell Ani to the Shaddadid, a Kurdish tribe ruling a territory coinciding with modern-day Armenia.
1078Establishment of the Armenian Principality of Cilicia, led by the Rubenid dynasty.
1095The First Crusade is launched by Pope Urban I.

12th century

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1187Debut of Leon II's reign as prince.
1194After the decline of the Seljuk dominance in the region, Eastern Anatolia is ruled by a slew of Turkish emirates and tribes, such as the Ahlatshahs, Mengujekids, Saltukids and the Artuqids. (to 1241)
1198Leon II "the Magnificent" managed to secure his crown, becoming the first King of Armenian Cilicia.

13th century

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1219Death of Leon II.
1241Mongol Invasion of Anatolia, much of the sedentary population of Armenia is slaughtered. (to 1244)
1256Turco-Mongol rule continues in Eastern Anatolia under the Ilkhanate rulers and their Turkish and Kurdish vassals. (to 1335)

14th century

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1335The decline of Mongol power leads Armenia to be dominated once again by Anatolian Turkoman tribes such as the Chobanids. (to 1400)
1375Fall of the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia to the Mameluks of Egypt and their Ramadanid vassals.
1400Tamerlane's devastating invasion of Georgia, Armenia and Central Anatolia leads to the slaughter of large portions of the population of Armenia and the enslavement of over 60,000 people from Anatolia and the Caucasus.

15th century

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1405After Tamerlane's death, Anatolia becomes a battleground between the rival tribal confederations of the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu.
1461Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople established by the then Ottoman Emperor, Mehmed II.
1478Armenian migration to Bruges, Belgium.

16th century

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1502The Safavid dynasty is established in Persia, that conquers Armenia.
1512Printing of first Armenian books.
1514The Ottoman-Persian Wars rage in the Armenian Highlands for the first time, the Ottomans temporarily gain Western Armenia.
rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1519Decree of King Sigismund I that Armenians in Poland be governed under code of laws by Mkhitar Gosh.
The first Jelali revolts; clashes between Sunnite Turks and Kurds and Shi'ite Qizilbash cause friction in Eastern Anatolia. (to 1528)
1520Large portions of Armenia are conquered by Selim I.
1532Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555) commences.
1555Peace of Amasya signed between the Ottomans and Safavids. Western Armenia falls in Ottoman hands, Eastern Armenia stays under Persian rule.
1567Establishment of Armenian printing press in Constantinople.
1598Continuation of the devastating Jelali revolts in Anatolia. (to 1611)

17th century

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1603Shah Abbas of Persia invades Ottoman Armenia (to 1618) and reestablishes full control over Eastern Armenia and large parts of Western Armenia as part of his empire.
1605When forced to abandon the siege of Kars, Shah Abbas orders the complete destruction of many Armenian towns and villages and deports over 300,000 Armenians to Persia, of which only half survive.
1623The final Ottoman-Safavid War rages in both parts of historic Armenia.
1639Treaty of Zuhab signed between the Ottomans and Safavids. Western Armenia falls decisively under Ottoman rule. Safavids remain in possession of Eastern Armenia.
1648Major earthquake in Van.

18th century

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1712Sayat Nova, renowned Armenian poet troubadour.
1722David Bek leads the national liberation movement in 1722, but passes away in 1728.
1747The Persians establish the Karabakh Khanate.
1759Arrival of Hovsep Emin in Armenia
1778Establishment of Nor Nakhichevan

19th century

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180915 October

| Khachatur Abovian, renowned novelist, poet, and playwright, is born.

1810Zeitountsi revolts.
1811Mkhitarist order of Vienna founded.
1813Treaty of Gulistan. All of Eastern Armenia remains under Persian rule, except for the Armenians in Karabakh, which had already de facto become part of the Russian Empire.
1824Founding of Nersessian Academy in Tiflis
1826Nickolas Balian, architect in Constantinople (to 1858)
1827Occupation of Yerevan by Russian forces
1828Treaty of Turkmanchay. Eastern Armenia is forcefully ceded by Persia to Russia per the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828), strengthening Russian control of Transcaucasus.
1836The Russian government enacts the Polozhenie, a statute greatly restricting the power of the Armenian Church.Suny, Ronald Grigor; "Eastern Armenians under Tsarist Rule" in Armenian People, p. 115
1894–1896Hamidian massacres; an estimated 80,000–300,000 are killed.

