Timeline of Chilean history
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{{History of Chile}}
This is a timeline of Chilean history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Chile and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Chile. See also the list of governors and presidents of Chile.
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Pre-Columbian Chile
16th century
17th century
18th century
19th century
| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" | ||
| style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1805 | Rafael de Sobremonte, the Viceroy of the Río de la Plata, sends the first smallpox vaccines to Santiago and Lima. Friar :es:Pedro Manuel Chaparro administers the vaccine throughout Santiago.{{cite web|title=Ley de vacuna obligatoria - Memoria Chilena|url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-93710.html|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de Chile|language=es|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401004910/http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-93710.html|archive-date=1 April 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}{{cite journal |last=Martínez Sanz |first=Pedro |year=2005 |title=La Viruela y Fray Chaparro |journal=Ars Medica |publisher=Ars Medica Revista de Ciencias Médicas |volume=34 |number=1 |issn=0719-1855 |language=es |url=http://www.arsmedica.cl/index.php/MED/article/view/229/161 |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401004457/http://www.arsmedica.cl/index.php/MED/article/view/229/161 |archive-date=1 April 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} | |
| 1807 | December | The South American branch, under Manuel Julián Grajales, of the Real expedición filantrópica de la Vacuna (Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition) reaches Santiago. Grajales proceeds to organize the Junta Central de Vacuna (Central Vaccine Board) to reinforce the smallpox immunization efforts of 1805. |
| 1808 | Francisco Antonio García Carrasco is the unpopular Governor of Chile. The Spanish king Ferdinand VII is imprisoned by Napoleon during his invasion of Spain. | |
| 1810 | Imitating the juntista movement of the rest of Latin America, the criollos (people of Spanish ancestry, but not born in Spain) of Santiago de Chile proclaim a governing Junta. | |
| rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top;"| 1811 | April 1 | Tomás de Figueroa leads a failed a mutiny to restore colonial order in Santiago. |
| September 4 | José Miguel Carrera leads a successful coup d'état in Chile. | |
| October 7 | Near Vallenar the silver deposit of Agua Amarga is discovered.{{Cite book|title=Chañarcillo, cuando de las montañas brotó la plata|last=Cortés Lutz|first=Guillermo|publisher=Museo Regional de Atacama|series=Cuadernos de Historia|year=2017|volume=II|language=es|url=https://www.museodeatacama.gob.cl/sites/www.museodeatacama.gob.cl/files/images/articles-88574_archivo_01.pdf|edition=|page=25|access-date=2022-06-08|archive-date=2022-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531224345/https://www.museodeatacama.gob.cl/sites/www.museodeatacama.gob.cl/files/images/articles-88574_archivo_01.pdf|url-status=live}} | |
| December 2 | The congress of Chile is dissolved and José Miguel Carrera initiates a dictatorship. | |
| 1812 | Hostilities begin between the moderados, led by Bernardo O'Higgins, and the exaltados, led by Carrera. Carrera institutes the first Chilean national symbols (flag, coat of arms, and national anthem), and Fray Camilo Henríquez begins to publish the Aurora de Chile, the first Chilean newspaper. The Chilean Constitution of 1812 comes into effect. Founding of the Logia Lautaro. | |
| 1813 | The Spanish send military expeditions (under Antonio Pareja and Gabino Gaínza) from the Viceroyalty of Peru. In the ensuing battles O'Higgins rises to be seen as a figure of great stature, overshadowing the continually less popular Carrera, who ultimately resigns. Francisco de la Lastra becomes Supreme Director. | |
