Transnistria

{{Main|Names of Transnistria}}

The region can also be referred to in English as Dniesteria, Trans-Dniester,[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3641826.stm Regions and territories: Trans-Dniester], BBC News, 7 March 2007 Transdniester[https://www.rferl.org/a/breakaway-moldovan-region-transdniester-celebrates-30-years-of-independence-/30816968.html Breakaway Moldovan Region Of Transdniester Celebrates 30 Years Of 'Independence'] or Transdniestria.{{Cite news|url= https://www.economist.com/europe/2007/05/03/the-black-hole-that-ate-moldova |title= The black hole that ate Moldova |date=3 May 2007|access-date= 10 December 2021 |newspaper= The Economist}} These names are adaptations of the Romanian colloquial name of the region, Transnistria, meaning "beyond the Dniester". The term Transnistria was used in relation to eastern Moldova for the first time in the year 1989,{{cite web|url= https://regnum.ru/news/polit/1480140.html|title=Лига русской молодежи: Антирусские речи Лари упоительны для румынских патриотов Бессарабии |website=Regnum |access-date= 10 December 2021}}{{cite web|url= http://gzt.md/article/%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/7184/favicon.ico |title=На похороны Леониды Лари правительство выделило 20 тысяч леев|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081401/http://gzt.md/article/%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/7184/favicon.ico|access-date=10 December 2021|archive-date= 4 March 2016}}{{cite web |url= http://www.terra.md/ru/news/moldova/sdoxla_sobaka_lari/ |title= Новости: Молдова: Пусть у меня будут руки по локти в крови, но я вышвырну оккупантов, пришельцев и манкуртов за Днестр |website= Terra |access-date= 10 December 2021 |archive-date= 24 August 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220824165028/http://www.terra.md/ru/news/moldova/sdoxla_sobaka_lari/ |url-status= dead }} in the election slogan of Leonida Lari, the deputy and member of the Popular Front of Moldova formed during the reforms of the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, when she stated.{{cite web|url= http://nbm-md.1gb.ru/news/main/sdoxla_sobaka_lari/ |title= Пусть у меня будут руки по локти в крови, но я вышвырну оккупантов, пришельцев и манкуртов за Днестр |access-date=10 December 2021}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite web|url= http://materik.ru/country/detail.php?ID=3509 |title=Рошка считает, что у его партии благородное и уважаемое прошлое|access-date=10 December 2021 }}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite web|url= http://enews.md/articles/view/2751/|title="Немного О "Героях" Или 20 Лет По Кругу" Печальные Итоги Молдавской Независимости|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170520200116/http://enews.md/articles/view/2751/|access-date=10 December 2021|archive-date=20 May 2017}}

{{Blockquote|I will throw out the invaders, aliens and mankurt over the Dniester, I will throw them out of Transnistria, and you, the Romanians, are the real owners of this long-suffering land{{nbsp}}... We will make them speak Romanian, respect our language, our culture!}}

The documents of the government of Moldova refer to the region as {{lang|ro|Stînga Nistrului}}, meaning "Left (Bank) of the Dniester", or in full, {{lang|ro|Unitățile Administrativ-Teritoriale din Stînga Nistrului}} ("Administrative-territorial unit(s) of the Left Bank of the Dniester").{{cite web |title=Regarding the basic provisions of the special legal status of the localities on the left side of the Dniester (Transnistria) |url=http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=313004&lang=1 |website=lex.justice.md/ |access-date=17 December 2022}}

According to the Transnistrian authorities, the name of the state is the "Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic" ({{langx|ru|Приднестро́вская Молда́вская Респу́блика|Pridnestróvskaya Moldávskaya Respúblika}}; {{langx|ro|Republica Moldovenească Nistreană}}, {{Moldovan Cyrillic|Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ}}; {{langx|uk|Придністро́вська Молда́вська Респу́бліка|Prydnistróvska Moldávska Respúblika}}). The short form is Pridnestrovie ({{langx|ru|Приднестровье}}, {{IPA|ru|prʲɪdʲnʲɪˈstrovʲje|pron}}; {{langx|ro|Nistrenia}}, {{Moldovan Cyrillic|Нистрения}},{{cite web |date=7 December 2011 |url=http://strategiya-pmr.ru/?p=1237 |title=Union of Moldovans in Transnistria: We have no grounds to distrust Smirnov |publisher=Strategiya-pmr.ru |access-date=30 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616151054/http://strategiya-pmr.ru/?p=1237 |archive-date=16 June 2013 }} {{IPA|ro|nistrenija|pron}}; {{langx|uk|Придністров'я|Prydnistrovia}}, {{IPA|uk|predʲnʲiˈstrɔʋjɐ|pron}}), meaning "[land] by the Dniester".

The Supreme Council passed a law on 4 September 2024 which banned the use of the term Transnistria within the region, imposing a fine of 360 rubles or up to 15 days imprisonment for using the name in public.{{cite web | url=https://balkaninsight.com/2024/09/05/breakaway-moldovan-region-transnistria-bans-use-of-name-transnistria/ | title=Breakaway Moldovan Region Transnistria Bans Use of Name 'Transnistria' | date=5 September 2024 }}{{cite web |last1=Mihai |first1=Catalina |title=Separatist region of Moldova bans the term 'Transnistria' |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/separatist-region-of-moldova-banns-the-term-transnistria/ |website=Euractiv |access-date=5 September 2024 |date=5 September 2024}}{{cite web |title=Prohibition of the term "transnistria" |url=https://en.vspmr.org/news/supreme-council/zapret-naimenovaniya-transnistriya-.html |website=The Supreme Council of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic |access-date=5 September 2024 |date=4 September 2024}}

{{Main|History of Transnistria}}

{{Main|Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldavian SSR}}

File:Romania MASSR 1920.png (orange) and Romania, 1924–1940]]

In 1924, the Moldavian ASSR was proclaimed within the Ukrainian SSR. The ASSR included today's Transnistria ({{convert|4100|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}}) and an area ({{convert|4200|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}}) to the northeast around the city of Balta, but nothing from Bessarabia, which at the time formed part of the Kingdom of Romania. One of the reasons for the creation of the Moldavian ASSR was the desire of the Soviet Union at the time to eventually incorporate Bessarabia.{{Cite web |title=Bessarabia region, Eastern Europe |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bessarabia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428091423/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bessarabia |archive-date=April 28, 2023}} On 28 June 1940, the USSR annexed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina from Romania under the terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, and on 2 August 1940 the Supreme Soviet of the USSR created the Moldavian SSR by combining part of the annexed territory with part of the former Moldavian ASSR roughly equivalent to present-day Transnistria.

In 1941, after Axis forces invaded the Soviet Union in the Second World War, they defeated the Soviet troops in the region and occupied it. Romania controlled the entire region between Dniester and Southern Bug rivers, including the city of Odesa as local capital.{{cite web |url=http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/221.gif |title=Map of Romania in 1941–1944 |access-date=30 June 2012}} The Romanian-administered territory, known as the Transnistria Governorate, with an area of {{convert|39733|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and a population of 2.3 million inhabitants, was divided into 13 counties: Ananiev, Balta, Berzovca, Dubasari, Golta, Jugastru, Movilau, Oceacov, Odessa, Ovidiopol, Rîbnița, Tiraspol, and Tulcin. This expanded Transnistria was home to nearly 200,000 Romanian-speaking residents. The Romanian administration of Transnistria attempted to stabilise the situation in the area under Romanian control, implementing a process of Romanianization.{{cite book |last=Dallin |first=Alexander|title=Odessa, 1941–1944: A Case Study of Soviet Territory Under Foreign Rule |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4P5oAAAAMAAJ |access-date=18 March 2014 |year=1957 |publisher=Center for Romanian Studies |isbn=978-9739839112 |pages=87–90 |chapter=Romanization}} During the Romanian occupation of 1941–44, between 150,000 and 250,000 Ukrainian and Romanian Jews were deported to Transnistria; the majority were murdered or died from other causes in the ghettos and concentration camps of the Governorate.{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005472 |title=Romania and The Nazi-Soviet war, 1941–1944 |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=18 March 2014}}

