Tonic water

As early as the 17th century the Spanish used quinine from the bark of Cinchona trees to treat malaria after being shown the remedy from the Indigenous peoples of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador.{{Cite journal|last1=Achan|first1=Jane|last2=Talisuna|first2=Ambrose O|last3=Erhart|first3=Annette|last4=Yeka|first4=Adoke|last5=Tibenderana|first5=James K|last6=Baliraine|first6=Frederick N|last7=Rosenthal|first7=Philip J|last8=D'Alessandro|first8=Umberto|date=2011-05-24|title=Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=10|pages=144|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-144|issn=1475-2875|pmc=3121651|pmid=21609473 |doi-access=free }}

In early 19th century India and other tropical posts of the British Empire, medicinal quinine was recommended to British officials and soldiers to prevent malaria,{{Cite web|date=2018-07-05|title=The Hidden Ingredient In Tonic Water You Should Know About|url=https://www.mindbodygreen.com/articles/what-is-quinine-in-tonic-water|access-date=2022-01-21|website=mindbodygreen|language=en}} where it was mixed with soda and sugar to mask its bitter taste, creating tonic water.

The first commercial tonic water was produced in 1858 when it was patented by the owner of Pitt & Co., Erasmus Bond.{{cite web|last=Raustiala|first=Kal|title=The Imperial Cocktail |url= http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/foreigners/2013/08/gin_and_tonic_kept_the_british_empire_healthy_the_drink_s_quinine_powder.single.html |work= Slate|date=28 August 2013|publisher=The Slate Group|access-date=30 August 2013}}{{Cite web|title=Just the tonic: A natural history of tonic water {{!}} Kew|url=https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/just-the-tonic-history|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.kew.org}} The mixed drink gin and tonic also originated in British colonial India, when the British mixed their medicinal quinine tonic with gin and other ingredients to make the bitter medicine more palatable.{{cite web |title=Tonic water: sweet, bitter medicine. - Free Online Library |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tonic+water:+sweet,+bitter+medicine.-a0184549889 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com |access-date=30 December 2009}} Soldiers in India were already given a gin ration, so the sweet concoction was easy to make.{{cite web|last=Raustiala |first=Kal |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/foreigners/2013/08/gin_and_tonic_kept_the_british_empire_healthy_the_drink_s_quinine_powder.single.html |title=Gin and tonic kept the British Empire healthy: The drink's quinine powder was vital for stopping the spread of malaria |publisher=Slate.com |date=2013-08-28 |access-date=2014-06-25}} In 1868, the first known record of a gin and tonic was in the Oriental Sporting Magazine and was described as a refreshing cocktail for spectators of horse racing, not as a medicine.{{Cite web|last=Keel|first=Toby|date=2019-10-19|title=Curious Questions: Who invented the gin and tonic?|url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/food-drink/curious-questions-invented-gin-tonic-206058|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Country Life|language=en}}

Medicinal tonic water originally contained only carbonated water and a large amount of quinine. Most modern tonic waters contain comparatively less quinine, and are often enhanced by citrus flavors. As a result of the lower quinine content, tonic water is less bitter. It is also usually sweetened, often with the addition of high-fructose corn syrup or sugar. Some manufacturers also produce diet (or "slimline") tonic water, which may contain sugar substitutes such as aspartame. Traditional-style tonic water with high amounts of quinine and carbonated water is less common, but may be preferred by those who desire the bitter flavor.

In the United States, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits the quinine content in tonic water to 83 ppm{{cite web |url=http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2008/aprqtr/pdf/21cfr172.575.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419060805/http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2008aprqtr/pdf/21cfr172.575.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-19 |url-status=live |title=21 CFR §172.575 Quinine. |publisher= | website= gpo.gov| access-date=15 December 2008}} (83 mg per liter). In Europe, the limit is 100 mg/L, which is 0.25–0.50% of the original strength.{{cite journal |last1=Marques |first1=J.G. |last2=Calado |first2=G. |last3=Martins |first3=P. |last4=Pinto |first4=P.L. |title=Tonic water: A rare cause of exanthema |journal=Allergologia et Immunopathologia |date=January 2012 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=60–61 |doi=10.1016/j.aller.2010.12.006|pmid=21419562 |hdl=10400.17/882 |hdl-access=free }} The therapeutic dose of quinine is 10 mg/kg every eight hours for effective malaria prevention (2,100 mg daily for a {{convert|70|kg|sing=on}} adult).{{cite journal | journal=Malaria Journal | volume=10 | pages=1–12 | year=2011 | issue=144 | title=Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria | doi = 10.1186/1475-2875-10-144 | last1=Achan | first1=J | pmid=21609473 | pmc=3121651 | doi-access=free }}