| 1814 | The "Disaster of Rancagua". Mariano Osorio, in command of a third Spanish expedition, defeats O'Higgins (October 1 – 2). Osorio reconquers Santiago for Spain. Exodus of Chilean patriots to Mendoza, Argentina, where they receive the support of José de San Martín. Those patriots who remain in Chile are captured by the Spaniards are deported to the Juan Fernández Islands. Osorio is confirmed Governor of Chile by the Viceroy Fernando de Abascal of Peru. The talaveras, under the command of San Bruno, install a regime of terror extending to those merely suspected of sympathy for the Chilean cause. | |
| 1815 | Guerrilla resistance against the Spanish begins, led by Manuel Rodríguez Erdoiza, and other spies such as Justo Estay. Increasing enmity between Osorio and Abascal leads Abascal to replace Osorio with Casimiro Marcó del Pont. | |
| 1817 | Battle of Chacabuco. José de San Martín and O'Higgins defeat Rafael Maroto, reconquering Santiago. Captain San Bruno, hated chief of the talaveras, is captured and — less than 24 hours later — executed by firing squad. O'Higgins becomes dictator. | |
| 1818 | O'Higgins signs the Chilean Declaration of Independence (February 12). Shortly afterwards, in the Battle of Maipú, O'Higgins defeats a new military expedition led by Mariano Osorio, and Chile definitively obtains independence from Spain (April 5). The rivalry between O'Higgins and Manuel Rodríguez ends with the ambush and assassination of the latter in Tiltil. The brothers Juan José and Luis Carrera are shot in Argentina. | |
| 1820 | Valdivia is captured by Lord Cochrane who commands the Chilean navy. The Freedom Expedition of Perú is organised by the government of Chile, and manages to free some parts of Peru from Spanish rule. | |
| 1821 | José Miguel Carrera arrested as a montonero (mounted rebel/bandit) in Argentina, and executed in Mendoza. | |
| 1822 | The Chilean Constitution of 1822 comes into effect. | |
| 1823 | Ramón Freire leads a military expedition from Concepción to Santiago and forces O'Higgins to resign. He goes into exile in Peru, where he dies in 1842. Freire assumes power. | |
| 1825 | Taking advantage of the un-surveyed border, and ignoring the royal decree of 1681 and the principal uti possidetis, Simón Bolívar grants the port of Cobija to Bolivia. This gives Bolivia an outlet to the sea between Chile and Peru, which it will retain until the War of the Pacific. | |
| 1826 | Freire incorporates Chiloé, the last area under Spanish control, into Chile. He later resigns, initiating an interregnum known as The Anarchy. First attempt in Chile of federal (as against centralized) government, led by the first president of Chile Manuel Blanco Encalada, and the federalist José Miguel Infante. | |
| 1828 | Francisco Antonio Pinto assumes power after the resignation of Encalada and his predecessors. Chilean Constitution of 1828. | |
| 1829 | Chilean Civil War of 1829. After several battles, Joaquín Prieto defeats Ramón Freire in the Battle of Lircay. | |
| 1830 | Diego Portales begins to remodel Chilean institutions, converting the country into an authoritarian republic. | |
| 1831 | José Joaquín Prieto becomes president of Chile. He will serve two consecutive five-year terms. With him, the so-called decenios (decade-long reigns) begin, which continue until 1871. This 30-year Conservative Party hegemony is sometimes referred to as the Authoritarian Republic. | |
| 1832 | Discovery of mineral deposits in Chañarcillo, and the beginning of the rise of silver in what was then el Norte Chico and now constitutes the Atacama and Coquimbo regions of Chile. The mining fortunes constitute an important source of power in the following decades. | |
| 1833 | Chilean Constitution of 1833. "Portalian" — that is, inspired by Diego Portales — definitively fixed Chilean institutions.{{clarify|date=May 2014}} | |
| 1834 | Charles Darwin lands at Valparaíso, during the second voyage of {{HMS|Beagle}}. He also visits Santiago. | |
| 1835 | Southern Chile is affected by the worst earthquake for several decades on 20 February, an event witnessed by Charles Darwin.{{gutenberg|no=3704|name=The Voyage of the Beagle by Charles Darwin|bullet=none}} Darwin visits Valdivia, Concepción and Mendoza. | |
| 1836 | Diego Portales declares the war on the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation. | |
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"| 1837 | Diego Portales is assassinated by mutinous soldiers in Quillota. A Chilean military expedition debarks in Perú, beginning the War of the Confederation. | |