After the Red Army advanced into the area in 1944, Soviet authorities executed, exiled or imprisoned hundreds of inhabitants of the Moldavian SSR in the following months on charges of collaboration with the Romanian occupiers. A later campaign directed against rich peasant families deported them to the Kazakh SSR and Siberia. Over the course of two days, 6–7 July 1949, a plan named "Operation South" saw the deportation of over 11,342 families by order of the Moldavian Minister of State Security, Iosif Mordovets.{{cite book|last=Casu |first=Igor |url=https://usm-md.academia.edu/IgorCasu/Papers/348110/Stalinist_Terror_in_Soviet_Moldavia_1940-1953 |title=Stalinist terror in Soviet Moldova, by Igor Casu |publisher=Usm-md.academia.edu |access-date=30 May 2013}}

File:Igor Smirnov (2017-10-04).jpg, first president of Transnistria from 1991 to 2011]]

In the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union allowed political liberalisation at a regional level. This led to the creation of various informal movements all over the country, and to a rise of nationalism within most Soviet republics. In the Moldavian SSR in particular, there was a significant resurgence of pro-Romanian nationalism among Moldovans.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1113586.stm Timeline: Moldova] BBC Country Profile: Moldova The most prominent of these movements was the Popular Front of Moldova (PFM). In early 1988, the PFM demanded that the Soviet authorities declare Moldovan the only state language, return to the use of the Latin alphabet, and recognise the shared ethnic identity of Moldovans and Romanians. The more radical factions of the PFM espoused extreme anti-minority, ethnocentric and chauvinist positions,[https://archive.org/details/chechnya00anat Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power], Anatol Lieven, Yale University Press, 1999, {{ISBN|0-300-07881-1}}, pp. 246[https://books.google.com/books?id=NNWHtqBJcGwC Can Liberal Pluralism Be Exported?], Will Kymlicka, Magdalena Opalski, Oxford University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-19-924063-9}}, pp. 208 calling for minority populations, particularly the Slavs (mainly Russians and Ukrainians) and Gagauz, to leave or be expelled from Moldova.[http://www.anthrobase.com/Txt/D/Demirdirek_H_01.htm The painful past retold Social memory in Azerbaijan and Gagauzia], Hülya Demirdirek, Postkommunismens Antropologi, University of Copenhagen, 12–14 April 1996.

On 31 August 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR adopted Moldovan as the official language with Russian retained only for secondary purposes, returned Moldovan to the Latin alphabet, and declared a shared Moldovan-Romanian linguistic identity. As plans for major cultural changes in Moldova were made public, tensions rose further. Ethnic minorities felt threatened by the prospects of removing Russian as the official language, which served as the medium of interethnic communication, and by the possible future reunification of Moldova and Romania, as well as the ethnocentric rhetoric of the PFM. The Yedinstvo (Unity) Movement, established by the Slavic population of Moldova, pressed for equal status for both the Russian and Moldovan languages.Andrei Panici. Romanian Nationalism in the Republic of Moldova, Global Review of Ethnopolitics, vol. 2 no. 2 (January 2003), pp. 37–51. Transnistria's ethnic and linguistic composition differed significantly from most of the rest of Moldova. The proportion of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians was especially high and an overall majority of the population, some of them Moldovans, spoke Russian as their mother tongue.{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/russia-ukraine-crimea-transnistria-nato-expansionist|title=Could Transnistria be the next Crimea?|work=Channel 4 News|date=23 March 2014}}

The nationalist PFM won the first free parliamentary elections in the Moldavian SSR in early 1990,{{cite book |last=Hare |first=Paul |editor=Paul Hare |editor2=Mohammed Ishaq |editor3=Judy Batt |title=Reconstituting the market: the political economy of microeconomic transformation |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lg7SIfkr1HwC&pg=PA363 |access-date=30 October 2009 |year=1999 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=90-5702-328-8 |pages=363, 402 |chapter=Who are the Moldovans?}} and its agenda started slowly to be implemented. On 2 September 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (PMSSR) was proclaimed as a Soviet republic by an ad hoc assembly, the Second Congress of the Peoples' Representatives of Transnistria, following a successful referendum. Violence escalated when in October 1990 the PFM called for volunteers to form armed militias to stop an autonomy referendum in Gagauzia, which had an even higher proportion of ethnic minorities. In response, volunteer militias were formed in Transnistria. In April 1990, nationalist mobs attacked ethnic Russian members of parliament, while the Moldovan police refused to intervene or restore order.[https://books.google.com/books?id=2Plw98pTk5wC&pg=PA143 Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War], Stuart J. Kaufman, Cornell University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-8014-8736-6}}, pp. 143

In the interest of preserving a unified Moldavian SSR within the USSR and preventing the situation escalating further, then Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, while citing the restriction of civil rights of ethnic minorities by Moldova as the cause of the dispute, declared the Transnistria proclamation to be devoid of a legal basis and annulled it by presidential decree on 22 December 1990.Kolsto, et al. "The Dniester Conflict: Between Irredentism and Separatism", Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 45, No. 6 (1993): 108."Ukaz Prezidenta Soiuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik O Merakh po Normalizatsii Obstanovki v SSR Moldova", Sovetskaia Moldova, no. 295 (17249), 1990-12-23, 1. Nevertheless, no significant action was taken against Transnistria and the new authorities were slowly able to establish control of the region.

Following the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR declared its independence from the Soviet Union. On 5 November 1991 Transnistria abandoned its socialist ideology and was renamed "Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic"."Postanovlenie verkhovnogo soveta Pridnestrovskoi Moldavskoi Respubliki ob izmenenii nazvaniia respubliki", Dnestrovskaia Pravda, 6 November 1991

{{Main|Transnistria War}}

The Transnistria War followed armed clashes on a limited scale that broke out between Transnistrian separatists and Moldova as early as November 1990 at Dubăsari. Volunteers, including Cossacks, came from Russia to help the separatist side.{{cite web |lang=ru |url=http://transnistria.md/ru/info |website=transnistria.md |title=Приднестровский конфликт - серьёзная, нерешенная проблема Молдовы: Несколько хронологических данных о начале и эволюции войны |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721001351/http://transnistria.md/ru/info |archive-date= Jul 21, 2011 }} In mid-April 1992, under the agreements on the split of the military equipment of the former Soviet Union negotiated between the former 15 republics in the previous months, Moldova created its own Defence Ministry. According to the decree of its creation, most of the 14th Guards Army's military equipment was to be retained by Moldova.{{cite web|url=http://femida-pmr.narod.ru/politika/051012_bergman.htm|title=Бергман Вождь в чужой стае|website=femida-pmr.narod.ru}} Starting from 2 March 1992, there was concerted military action between Moldova and Transnistria. The fighting intensified throughout early 1992. The former Soviet 14th Guards Army entered the conflict in its final stage, opening fire against Moldovan forces; approximately 700 people were killed. Moldova has since then exercised no effective control or influence on Transnistrian authorities. A ceasefire agreement, signed on 21 July 1992, has held to the present day.

{{See also|Transnistria conflict}}

File:Dmitry Medvedev 18 March 2009-2.jpg with Vladimir Voronin and Dmitry Medvedev in Barvikha, 18 March 2009]]

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is trying to facilitate a negotiated settlement. Under OSCE auspices, on 8 May 1997, Moldovan President Petru Lucinschi and Transnistrian President Igor Smirnov, signed the "Memorandum on the principles of normalization of relations between the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria", also known as the "Primakov Memorandum", sustaining the establishment of legal and state relations, although the memorandum's provisions were interpreted differently by the two governments.