20th century

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1901

|3 November

|Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery.

1904

|

|1904 Sasun uprising.

rowspan="2" |1905

|

|Armenian–Tatar massacres.

|Attempted assassination of Abdul Hamid II.
1907

|27 May

|Battle of Sulukh.

1909Adana massacre: An estimated 15,000–30,000 are killed.
1915Armenian genocide: An estimated 1,500,000 are killed. (to 1923)
rowspan="7" valign="top" | 19183 MarchThe Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gives Kars, Ardahan and Batum regions to the Ottoman Empire.
22 MayBattle of Sardarapat
23 May

|Battle of Abaran

25 May

|Battle of Karakilisa

28 MayThe Armenian Congress of Eastern Armenians declares the first Republic of Armenia.
4 JuneTreaty of Batum
30 OctoberArmistice of Mudros, the Ottoman Empire agreeing to leave the Transcaucasus. The Democratic Republic of Armenia assumes control of Western Armenia, now that the Ottomans are forced to leave.
rowspan="5" |1920

|10 May

|May Uprising ( failed coup d'état by the Armenian Bolsheviks).

rowspan="2" |24 September

|Turkish–Armenian War.

Red Army invasion of Armenia.
2 December

|Soviet-aligned Armenian SSR established (distinct from and opponent of the first Republic of Armenia).

6 December

|Fall of the first Republic of Armenia, fully occupied by the Turkish National Movement and the Red Army (Soviet Union).{{Cite web|url=http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Armenia/restoration%20and%20terr%20issue/T6.html#_ftnref32|title=armenicum|website=www.conflicts.rem33.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220914/http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Armenia/restoration%20and%20terr%20issue/T6.html|archive-date=2017-09-14|access-date=2018-05-26|quote=Two days later, on December 4, Dro left Erevan for the lake Sevan area where he welcomed the Revkom and, in turn, gave up his power to the new Bolshevik administration. Two more days later, the first units of the red Army entered the Armenian capital. That was the end of the First republic, and independent Armenian statehood was interrupted for more than 70 years until August 1991. (Hovannisian, pp. 386–390)}}

=Soviet rule=

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1921

|13 February

|February Uprising.

1922

|30 December

|Establishment of the Soviet Union; Armenian SSR joins the Soviet Union.

1923

|7 July

|Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast is created granting Armenian autonomy for Nagorno-Karabakh within Azerbaijan SSR.

196524 April1965 Yerevan demonstrations
rowspan="6" |1988

|20 February

|First Nagorno-Karabakh War commences.

22 February

|Askeran clashes.

27 February

|Sumgait Pogrom, marked by widespread killings, injuries, and destruction, intensifying the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

March

|Gugark pogrom.

27 November

|Kirovabad pogrom.

7 December

|Spitak earthquake.

1990

|12 January

|Baku pogrom.

=Independence; last decade of the 20th century=

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rowspan="4" |1991

|30 April

|Operation Ring.

21 SeptemberArmenian independence referendum
17 OctoberFirst-ever Armenian presidential election, Levon Ter-Petrosyan elected president with overwhelming popular support.
21 DecemberArmenia joins the Commonwealth of Independent States
rowspan="10" |1992

|17 February

|Capture of Garadaghly.

26 February

|Khojaly massacre.

2 March

|Armenia joined the United Nations.

10 April

|Maraga massacre.

rowspan="2" | 9 MayVictory in the Battle of Shushi.
The Siege of Stepanakert ended after prolonged conflict during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, marking a turning point in the struggle for Nagorno-Karabakh.
1 October

|Battle of Lachin.