| November 17 | An earthquake strikes Valdivia and Chiloé. The earthquake caused a tsunami that struck Hawaii, what is now French Polynesia and Japan. | |
| 1839 | Battle of Yungay and defeat of the Confederation. | |
| 1840 | The Vatican acknowledges the Independence of Chile | |
| 1841 | Manuel Bulnes, victorious marshal of the Battle of Yungay, elected president of Chile. | |
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"| 1843 | September 17 | The University of Chile is founded. |
| September 21 | The crew of Ancud takes formal possession of the Strait of Magellan on behalf of Chile.{{Cite book |title=A history of the Chilean boundaries |last=Talbott |first=Robert D. |publisher=The Iowa State University Press|page=82|chapter=The Strait of Magellan |year=1974 |isbn=0-8138-0305-5 |edition=A Replica |location=}} | |
| 1844 | Spain recognizes the Independence of Chile | |
| 1848 | Founding of Punta Arenas in the Strait of Magellan | |
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"| 1851 | José María de la Cruz revolts in the southern provinces of Chile. Bulnes crushes the revolutionary attempt and signs the treaty of Purapel with the revolutionaries. Manuel Montt becomes the third of the decenal presidents. | |
| November 17 | Mutiny of Cambiazo: Mutineers led by José Miguel Cambiazo ravages the nascent settlement of Punta Arenas.{{Citation
|last = Nagel Behnke |first = Harold |title = Capitán de fragata Benjamín Muñoz Gamero (1817–1851) |journal = Revista de Marina |volume = 6 |issue = |year = 1994 |pages = 1–8 |url = http://revistamarina.cl/revistas/1994/6/nagel.pdf |language = Spanish |access-date = 2022-11-14 |archive-date = 2014-05-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140524022441/http://revistamarina.cl/revistas/1994/6/nagel.pdf |url-status = dead }} | |
| 1853 | 12 February | The city of Puerto Montt is founded. |
| 1856 | The Dispute of Sacristán ("Cuestión del Sacristán"). An apparently trivial question of ecclesiastical discipline divides the Conservative Party into secular and ultra-Catholic factions, which lays the ground for their political defeat in the elections of 1861. | |
| 1857 | The Civil Code of Chile comes into effect; it will become a model for Latin American legal codes down to the present day. | |
| 1859 | Chilean Revolution of 1859. Pedro León Gallo, radical revolutionary of Copiapó, and others are defeated by the government forces. However, as a consequence, Antonio Varas renounces to his candidature. | |
| 1861 | José Joaquín Pérez of the Liberal Party elected president. His party will retain power until the Chilean Revolution of 1891. | |
| 1863 | A French adventurer proclaims himself Orélie Antoine I, King of Araucanía. After a short time he is arrested by the Chileans and deported in the pacification of Araucanía. | |
| 1866 | Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia at war with Spain. The port of Valparaíso is bombed by the Spanish. A treaty of limits (borders) of 1866 is signed with Bolivia. | |
| 1871 | A constitutional reform prohibits re-election, resulting in the end of the decenios. Governments of five years duration persist until 1925, except for the premature death of Pedro Montt in 1910. | |
| 1874 | Another treaty of limits is signed with Bolivia due to political tensions. | |
| 1879 | The War of the Pacific begins with Chilean troops occupying the then-Bolivian port city of Antofagasta. Bolivia's ally Peru attempts to mediate, but Chile refuses to negotiate and Peru enters the war on the side of Bolivia. Chile captures the provinces of Antofagasta from Bolivia and Tarapacá from Peru. | |
| 1880 | The United States attempts to mediate in the Lackawanna Conference, but both sides refuse to negotiate. | |
| 1881 | Chilean troops occupy Lima, the capital of Perú. Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina. | |
| 1883 | The Treaty of Ancón is signed with Perú to end the war, but hostilities with Bolivia continue. Law of Civil Matrimony adopted. This secularization was fiercely resisted by the Roman Catholic Church. The "Pacification of Araucanía" ends, and according to some historians this concludes the long-running War of Arauco. | |