In November 2003, Dmitry Kozak, a counselor of Russian president Vladimir Putin, proposed a memorandum on the creation of an asymmetric federal Moldovan state, with Moldova holding a majority and Transnistria being a minority part of the federation.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100620142201/http://acus.org/publication/moldova-matters-why-progress-still-possible-ukraines-southwestern-flank Moldova Matters: Why Progress is Still Possible on Ukraine's Southwestern Flank], Pamela Hyde Smith, The Atlantic Council of the United States, March 2005 Known as "the Kozak memorandum", it did not coincide with the Transnistrian position, which sought equal status between Transnistria and Moldova, but gave Transnistria veto powers over future constitutional changes, thus encouraging Transnistria to sign it. Moldovan President Vladimir Voronin was initially supportive of the plan, but refused to sign it after internal opposition and international pressure from the OSCE and US, and after Russia had endorsed the Transnistrian demand to maintain a Russian military presence for the next 20 years as a guarantee for the intended federation.[http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2004/20041200_cstp_art_l%C3%B6wenhardt.pdf Netherlands Institute of International Relations – The OSCE Moldova and Russian diplomacy 2003] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011075500/http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2004/20041200_cstp_art_l%C3%B6wenhardt.pdf |date=11 October 2006 }} page 109

The 5+2 format (or 5+2 talks, comprising Transnistria, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and the OSCE, plus the United States and the EU as external observers) for negotiation was started in 2005 to deal with the problems, but without results for a number of years as it was suspended. In February 2011, talks were resumed in Vienna,{{cite web |url=http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2011-03-02/transnistria-presents-conditions-renewing-negotiations-chisinau |title=Talk conditions of Transnistria on March 2011 |publisher=Osw.waw.pl |date=2 March 2011 |access-date=30 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624034202/http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2011-03-02/transnistria-presents-conditions-renewing-negotiations-chisinau |archive-date=24 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293154214|title=The futiliy of the negotiations on Transnistria|first=Liliana|last=Popescu|journal=European Journal of Science and Theology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=115–126|year=2013}} continuing through to 2018 with some minor agreements being reached.{{cite web |title=Press releases and statements related to the 5+2 negotiations on the Transdniestrian settlement process |url=https://www.osce.org/mission-to-moldova/119488 |date=21 June 2023}} Moldova had, by 2023, dropped the term 5+2 in diplomatic discussions.

After the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in March 2014, the head of the Transnistrian parliament asked to join Russia.{{cite web|url=http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/politics/52743.html |title=Transnistria wants to merge with Russia |date=24 February 2012 |publisher=Vestnik Kavkaza |access-date=18 March 2014}}{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26627236 |title=Moldova's Trans-Dniester region pleads to join Russia |publisher=Bbc.com |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=18 March 2014}}{{cite web|author= |url=http://en.itar-tass.com/world/724121 |title=Dniester public organizations ask Russia to consider possibility of Transnistria accession |publisher=En.itar-tass.com |access-date=18 March 2014}}

After the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Ukraine sealed its border with Transnistria, which had been the primary route for goods to enter the region. As such, Transnistria is wholly reliant on Moldova to allow imports through its own border. Transnistrian politicians have grown increasingly anxious about the situation, and in 2024 the Supreme Council was convened for the first time since 2006, with the council requesting economic assistance from Russia, and stating that Moldova was actively committing a genocide in the region.{{cite news |last1=Higgins |first1=Andrew |title=A Breakaway Region of Moldova Asks Russia for Protection |work=The New York Times |date=28 February 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/28/world/europe/moldova-russia-transnistria.html |access-date=28 February 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Grau |first1=Lina |title=Moldova's Breakaway Region Appeals for Help From Russia |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-28/moldova-s-breakaway-region-appeals-for-help-from-russia |website=Bloomberg News |date=28 February 2024 |access-date=28 February 2024}}

The harsh language towards Moldova, coupled with the Russian-backed Șor protests, and an alleged attempted coup plotted by the Wagner Group has shifted Moldova further towards the European Union, and thus less likely to enter negotiations for economic relief from Transnistria. Transnistria's request for "protection" from Russia alongside some calls for a referendum has led to suggestions that Russia may attempt to "annex" the region, as they did with occupied Ukraine in 2022.{{cite web |last1=García-Ajofrín |first1=Lola |title=Transnistria tensions: Will Russia try to annex Moldova's breakaway region? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/28/transnistria-tensions-could-russia-try-to-annex-moldovas-breakaway-state |website=Al Jazeera English |access-date=28 February 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Leven |first1=Denis |title=Transnistria begs Putin to 'protect' it against Moldova |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/breakaway-moldovan-region-transnistria-invites-russia-invade/ |website=Politico |date=28 February 2024 |access-date=28 February 2024}}

On 1 January 2025 an agreement under which Russian gas was delivered via Ukraine ended, halting the flow of Russian gas to Transnistria, and creating a severe energy crisis.{{cite news|work=New York Times|title=With No Gas, Breakaway Sliver of Moldova Is Left in the Cold |first=Andrew|last=Higgins|page=A6|date=6 January 2025}}{{cite news|work=New York Times|title=Breakaway Region Toils Without Russia Energy|first=Andrew|last=Higgins|page=A9|date=8 January 2025}} Transnistrian authorities have refused to purchase gas at market rates from Moldova, while Russia has not resumed delivery through an alternative route.{{cite news|url= https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/10/europe/transnistria-energy-crisis-moldova-russia-explainer-intl/index.html |title=A Russia-backed sliver of Moldova is fast running out of energy. Here's what to know |author1=Christian Edwards |author2=Anna Chernova |work=CNN |date=10 January 2025 |access-date=11 January 2025}}

{{See also|Disputed status of Transnistria#Territorial issues|l1=Disputed status of Transnistria: Territorial issues|List of places in Transnistria}}

{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2018}}

File:Naddniestrze.png

File:Dniester in Bender 01.JPG in Bender (Tighina)]]

Transnistria is landlocked and borders Bessarabia (the region the Republic of Moldova is based on, for {{convert|411|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}}) to the west, and Ukraine (for {{convert|405|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}}) to the east. It is a narrow valley stretching north–south along the bank of the Dniester river, which forms a natural boundary along most of the de facto border with Moldova.

The territory controlled by the PMR is mostly, but not completely, conterminous with the left (eastern) bank of Dniester. It includes ten cities and towns, and 69 communes, with a total of 147 localities (including here those unincorporated). Six communes on the left bank (Cocieri, Molovata Nouă, Corjova, Pîrîta, Coșnița, and Doroțcaia) remained under the control of the Moldovan government after the Transnistria War of 1992, as part of the Dubăsari District. They are situated north and south of the city of Dubăsari, which itself is under PMR control. The village of Roghi of Molovata Nouă Commune is also controlled by the PMR (Moldova controls the other nine of the 10 villages of the six communes).

On the west bank, in Bessarabia, the city of Bender (Tighina) and four communes (containing six villages) to its east, south-east, and south, on the opposite bank of the river Dniester from the city of Tiraspol (Proteagailovca, Gîsca, Chițcani, and Cremenciug) are controlled by the PMR.

The localities controlled by Moldova on the eastern bank, the village of Roghi, and the city of Dubăsari (situated on the eastern bank and controlled by the PMR) form a security zone along with the six villages and one city controlled by the PMR on the western bank, as well as two (Varnița and Copanca) on the same west bank under Moldovan control. The security situation inside it is subject to the Joint Control Commission rulings.

The main transportation route in Transnistria is the M4 road from Tiraspol to Rîbnița through Dubăsari. The highway is controlled in its entirety by the PMR.{{Cite web |title=Moldova - 2.3 Road Network {{!}} Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments |url=https://lca.logcluster.org/moldova-23-road-network |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=lca.logcluster.org}} North and south of Dubăsari it passes through land corridors controlled by Moldova in the villages of Doroțcaia, Cocieri, Roghi, and Vasilievca, the latter being located entirely to the east of the road. The road is the de facto border between Moldova and Transnistria in the area.{{Cite journal |last=Roney |first=Anthony II |date=2023 |title=The Devil's Advocate: An Argument for Moldova and Ukraine to Seize Transnistria |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/419/article/909029 |journal=Journal of Advanced Military Studies |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=121–150 |doi=10.21140/mcuj.20231402007 |issn=2770-260X}} Conflict erupted on several occasions when the PMR prevented the villagers from reaching their farmland east of the road.Trygve Kalland and Claus Neukirch, [http://www.osce.org/moldova/item_2_15957.html Moldovan Mission seeks solution to Dorotcaia's bitter harvest], Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 10 August 2005{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2627545,00.html Locuitorii satului Vasilievca de pe malul stâng al Nistrului trăiesc clipe de coșmar], Deutsche Welle, 17 March 2005.

