Toraja-Saʼdan language
{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Sulawesi, Indonesia}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Toraja-Sa{{hamza}}dan
|nativename = Sa{{hamza}}dan
|states = Indonesia
|region = Sulawesi
|speakers = {{sigfig|588,000|2}}
|date = 2010 census
|ref = e27
| script = Latin
|familycolor = Austronesian
|fam2 = Malayo-Polynesian
|fam3 = South Sulawesi
|fam4 = Northern
|fam5 = Toraja
|dia1 = Makale
|dia2 = Rantepao
|dia3 = West Toraja
|iso3 = sda
|glotto = tora1261
|glottorefname = Toraja-Sa'dan
}}
Toraja-Sa{{hamza}}dan (also Toraja, Sa{{hamza}}dan, South Toraja) is an Austronesian language spoken in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It shares the name Tae{{hamza}} with East Toraja. Most of the Toraja language mapping was done by Dutch missionaries working in Sulawesi, such as Nicolaus Adriani and Hendrik van der Veen.
Phonology
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels ! !Back |
| Close
|{{IPAlink|i}} | |{{IPAlink|u}} |
|---|
| Mid
|{{IPA link|e}} | |{{IPA link|o}} |
| Open
| |{{IPAlink|a}} | |
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants ! colspan="2" | |
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|{{IPAlink|m}} |{{IPAlink|n}} | |{{IPAlink|ŋ}} | |
|---|
| rowspan="2" |Plosive/ Affricate !voiceless |{{IPAlink|p}} |{{IPAlink|t}} |({{IPAlink|tʃ}}) |{{IPAlink|k}} |{{IPAlink|ʔ}} |
| voiced
|{{IPAlink|b}} |{{IPAlink|d}} |({{IPAlink|dʒ}}) |{{IPAlink|ɡ}} | |
| colspan="2" |Fricative
| |{{IPAlink|s}} | | |({{IPAlink|h}}) |
| colspan="2" |Rhotic
| |{{IPAlink|r}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Lateral
| |{{IPAlink|l}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Approximant
|{{IPAlink|w}} | |{{IPAlink|j}} | | |
Sounds [tʃ, dʒ] are heard from Indonesian loanwords. /h/ only rarely occurs.
In final position, only {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ʔ/}} can occur.{{Cite book |last1=Sande |first1=J. S. |title=Miscellaneous Studies in Indonesian and Languages in Indonesia, Part IV |last2=Stokhof |first2=W. A. L. |date=1977 |publisher=Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA |editor-last=Ignatius Suharno |series=NUSA 5 |location=Jakarta |pages=19–34 |chapter=On the Phonology of the Toraja Kesuʔ Dialect |chapter-url=http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v5-p19-34.pdf}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
{{incubator|sda}}
{{Commons|Category:Lingua_Libre_pronunciation-sda|Toraja-Sa'dan pronunciations}}{{refbegin}}
- {{cite journal |last=Waterson |first=Roxana |title=Flows of Words and Flows of Blessing: The Poetics of Invocatory Speech among the Sa'dan Toraja |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=168 |issue=4 |date=2012 |pages=391–419 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003550 |jstor=23339340|s2cid=145289982 |doi-access=free }} Accessed 21 Jan. 2023.
{{refend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Toraja-Sa'dan language}}
{{South Sulawesi languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
Category:Languages of Sulawesi
Category:South Sulawesi languages
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