| 1884 | The War of the Pacific ends with the signing of a truce with Bolivia. Chile's territorial gains allow the mining of saltpeter in the conquered regions, leading to great national prosperity for Chile. Treaty called "Pacto de Tregua". | |
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;"| 1888 | June 21 | The Pontifical Catholic University of Chile is established. |
| September 9 | Policarpo Toro ahead of a naval expedition takes possession of Easter Island. | |
| November | The pirate Pedro Ñancúpel is executed in Castro.{{cite web |url=http://www.ellanquihue.cl/prontus4_nots/site/artic/20050116/pags/20050116234026.html |title=La historia del pirata chilote Pedro Ñancúpel |language=es |last=Cárdenas Álvarez |first=Renato |date=January 17, 2005 |publisher=El Llanquihue |access-date=January 10, 2019 |quote=Cuando es capturado en Melinka ya era una leyenda porque había evadido la persecución. |archive-date=January 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203952/http://www.ellanquihue.cl/prontus4_nots/site/artic/20050116/pags/20050116234026.html |url-status=live }} | |
| 1890 | The Malleco Viaduct is opened and railway traffic expands further south during the following decades. | |
| 1891 | 1891 Chilean Civil War. The constitutional president José Manuel Balmaceda is overthrown by troops favorable to the National Congress. The beginning of "Parliamentarism". | |
| 1895 | Easter Island is rented to Compañía Explotadora de Isla de Pascua. |
20th century
21st century
| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" | ||
| style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event | ||
|---|---|---|
| rowspan="2" | 2001 | Chile Promotes the death penalty for ordinary crimes. | |
| 30 November | Eduardo Miño commits suicide by self-immolation in protest to government neglect of Pizarreño's asbestos victims.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/medioambiente/contaminacion/condenan-a-pizarreno-por-muerte-de-mujer-que-estuvo-expuesta-al-asbesto/2018-12-04/111549.html|title=Condenan a Pizarreño por muerte de mujer que estuvo expuesta al asbesto|trans-title=Pizarreño is convicted for the death of a woman who was exposed to asbestos|date=December 4, 2018|work=Radio Cooperativa|language=es|access-date=June 1, 2021|archive-date=June 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606005331/https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/medioambiente/contaminacion/condenan-a-pizarreno-por-muerte-de-mujer-que-estuvo-expuesta-al-asbesto/2018-12-04/111549.html|url-status=live}} | |
| 2002 | Christianity was introduced to thousands of locals. | |
| 2004 | The Supreme Court of Chile declares that Augusto Pinochet is mentally competent to stand trial. | |
| 2005 | The Pinochet trial continues. The presidential election of December 11 puts Michelle Bachelet and Sebastián Piñera into a second round. | |
| March 17 | Death of Gavin King (Famous Explorer) | |
| 2006
|December 10 |Augusto Pinochet dies. | ||
| 2007 | April 5 | Chile Helps Fund a Christian school in Austin, TX |
| rowspan="3" | 2010 | 27 February | 2010 Chile earthquake. |
| 11 March | Sebastián Piñera assumed office as President of Chile. | |
| 5 August – 13 October | Copiapó mining accident. | |
| 2011 | 2011 student protests, and later massive protest claiming for better education and economic equality. | |
| 2014 | Michelle Bachelet assumed office as President of Chile as the first woman to be reelected. | |
| 2017 | July 16 | Snowfall in the capital Santiago. |
See also
Notes
{{notelist-ua}}
References
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
;Bibliography
- {{Cite book|title=Anuario Hidrográfico de la Marina de Chile|year=1886|location=Valparaíso|pages=539–596|chapter=Expedición de Antonio de Vea|author-last=de Vea|author-first=Antonio|chapter-url=http://www.bibliotecanacionaldigital.gob.cl/visor/BND:74532|language=es}}
- {{cite book
| last = Barros Arana
| first = Diego
| author-link1 = Diego Barros Arana
| title = Historia General de Chile
| volume = VI
| url = http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-9008.html
| year = 2000
| orig-year = 1886
| edition = 2
| publisher = Editorial Universitaria
| location = Santiago, Chile
| language = es
}}
{{Chile topics}}