Transnistrians are able to travel (normally without difficulty) in and out of the territory under PMR control to neighbouring Moldovan-controlled territory and to Ukraine. International air travellers rely on the airport in the Moldovan capital Chișinău, or the airport in Odesa, in Ukraine.

The climate is humid continental with subtropical characteristics. Transnistria has warm summers and cool to cold winters. Precipitation is unvarying all year round, although with a slight increase in the summer months.

File:Pridnestrian Administration.png{{Main|Administrative divisions of Transnistria}}

Transnistria is subdivided into five districts (raions) and one municipality, the city of Tiraspol (which is entirely surrounded by but administratively distinct from Slobozia District), listed below from north to south (Russian names and transliterations are appended in parentheses). In addition, another municipality, the City of Bender, situated on the western bank of the Dniester, in Bessarabia, and geographically outside Transnistria, is not part of the territorial unit of Transnistria as defined by the Moldovan central authorities, but it is controlled by the PMR authorities, which consider it part of PMR's administrative organisation:

Each of the districts is further divided into cities and communes.

File:Transnistria license plate T001AA.svg]]

{{Main|Political status of Transnistria}}

File:Transnistria in Moldova (de-facto) (semi-secession).svg, landlocked along the border with Ukraine. Note that this map treats lands at the west bank of the Dniester (such as Bender) as undisputed Transnistrian territory.]]

File:Transnistria după Asybaris.jpg Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and the de jure Autonomous Dniestrian Territory]]

All UN member states consider Transnistria a legal part of the Republic of Moldova. Only the partially recognised or unrecognised states of South Ossetia and Abkhazia have recognised Transnistria as a sovereign entity after it declared independence from Moldova in 1990 with Tiraspol as its declared capital.

Between 1929 and 1940, Tiraspol functioned as the capital of the Moldavian ASSR, an autonomous republic that existed from 1924 to 1940 within the Ukrainian SSR.

Although exercising no direct control over the territory of Transnistria, the Moldovan government passed the "Law on Basic Provisions of the Special Legal Status of Localities from the Left Bank of the Dniester" on 22 July 2005, which established part of Transnistria (territory of Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic without Bender and without territories, which are under control of Moldova) as the Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester within the Republic of Moldova.

File:Встреча Патриарха Кирилла в Приднестровье.jpg Yevgeny Shevchuk, with Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' Kirill and diocesan bishop of the Moldovan Orthodox Church Sabbas]]

According to the 2004 census, the population of Transnistria comprised 555,347 people, while at the 2015 census the population decreased to 475,373. In 2004, 90% of the population of Transnistria were citizens of Transnistria.{{cite web |url=http://pmr-pridnestrovie.es-pmr.com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 May 2013 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527020029/http://pmr-pridnestrovie.es-pmr.com/ |url-status=dead }} Transnistrians may have dual, triple or even quadruple citizenship of internationally recognised countries, including:

• Citizens of Moldova:{{Citation |year=2006 |publisher=Press |place=MD |title=CHISINAU overstates the number of Moldovan citizens living in Transnistria |url=http://www.km.press.md/arhiv/09_06/pridn2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523132421/http://www.km.press.md/arhiv/09_06/pridn2.html |archive-date=23 May 2013 }} around 300,000 people (including dual citizens of Moldova and Russia, around 20,000{{Citation | date = 21 April 2013 | title = 170,000 with citizenship Russia | publisher = Profvesti | url = http://profvesti.org/2013/04/21/10490/ | access-date = 30 May 2013 | archive-date = 18 October 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151018172403/http://profvesti.org/2013/04/21/10490/ | url-status = dead }}) or of Moldova and the EU states (around 80%) of Romania,{{Citation | place = RU | title = Double citizenship Moldova and Romania in 2013 | url = http://www.rosbalt.ru/exussr/2013/04/02/1112828.html | date = 2 April 2013 | publisher = Rosbalt}}{{Citation | title = Romanian passport received 80 percent of Moldovans | url = http://nbm.md/news/euro/rumynskij_passport_433/ | publisher = NBM | place = MD}} Bulgaria, or the Czech Republic
• Citizens of Romania: unknown number{{cite news|url=https://fpc.org.uk/education-and-information-the-golden-passport-for-young-transnistrians/|title=Education and Information – the golden passport for young Transnistrians|first=Alina|last=Radu|publisher=Foreign Policy Centre|date=26 September 2019}}
• Citizens of Russia: around 150,000 people (including around 15,000 dual citizens of Belarus, Israel, Turkey); excluding those holding dual citizenship of Russia and of Moldova (around 20,000)
• Citizens of Ukraine: around 100,000 people{{Citation | title = Double citizenship Moldova and Romania in 2013. Citizenship Russia or Ukraine in PMR | url = http://www.rosbalt.ru/exussr/2013/04/02/1112828.html | publisher = Rosbalt | place = RU | date = 2 April 2013}} There are around 20,000–30,000 people with dual citizenship (Moldova and Ukraine, or Russia and Ukraine) or triple citizenship (Moldova, Russia and Ukraine). They are included in the number of Ukrainian citizens.{{Citation | title = Transdniestrian Ukrainians will continue to vote in the territory of the Republic of Moldova | url = http://www.nr2.ru/pmr/395468.html | publisher = NR2 | place = RU | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130516121034/http://www.nr2.ru/pmr/395468.html | archive-date = 16 May 2013 | df = dmy-all }}
• Persons without citizenship: around 20,000–30,000 people{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Fifteen villages from the 11 communes of Dubăsari District, including Cocieri and Doroțcaia that geographically are located on the east bank of the Dniester (in Transnistria region), have been under the control of the central government of Moldova after the involvement of local inhabitants on the side of Moldovan forces during the War of Transnistria. These villages, along with Varnița and Copanca, near Bender and Tiraspol, are claimed by the PMR. One city (Bender) and six villages located on the west bank (in Bessarabia region) are controlled by the PMR, but are considered by Moldova as a separate municipality (Bender and village of Proteagailovca) or part of the Căușeni District (five villages in three communes).

Tense situations have periodically surfaced due to these territorial disputes, such as in 2005, when Transnistrian forces entered Vasilievca,{{Citation

| place = MD

| newspaper = Azi

| url = http://www.azi.md/news?ID=33404,

| title = Transnistrian Militia Withdrew Its Posts from Vasilievca

| access-date = 18 October 2006

| archive-date = 27 September 2007

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175739/http://www.azi.md/news?ID=33404,

| url-status = dead

}} in 2006 around Varnița, and in 2007 in the Dubăsari-Cocieri area, when a confrontation between Moldovan and Transnistrian forces occurred, though without any casualties.

June 2010 surveys indicated that 13% of Transnistria's population desired the area's reintegration into Moldova in the condition of territorial autonomy, while 46% wanted Transnistria to be part of the Russian Federation.John O'Loughlin, Vladimir Kolossov & Gerald Toal, "Inside the post-Soviet de facto states: a comparison of attitudes in Abkhazia, Nagorny Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria, in Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2015, p. 451.

{{Main|International recognition of Transnistria|Foreign relations of Transnistria}}

File:Transnistria.jpg]]

Transnistria is a non-UN member state recognised as independent only by Abkhazia and South Ossetia, both being non-UN member states with limited recognition.

Nina Shtanski served as Transnistria's Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2015; {{ill|Vitaly Ignatiev|ru|3=Игнатьев, Виталий Викторович}} succeeded her as minister. In 2024 Vitaly Ignatiev was declared wanted by the Security Service of Ukraine due to suspicion of collaboration and encroachment on the territorial integrity of Ukraine.[https://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/z-yavivsya-dopit-sbu-ukrayina-ogolosila-rozshuk-1711730468.html Не з'явився на допит у СБУ. Україна оголосила у розшук "главу МЗС" Придністров'я]

{{Main|Politics of Transnistria}}

File:Верховный совет и правительство ПМР.jpg, fronted by a statue of Vladimir Lenin]]

Transnistria is a semi-presidential republic with a powerful presidency. The president is directly elected for a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms. The current President is Vadim Krasnoselsky.