12 June

|Operation Goranboy.

25 JuneArmenia joins the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
27 June

|Mardakert and Martuni Offensives.

rowspan="5" |1993

|27 March

|Battle of Kalbajar.

12 June

|Battle of Aghdam.

4 July

|1993 Summer Offensives.

|Operation Horadiz.
15 December

|Operation Kalbajar.

199412 MayFirst Nagorno-Karabakh War formally ends
19955 JulyArmenian constitutional referendum
rowspan="2" valign="top" | 19991 JulyEU-Armenia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement enters into force
27 OctoberArmenian parliament shooting

{{anchor|3rd millennium}}

21st century

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! style="width:10%" | Date

! Event

rowspan=2 valign=top | 2001

| 25 January

| Armenia's accession to the Council of Europe

28 November

| Armenia becomes a permanent observer member of the Organization of American States[https://www.oas.org/council/resolutions/res803.asp]

2004

| 12 April

| Robert Kocharyan's government dispersed massive, peaceful protest using excessive force{{cite web|title=Armenia Events of 2004|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2005/armenia|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=10 April 2013}}

2008

| 19 February

| 2008 Armenian presidential election

2012

| 6 May

| 2012 Armenian parliamentary election

2013

| 18 February

| 2013 Armenian presidential election

rowspan=2 valign=top | 2015

| 2 January

| Armenia's accession to the Eurasian Union

12 January

| 2015 Gyumri massacre

2016

| 1–5 April

| 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes

rowspan=2 valign=top | 2017

| 2 April

| 2017 Armenian parliamentary election

24 November

| The Armenia-EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement is ratified in Brussels

rowspan=3 valign=top | 2018

| 2 March

| 2018 Armenian presidential election

8 May

| 2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution

9 December

| 2018 Armenian parliamentary election

rowspan=2 valign=top | 2020

| 27 September

| Second Nagorno-Karabakh War commences

10 November

| 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War formally ends

2021

| 20 June

| 2021 Armenian parliamentary election

2022

| 24 June

| Armenia joins the European Political Community

rowspan=2 valign=top | 2023

| 23 January

| European Union Mission in Armenia began operations

November

| Armenia joins the International Solar Alliance

rowspan=2 valign=top | 2024

| 12 March

| The European Parliament passed a resolution confirming Armenia meets Maastricht Treaty Article 49 requirements and that the country may apply for EU membership.

12 June

| Armenia joins the Artemis Accords

rowspan=2 valign=top | 2025

| 14 January

| Armenia and the United States sign the Armenia–United States Strategic Partnership Charter in Washington, D.C.

12 February

| Armenian parliament officially passed a bill calling for the start of the process of Armenia's accession to the European Union[https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33312266.html Armenian Parliament Approves Bill On EU Membership]

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book|editor= William Henry Overall|editor-link= William Henry Overall|title= Dictionary of Chronology|year=1870|publisher=William Tegg |location=London |chapter= Armenia |hdl= 2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949?urlappend=%3Bseq=47|chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949?urlappend=%3Bseq=47 }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Frederick Warne & Co. |location = London |author = George Henry Townsend |author-link = George Henry Townsend |title = Manual of Dates |date = 1877 |edition=5th |chapter= Armenia |hdl = 2027/wu.89097349427?urlappend=%3Bseq=79 |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89097349427?urlappend=%3Bseq=79 |via=Hathi Trust }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Ward, Lock & Co. |location = London |title = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates |author = Benjamin Vincent |title-link = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates |edition = 25th |date = 1910 |chapter= Armenia |hdl = 2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776?urlappend=%3Bseq=85 |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776?urlappend=%3Bseq=85 |via=Hathi Trust }}
  • {{cite book|author= Rouben Paul Adalian|author-link= Rouben Paul Adalian|title=Historical Dictionary of Armenia |year= 2010 |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7450-3 |chapter=Chronology |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QS-vSjHObOYC&pg=PR27 }}

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Category:Armenia history-related lists