Until about 2010,{{cite web | url = https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/fda-drug-safety-communication-new-risk-management-plan-and-patient-medication-guide-qualaquin | title = FDA Drug Safety Communication: New risk management plan and patient Medication Guide for Qualaquin (quinine sulfate) | access-date = 21 February 2011 | date = 7 August 2010 | publisher = U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110219065903/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm218202.htm | archive-date = 19 February 2011}} quinine was often recommended as a relief for leg cramps, although medical research suggested some care was needed in monitoring doses.{{cite journal | pmid = 10335049 | doi=10.2466/pr0.1999.84.2.355 | volume=84 | title=Should people with nocturnal leg cramps drink tonic water and bitter lemon? | journal=Psychol Rep | pages=355–67 | last1 = Brasić | first1 = JR| year=1999 | issue=2 | s2cid= 42278918 }} Because of quinine's risks, the FDA cautions consumers against using "off-label" quinine drugs to treat leg cramps.{{cite web | publisher= United States Food and Drug Administration | date=11 December 2006 | title=FDA Advances Effort Against Marketed Unapproved Drugs: FDA Orders Unapproved Quinine Drugs from the Market and Cautions Consumers About Off-Label Quinine to Treat Leg Cramps | url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108799.htm | access-date=26 April 2017 | url-status=bot: unknown | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170113075838/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108799.htm | archive-date=13 January 2017 | df=dmy-all }}

File:Gin Tonic 4.jpg]]

File:Tequila & Tonic.jpg

File:Espresso and tonic 20150418 2.jpg|180x180px]]

Tonic water is often used as a drink mixer for cocktails, especially gin and tonic. Vodka tonic is also popular. Tonic water with lemon or lime juice added is often known as bitter lemon or bitter lime. It is popular for its signature bittersweet taste. Another use of tonic water is in coffee. The espresso and tonic was created in Helsingborg, Sweden, at Koppi Roasters after a staff party where they mixed tonic water, syrup, and an espresso. Since 2007, the drink has grown in popularity in Scandinavia, Europe, and the United States.{{Cite web|date=2018-08-03|title=Espresso&Tonic: The Story of the Famous Coffee Drink|url=https://europeancoffeetrip.com/espressoandtonic-story/|access-date=2022-02-09|website=European Coffee Trip|language=en-GB}}

Tonic water is known to cause fixed eruptions, which is a type of skin reaction to drugs,{{Cite web|last=Shiohara|first=Tetsuo|title=Fixed Drug Eruption|url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fixed-drug-eruption|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Up To Date}} due to the quinine content. Various scientific journals have reported that repeated intake of tonic water can cause fixed eruptions with varying severity, with one reporting the onset of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.{{Cite journal|last=Wada|date=2021-05-20|title=Stevens-Johnson syndrome induced by tonic water|url=https://login.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/login?qurl=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2fdoi%2ffull%2f10.1111%2fjdv.17368|access-date=2022-01-21|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=35|issue=10|pages=e662–e663|doi=10.1111/jdv.17368|pmid=34014581|s2cid=234793002|url-access=subscription}} The cases of fixed eruptions were seen after the patients drank tonic water, by itself or mixed with gin. Some symptoms of fixed eruptions include pigmented macules, high fever, erythematous plaques, and bullae.{{Cite journal|last=Bel|first=Blandine|date=2009-10-12|title=Fixed eruption due to quinine contained in tonic water: positive patch-testing|url=https://login.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/login?qurl=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2fdoi%2ffull%2f10.1111%2fj.1600-0536.2009.01617.x|access-date=2022-01-21|journal=Contact Dermatitis|volume=61|issue=4|pages=242–244|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01617.x|pmid=19825101|s2cid=673226|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite journal|last=Ohira|first=Aoi|date=2013-06-03|title=Fixed eruption due to quinine in tonic water: A case report with high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet A analysis|url=https://login.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/login?qurl=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2fdoi%2ffull%2f10.1111%2f1346-8138.12195|access-date=2022-01-21|journal=The Journal of Dermatology|volume=40|issue=8|pages=629–631|doi=10.1111/1346-8138.12195|pmid=23724855|s2cid=21534602|url-access=subscription}}

The quinine in tonic water will fluoresce under ultraviolet light. In fact, quinine will visibly fluoresce in direct sunlight against a dark background.{{cite web |url=https://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/blue-glow-quinine.php |title=The Blue Glow Of Quinine |website=indianapublicmedia.org|date=9 August 2011 |author=Steve Fentress|access-date= 16 February 2020}} The quinine molecules release energy as light instead of heat, which is more common. The state is not stable, and the molecules will immediately return to a ground state and no longer glow once the UV source is removed.{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Shining Science: Explore Glow-in-the-Dark Water!|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/shining-science-explore-glow-in-the-dark-water/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Scientific American|language=en}}

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Category:Carbonated water

Category:Drink mixers

Category:Quinine

Category:Soft drinks

Category:Products introduced in 1858