The Supreme Council is a unicameral legislature. It has 43 members who are elected for 5-year terms. Elections take place within a multi-party system.{{cite web |url=http://www.vspmr.org/?Lang=Eng |title=PMR Supreme Council (Parliament of Transnistria's official website) |publisher=Vspmr.org |date=17 June 2012 |access-date=30 June 2012}} The majority in the supreme council belongs to the Renewal movement that defeated the Republic party affiliated with Igor Smirnov in 2005 and performed even better in the 2010 and 2015 elections. Elections in Transnistria are not recognised by international bodies such as the European Union, as well as numerous individual countries, who called them a source of increased tensions.

There is disagreement over whether elections in Transnistria are free and fair. The political regime has been described as one of "super-presidentialism" before the 2011 constitutional reform.[http://www.defac.ac.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/cee/ Moldova and the Dniestr Region: Contest Past, Frozen Present, Speculative Futures?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609183548/http://www.defac.ac.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/cee/ |date=9 June 2008 }} Herd, Graeme P., Conflict Studies Research Centre, 2005. Accessed 25 May 2007. During the 2006 presidential election, the registration of opposition candidate Andrey Safonov was delayed until a few days before the vote, so that he had little time to conduct an election campaign.{{cite web|url=http://politicom.moldova.org/news/tiraspol-not-willing-to-register-opposition-representative-in-electoral-race-20417-eng.html |title=Tiraspol not willing to register opposition representative in electoral race |publisher=Politicom.moldova.org |date=21 November 2006 |access-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312092901/http://politicom.moldova.org/news/tiraspol-not-willing-to-register-opposition-representative-in-electoral-race-20417-eng.html |archive-date=12 March 2012 }}{{cite web|url=http://conflict.md/stiri.php?ID=2012|title=Candidate to Office of Transnistrian Vice-President Comments on Opposition's Chances|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005352/http://conflict.md/stiri.php?ID=2012|access-date=10 December 2021|archive-date=27 September 2007}} Some sources consider election results suspect. In 2001, in one region it was reported that Igor Smirnov collected 103.6% of the votes.{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27854.htm |title=US Department of State, Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Moldova – 2003 |publisher=State.gov |date=25 February 2004 |access-date=30 June 2012}} The PMR government said "the government of Moldova launched a campaign aimed at convincing international observers not to attend" an election held on 11 December 2005{{snd}}but election monitors from the Russian-led Commonwealth of Independent States ignored that and declared the ballot democratic.

File:Дом Советов 2006.jpg City Council]]

The opposition Narodovlastie party and Power to the People movement were outlawed at the beginning of 2000[http://www.crji.org/news.php?id=78&l=2 Original Communism, Sorin Ozon, Romanian Center for Investigative Journalism, 13 July 2006].Accessed:31 October 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045344/http://www.crji.org/news.php?id=78&l=2 |date=27 September 2007 }} and eventually dissolved.Țăranu, A; Grecu, M. {{cite web |url=http://www.moldova.org/download/eng/515/ |title=The policy of linguistic cleansing in Transnistria |access-date=30 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529023518/http://www.moldova.org/download/eng/515/ |archive-date=29 May 2006 }}, pp. 26–27. Retrieved 27 December 2006.{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.olvia.idknet.com/ol27-02-01.htm Министерство юстиции ПМР вынесло предупреждение общественному движению "Власть народу! За социальную справедливость!" и "Партии народовластия"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195233/http://www.olvia.idknet.com/ol27-02-01.htm |date=3 March 2016 }} (Ministry of Justice of PMR warned Power to the People movement and Narodovlastie party), Ольвия Пресс, 27–02–01.

A list published by the European Union had banned travel to the EU for some members of the Transnistrian leadership.[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:044:0032:01:EN:HTML Council Decision 2006/96/CFSP of 14 February 2006 implementing Common Position 2004/179/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511100101/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:044:0032:01:EN:HTML |date=11 May 2013 }} European Union Law – Official Journal. 2 February 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2006. Lifted by 2012.{{cite web |title=Moldova |url=https://www.sanctionsmap.eu/#/main/details/25/lists?search=%7B%22value%22:%22%22,%22searchType%22:%7B%7D%7D |date=26 October 2022}}

In 2007, the registration of a Social Democratic Party was allowed. This party, led by a former separatist leader and member of the PMR government Andrey Safonov, allegedly favours a union with Moldova.

In September 2007, the leader of the Transnistrian Communist Party, Oleg Khorzhan, was sentenced to a suspended sentence of 1½ years' imprisonment for organising unsanctioned actions of protest.{{cite web |url=http://transnistria.md/en/news//284/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015234441/http://transnistria.md/en/news/284/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2007 |title=Transnistrian Communist Party leader released on probation |publisher=Transnistria.md |date=26 September 2007 |access-date=30 June 2012 }}

According to the 2006 referendum, carried out by the PMR government, 97.2% of the population voted in favour of "independence from Moldova and free association with Russia". EU and several other countries refused to recognise the referendum results.

Residents will have the opportunity to vote in Moldova's referendum on joining the EU, planned for autumn 2024. There will be no voting stations within Transnistria; however, residents will be free to travel into other areas of Moldova to vote, should they wish to.{{cite web |title=Moldova will hold referendum on EU membership without Transnistria: Sandu |url=https://www.1lurer.am/en/2023/12/29/Moldova-will-hold-referendum-on-EU-membership-without-Transnistria-Sandhu/1054506 |date=29 December 2023}}

{{Main|Transnistria border customs issue}}

On 3 March 2006, Ukraine introduced new customs regulations on its border with Transnistria. Ukraine declared that it would import goods from Transnistria only with documents processed by Moldovan customs offices as part of the implementation of the joint customs protocol agreed between Ukraine and Moldova on 30 December 2005. Transnistria and Russia termed the act an "economic blockade".

The United States, the European Union, and the OSCE approved the Ukrainian move, while Russia saw it as a means of political pressure. On 4 March, Transnistria responded by blocking the Moldovan and Ukrainian transport at the borders of Transnistria. The Transnistrian block was lifted after two weeks. However, the Moldovan/Ukrainian block remains in place and holds up progress in status settlement negotiations between the sides.{{cite web|url=http://www.olvia.idknet.com/ol79-02-07.htm|title=Valeri Litskai: A situation based on pressure and threats cannot be considered favorable for the revival of contacts|publisher=Olvia.idknet.com|access-date=30 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205121009/http://www.olvia.idknet.com/ol79-02-07.htm|archive-date=5 February 2012}} In the months after the regulations, exports from Transnistria declined drastically. Transnistria declared a "humanitarian catastrophe" in the region, while Moldova called the declaration "deliberate misinformation".{{cite web|url=http://politicom.moldova.org/news/russias-humanitarian-assistance-is-a-planned-propagandist-action-chisinau-claims-11365-eng.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006151832/http://politicom.moldova.org/news/russias-humanitarian-assistance-is-a-planned-propagandist-action-chisinau-claims-11365-eng.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2011|title=Russia's humanitarian assistance is a planned propagandist action, Chișinău claims|publisher=Politicom.moldova.org|date=23 March 2006|access-date=30 June 2012}} Cargoes of humanitarian aid were sent from Russia in response.

File:Tiraspol (11377750435).jpg in Tiraspol]]

{{Main|Russian military presence in Transnistria}}

The 1992 cease-fire agreement between Moldova and Transnistria established a Russian "peacekeeper" presence in Transnistria and a 1,200-member Russian military contingent is present in Transnistria. Russian troops stationed in parts of Moldova except Transnistria since the time of the USSR were fully withdrawn to Russia by January 1993.

In April 1995, the Soviet 14th Guards Army became the Operational Group of Russian Forces, which by the 2010s had shrunk to two battalions and no more than 1,500 troops.

On 21 October 1994, Russia and Moldova signed an agreement that committed Russia to the withdrawal of the troops within three years of the agreement's effective date;"Nezavisimaya Moldova", 25 October 1994; Informative Report of FAM of RM, nr.2, October 1994, pp. 5–6 this did not come into effect, however, because the Russian Duma did not ratify it. The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) included a paragraph about the removal of Russian troops from Moldova's territory and was introduced into the text of the OSCE Summit Declaration of Istanbul (1999) in which Russia had committed itself to pulling out its troops from Transnistria by the end of 2002.Mihai Grecu, Anatol Țăranu, Trupele Ruse în Republica Moldova (Culegere de documente și materiale). Chișinău, 2004, p. 600. However, even after 2002, the Russian parliament did not ratify the Istanbul accords. On 19 July 2004, after it finally passed through parliament President Vladimir Putin signed the Law on the ratification of the CFE Treaty in Europe, which committed Russia to remove the heavy armaments limited by this Treaty."Interfax", Moscow, in Russian, 0850 gmt, 7 July 2004 During 2000–2001, although the CFE Treaty was not fully ratified, to comply with it, Moscow withdrew 125 pieces of Treaty Limited Equipment (TLE) and 60 railway wagons containing ammunition from the Transnistrian region of Moldova. In 2002, Russia withdrew three trainloads (118 railway wagons) of military equipment and two (43 wagons) of ammunition from the Transnistrian region of Moldova, and in 2003, 11 rail convoys transporting military equipment and 31 transporting ammunition. According to the OSCE Mission to Moldova, of a total of 42,000 tons of ammunition stored in Transnistria, 1,153 tons (3%) was transported back to Russia in 2001, 2,405 tons (6%) in 2002 and 16,573 tons (39%) in 2003.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Andrei Stratan, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Moldova, stated in his speech during the 12th OSCE Ministerial Council Meeting in Sofia on 6–7 December 2004 that "The presence of Russian troops on the territory of the Republic of Moldova is against the political will of Moldovan constitutional authorities and defies the unanimously recognized international norms and principles, being qualified by Moldovan authorities as a foreign military occupation illegally deployed on the territory of the state".Mihai Gribincea, [http://politicom.moldova.org/news/russian-troops-in-transnistria-a-threat-to-the-security-of-the-republic-of-moldova-20998-eng.html "Russian troops in Transnistria – a threat to the security of the Republic of Moldova", Institute of Political and Military Studies, Chișinău, Moldova] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512230751/http://politicom.moldova.org/news/russian-troops-in-transnistria-a-threat-to-the-security-of-the-republic-of-moldova-20998-eng.html |date=12 May 2013 }} Russia continues to 'sustain the Dniestr region as a quasi-independent entity through direct and indirect means'MC.DEL/21/04, 6 December 2004 {{As of|2007}} however, Russia insists that it has already fulfilled those obligations. It states the remaining troops are serving as peacekeepers authorised under the 1992 ceasefire, are not in violation of the Istanbul accords and will remain until the conflict is fully resolved.Interfax. [http://www.interfax.ru/e/B/0/28.html?id_issue=11767991 NATO must recognize Russia's compliance with Istanbul accords] 14 July 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604134515/http://www.interfax.ru/e/B/0/28.html?id_issue=11767991 |date=4 June 2011 }} On the other hand, Moldova believes that fewer than 500 soldiers are authorised pursuant to the ceasefire and, in 2015, began to arrest and deport Russian soldiers who are part of the excess forces and attempt to use Moldovan airports.{{cite news |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/73586 | title=Russian Troops In Transnistria Squeezed By Ukraine And Moldova |last=Kucera |first=Joshua |date=25 May 2015 |newspaper=Eurasianet |publisher=Open Society Foundations |access-date=31 May 2015}}

File:Russian Peace Keeping soldiers (14934029697).jpg at the border between Transnistria and Moldova at Dubăsari]]

In a NATO resolution on 18 November 2008, Russia was urged to withdraw its military presence from the "Transdnestrian region of Moldova".{{cite web |author=iBi Center |url=http://www.nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=1652 |title=NATO-resolution. 11. b |publisher=Nato-pa.int |date=18 November 2008 |access-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320113935/http://www.nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=1652 |archive-date=20 March 2012 }}

In 2011, US Senator John McCain claimed in a visit to Moldova that Moscow is violating the territorial integrity of Moldova and Georgia and one of the "fundamental norms" of "international behavior".{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/mccain_backs_demand_for_russian_troop_withdrawal_from_transdniester/24233530.html |title=McCain Backs Demand For Russian Troop Withdrawal From Transdniester |publisher=Rferl.org |date=13 June 2011 |access-date=30 May 2013}} On 21 May 2015, the Ukrainian parliament passed a law terminating five co-operation agreements with Russia. This law effectively terminates the "Agreement on transit of Russian military units temporarily located on the territory of the Republic of Moldova through the territory of Ukraine" dated 4 December 1998.{{cite web |url=http://uaposition.com/ukraine-blocked-russian-contingent-to-transnistria-moldova/ |title=Ukraine blocked Russian contingent to Transnistria (Moldova) |author= |date=22 May 2015 |access-date=31 May 2015}}

One point of access for Russian soldiers travelling to Transnistria remains Chișinău International Airport and the short overland journey from there to Tiraspol. Over the years, Moldova has largely permitted Russian officers and soldiers to transit the airport on their way to Transnistria, though occasionally it blocked those that were not clearly identified as international peacekeepers or who failed to give sufficient advance notice. Chișinău Airport would likely only ever agree to the possibility of moving employees, officers, and soldiers of the stationed forces. The passage of soldiers of the 14th Guards Army would be illegal.{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/with-russia-boxed-in-frozen-transdniester-conflict-could-heat-up/27044816.html|publisher=Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty|date=31 May 2015|title=With Russia Boxed In, Frozen Transdniester Conflict Could Heat Up}}

On 27 June 2016, a new law entered in force in Transnistria, punishing actions or public statements, including through the usage of mass media, networks of information and telecommunications or the Internet, criticising the military mission of the Russian Army stationed in Transnistria, or presenting interpretations perceived to be "false" by the Transnistrian government of the Russian Army's military mission. The punishment is up to three years of jail for ordinary people or up to seven years of jail if the crime was committed by a person of responsibility or a group of persons by prior agreement.{{cite news|url=http://beta.deschide.md/ro/news/social/28991/La-Tiraspol-faci-pu%C8%99c%C4%83rie-dac%C4%83-negi-%E2%80%9Erolul-pozitiv%E2%80%9D-al-armatei-ruse.htm|title=La Tiraspol, faci pușcărie, dacă negi "rolul pozitiv" al armatei ruse|last=Liubec|first=Igor|date=29 June 2016|work=Deschide Știrea|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102225854/http://beta.deschide.md/ro/news/social/28991/La-Tiraspol-faci-pu%C8%99c%C4%83rie-dac%C4%83-negi-%E2%80%9Erolul-pozitiv%E2%80%9D-al-armatei-ruse.htm|archive-date=2 January 2018|language=ro|trans-title=Those who deny the "positive role" of the Russian Army in Tiraspol face prison}}{{better source needed|date=April 2017}}

{{see also|2022 Transnistria attacks}}

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Transnistria declared it would maintain its neutrality in the situation and denied claims that it would assist in the attack on Ukraine.{{cite news |title=Transnistria denies preparing to join Russia's war with Ukraine |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-700476 |access-date=2022-03-07 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com |language=en-US}}

During the prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukrainian military intelligence stated on 14 January 2022 that they had evidence that the Russian government was covertly planning false flag "provocations" against Russian soldiers stationed in Transnistria, which would be used to justify a Russian invasion of Ukraine. The Russian government denied the claims.{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/14/russia-is-preparing-a-pretext-for-invading-ukraine-us-official|title=Russia is preparing a pretext for invading Ukraine: US official|newspaper=Al Jazeera English|date=14 January 2022}} In that prelude, similar unattributed clashes happened in Donbas in February 2022: Ukraine denied being involved in those incidents and called them a false flag operation as well.{{cite news |title=Russia says it prevented border breach from Ukraine, Kyiv calls it fake news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-it-prevented-border-breach-ukraine-kyiv-calls-it-fake-news-2022-02-21/ |access-date=21 February 2022 |work=Reuters |date=21 February 2022}}

On 15 March 2022, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe recognised Transnistria as a Moldovan territory occupied by Russia.

On 14 April 2022, one of Ukraine's deputy defence ministers, Hanna Maliar, stated that Russia was massing its troops along the borders with Transnistria but the Transnistrian authorities denied it.{{cite web |title= Russia says crippled warship to be towed back to port, as Ukraine claims missile hit |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-flagship-black-sea-fleet-badly-damaged-by-blast-2022-04-14/|website=Reuters| accessdate=14 April 2022 |language=en}} According to the Transnistrian authorities, on April 25 there was an attack on the premises of the Ministry for State Security and on the next day two transmitting antennas broadcasting Russian radio programs at Grigoriopol transmitter near the Ukrainian border were blown up.{{cite web |last=tagesschau.de |title=Moldauische Konfliktregion Transnistrien meldet Explosionen |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/europa/transnistrien-expolsionen-101.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=tagesschau.de |language=de}} The Moldovan authorities called these events a provocation aimed at destabilising the situation in the region. The Russian army has a military base, a large ammunition dump and about 1,500 soldiers stationed in Transnistria, stating that they are there as "peacekeepers".

Since the invasion of Ukraine, Transnistria has lost its economic connections with Ukraine and has had to rely and become more dependent on Moldova and trade links to the EU, resulting in an intensification of dialogue and collaboration, such as the help provided to Ukrainian refugees.{{cite web |title=Why Russian-Backed Separatists Welcome Ukrainian Refugees |url=https://cepa.org/article/why-russian-backed-separatists-welcome-ukrainian-refugees/ |date=12 June 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019140639/https://cepa.org/article/why-russian-backed-separatists-welcome-ukrainian-refugees/ |url-status=dead }}

The legislation of Transnistria is classified into several areas:

• The Constitution,{{Cite web |title=Конституционные законы Приднестровской Молдавской Республики — Верховный Cовет ПМР |url=https://www.vspmr.org/legislation/laws/konstitutsionnie-zakoni-pridnestrovskoy-moldavskoy-respubliki/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.vspmr.org}} a codex containing 28 consolidated legislative acts.

This area of legislation concerns the establishment of the Supreme Court, Arbitration Court, the Constitutional Court and the judicial and governmental system of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. It also concerns the establishment of the statuses of some government officials, such as Judges, Deputies of the Supreme Council and the Prosecutors' Office. It also establishes a commissioner for human rights, special legal regimes, citizenship law, This category also contains amendments to the constitutional order, and its procedure to make alterations to the constitution.

• Laws relating to the foundational law and constitutional system,{{Cite web |title=Законодательные акты Приднестровской Молдавской Республики в сфере конституционного строя, основ правопорядка, а также деятельности органов государственной власти и управления — Верховный Cовет ПМР |url=https://www.vspmr.org/legislation/laws/zakonodateljnie-akti-pridnestrovskoy-moldavskoy-respubliki-v-sfere-konstitutsionnogo-stroya-osnov-pravoporyadka-a-takje-deyateljnosti-organov-gosudarstvennoy-vlasti-i-upravleniya/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.vspmr.org}} a codex containing 81 legislative acts.
• Laws relating to the budget, finance, economic and taxation,{{Cite web |title=Законодательные акты Приднестровской Молдавской Республики в сфере бюджетного, финансового, экономического, налогового законодательства — Верховный Cовет ПМР |url=https://www.vspmr.org/legislation/laws/zakonodateljnie-akti-pridnestrovskoy-moldavskoy-respubliki-v-sfere-byudjetnogo-finansovogo-ekonomicheskogo-nalogovogo-zakonodateljstva/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.vspmr.org}} a codex containing 55 legislative acts.
• Laws relating to the judicial system and its procedures,{{Cite web |title=Законодательные акты Приднестровской Молдавской Республики в сфере судоустройства и процессуального права — Верховный Cовет ПМР |url=https://www.vspmr.org/legislation/laws/zakonodateljnie-akti-pridnestrovskoy-moldavskoy-respubliki-v-sfere-sudoustroystva-i-protsessualjnogo-prava/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.vspmr.org}} a codex containing 13 legislative acts.
• Laws relating to criminal, customs and administrative law,{{Cite web |title=Законодательные акты в сфере уголовного, таможенного, административного права — Верховный Cовет ПМР |url=https://www.vspmr.org/legislation/laws/zakonodateljnie-akti-v-sfere-ugolovnogo-tamojennogo-administrativnogo-prava/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.vspmr.org}} a codex containing 12 legislative acts.
• Laws relating to the military and defence sector,{{Cite web |title=Законодательные акты в военной сфере и в сфере обороны — Верховный Cовет ПМР |url=https://www.vspmr.org/legislation/laws/zakonodateljnie-akti-v-voennoy-sfere-i-v-sfere-oboroni/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.vspmr.org}} a codex containing 16 legislative acts.
• Laws relating to the civil, housing and family Law,{{Cite web |title=Законодательные акты Приднестровской Молдавской Республики в сфере гражданского, жилищного, семейного права — Верховный Cовет ПМР |url=https://www.vspmr.org/legislation/laws/zakonodateljnie-akti-pridnestrovskoy-moldavskoy-respubliki-v-sfere-grajdanskogo-jilischnogo-semeynogo-prava/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.vspmr.org}} a codex containing 28 legislative acts.
• Laws relating to healthcare and social protection,{{Cite web |title=Законодательные акты Приднестровской Молдавской Республики в сфере здравоохранения и социальной защиты, трудового законодательства — Верховный Cовет ПМР |url=https://www.vspmr.org/legislation/laws/zakonodateljnie-akti-pridnestrovskoy-moldavskoy-respubliki-v-sfere-zdravoohraneniya-i-sotsialjnoy-zaschiti-trudovogo-zakonodateljstva/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.vspmr.org}} a codex containing 49 legislative acts.
• Laws relating to the field of agriculture and ecology,{{Cite web |title=Законодательные акты Приднестровской Молдавской Республики в сфере агропромышленного комплекса и экологии — Верховный Cовет ПМР |url=https://www.vspmr.org/legislation/laws/zakonodateljnie-akti-pridnestrovskoy-moldavskoy-respubliki-v-sfere-agropromishlennogo-kompleksa-i-ekologii/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.vspmr.org}} A codex containing 28 legislative acts.
• Laws relating to industry, trade, privatisation, construction, transport, energy and communications,{{Cite web |title=Законодательные акты Приднестровской Молдавской Республики в сфере промышленности, торговли, приватизации, строительства, транспорта, энергетики и связи — Верховный Cовет ПМР |url=https://www.vspmr.org/legislation/laws/zakonodateljnie-akti-pridnestrovskoy-moldavskoy-respubliki-v-sfere-promishlennosti-torgovli-privatizatsii-stroiteljstva-transporta-energetiki-i-svyazi/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.vspmr.org}} a codex containing 42 legislative acts.
• Laws relating to education, culture, sports, youth policy, media, and implementation of political rights and freedoms of citizens,{{Cite web |title=Законодательные акты Приднестровской Молдавской Республики в сфере образования, культуры, спорта, молодежной политики, средств массовой информации, а также в сфере реализации политических прав и свобод граждан — Верховный Cовет ПМР |url=https://www.vspmr.org/legislation/laws/zakonodateljnie-akti-pridnestrovskoy-moldavskoy-respubliki-v-sfere-obrazovaniya-kuljturi-sporta-molodejnoy-politiki-sredstv-massovoy-informatsii-a-takje-v-sfere-realizatsii-politicheskih-prav-i-svobod-grajdan/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.vspmr.org}} a codex containing 43 legislative acts.
• Laws relating to government programs and government targeted programs,{{Cite web |title=Государственные программы, государственные целевые программы — Верховный Cовет ПМР |url=https://www.vspmr.org/legislation/laws/gosudarstvennie-programmi-gosudarstvennie-tselevie-programmi/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.vspmr.org}} a codex containing 20 legislative acts.

{{Main|Military of Transnistria}}

File:TIraspol Transnistria (13954559507).jpg

{{As of|2007}}, the armed forces and the paramilitary of Transnistria were composed of around 4,500–7,500 soldiers, divided into four motorised infantry brigades in Tiraspol, Bender, Rîbnița, and Dubăsari.km.ru, [http://www.km.ru/magazin/view.asp?id=B5A90475FA6B4800A679D5F28F31C354 Приднестровье показало мускулы] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120804015138/http://www.km.ru/magazin/view.asp?id=B5A90475FA6B4800A679D5F28F31C354 |date=4 August 2012 }}, 6 September 2007 {{in lang|ru}} They have 18 tanks, 107 armoured personnel carriers, 73 field guns, 46 anti-aircraft installations, and 173 tank destroyer units.{{cite web|title=Приднестровье показало мускулы|url=http://www.km.ru/magazin/view.asp?id=B5A90475FA6B4800A679D5F28F31C354|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315234437/http://www.km.ru/magazin/view.asp?id=B5A90475FA6B4800A679D5F28F31C354|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2008|website=km.ru|date=15 March 2008|language=ru|access-date=7 August 2020}}{{cite web|title=Law enforcement and armed forces of Pridnestrovie|url=http://pridnestrovie.net/armedforces.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104073203/http://pridnestrovie.net/armedforces.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2009|website=Pridnestrovie.net|date=27 September 2007|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}} The airforce is composed of 1 Mi-8T and 1 Mi-24 helicopter. Previous aircraft operated were Antonov An-26, Antonov An-2, and Yakovlev Yak-52 fixed wing and Mil Mi-2 and other Mi-8T and Mi-24 helicopters.{{cite web |author=MilAvia Press |url=http://www.milaviapress.com/orbat/transnistria/index.php |title=Order of Battle – Transnistria |website=Milaviapress.com |access-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017213100/http://www.milaviapress.com/orbat/transnistria/index.php |archive-date=17 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}

{{Main|Demographics of Moldova|Demographic history of Transnistria}}

File:Transnistria evolutie etnica.png

{{Main|2015 Transnistrian census}}

In October 2015, Transnistrian authorities organised another separate census from the 2014 Moldovan census.{{cite web|url=http://gov-pmr.org/item/6831|title=Краткие предварительные итоги переписи населения Приднестровья 2015 года|website=gov-pmr.org}} According to the 2015 census, the population of the region was 475,373, a 14.5% decrease from the figure recorded in the 2004 census. The urbanisation rate was 69.9%. By ethnic composition, the population of Transnistria was distributed as follows: Russians – 29.1%, Moldovans – 28.6%, Ukrainians – 22.9%, Bulgarians – 2.4%, Gagauzians – 1.1%, Belarusians – 0.5%, Transnistrian – 0.2%, other nationalities – 1.4%. About 14% of the population did not declare their nationality. Also, for the first time, the population had the option to identify as "Transnistrian".{{cite web|url=http://newspmr.com/novosti-pmr/obshhestvo/15927|script-title=ru:Перепись населения ПМР|trans-title=Population census of PMR|language=ru|website=newspmr.com|date=9 March 2017|access-date=23 January 2021}}

According to another source, the largest ethnic groups in 2015 were 161,300 Russians (34%), 156,600 Moldovans (33%), and 126,700 Ukrainians (26.7%). Bulgarians comprised 13,300 (2.8%), Gagauz 5,700 (1.2%) and Belarusians 2,800 (0.6%). Germans accounted for 1,400 or 0.3% and Poles for 1,000 or 0.2%. All other ethnic groups combined accounted for 5,700 people or 1.2%.{{cite web|url=http://mer.gospmr.org/gosudarstvennaya-sluzhba-statistiki/informacziya/ezhegodnik-gosudarstvennoj-sluzhby-statistiki/statisticheskij-ezhegodnik-2017.html|title=Статистический ежегодник 2017 – Министерство экономического развития Приднестровской Молдавской Республики|website=mer.gospmr.org|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026152825/http://mer.gospmr.org/gosudarstvennaya-sluzhba-statistiki/informacziya/ezhegodnik-gosudarstvennoj-sluzhby-statistiki/statisticheskij-ezhegodnik-2017.html|url-status=dead}}

{{Main|2004 Transnistrian census}}

In 2004, Transnistrian authorities organised a separate census from the 2004 Moldovan Census.[http://www.unece.org/stats/trends2005/notes.htm Trends in Europe and North America (Explanatory Notes)], United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319155215/http://www.unece.org/stats/trends2005/notes.htm |date=19 March 2011 }} As per 2004 census, in the areas controlled by the PMR government, there were 555,347 people, including 177,785 Moldovans (32.1%) 168,678 Russians (30.4%) 160,069 Ukrainians (28.8%) 13,858 Bulgarians (2.5%) 4,096 Gagauzians (0.7%), 1,791 Poles (0.3%), 1,259 Jews (0.2%), 507 Roma (0.1%) and 27,454 others (4.9%).{{cite web |url=http://www.olvia.idknet.com/ol37-09-05.htm |title=Official data from 2004 census and comparison with the 1989 census, by Olvia Press |publisher=Olvia.idknet.com |access-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105231746/http://www.olvia.idknet.com/ol37-09-05.htm |archive-date=5 November 2012 }}

Of these, 439,243 lived in Transnistria itself, and 116,104 lived in localities controlled by the PMR government, but formally belonging to other districts of Moldova: the city of Bender (Tighina), the communes of Proteagailovca, Gîsca, Chițcani, Cremenciug, and the village of Roghi of commune Molovata Nouă.

Moldovans were the largest ethnic group, representing an overall majority in the two districts in the central Transnistria (Dubăsari District, 50.2%, and Grigoriopol District, 64.8%) a 47.8% relative majority in the northern Camenca District, and a 41.5% relative majority in the southern (Slobozia District). In Rîbnița District they were a 29.9% minority, and in the city of Tiraspol, they constituted a 15.2% minority of the population.

As per last census, Russians were the second largest ethnic group, representing a 41.6% relative majority in the city of Tiraspol, a 24.1% minority in Slobozia, a 19.0% minority in Dubăsari, a 17.2% minority in Râbnița, a 15.3% minority in Grigoriopol, and a 6.9% minority in Camenca.

Ukrainians were the third largest ethnic group, representing a 45.41% relative majority in the northern Rîbnița District, a 42.6% minority in Camenca, a 33.0% minority in Tiraspol, a 28.3% minority in Dubăsari, a 23.4% minority in Slobozia, and a 17.4% minority in Grigoriopol. A substantial number of Poles clustered in northern Transnistria were Ukrainianised during Soviet rule.

Bulgarians were the fourth largest ethnic group in Transnistria, albeit much less numerous than the three larger ethnicities. Most Bulgarians in Transnistria are Bessarabian Bulgarians, descendants of expatriates who settled in Bessarabia in the 18th–19th century. The major centre of Bulgarians in Transnistria is the large village of Parcani (situated between the cities of Tiraspol and Bender), which had an absolute Bulgarian majority and a total population of around 10,000.

In Bender (Tighina) and the other non-Transnistria localities under PMR control, ethnic Russians represented a 43.4% relative majority, followed by Moldovans at 26.2%, Ukrainians at 17.1%, Bulgarians at 2.9%, Gagauzians at 1.0%, Jews at 0.3%, Poles at 0.2%, Roma at 0.1%, and others at 7.8%.

{{Main|1989 Transnistrian census}}

At the census of 1989, the population was 679,000 (including all the localities in the security zone, even those under Moldovan control). The ethnic composition of the region has been unstable in recent history, with the most notable change being the decreasing share of Moldovan and Jewish population segments and increase of the Russian. For example, the percentage of Russians grew from 13.7% in 1926 to 25.5% in 1989 and further to 30.4% in 2004, while the Moldovan population decreased from 44.1% in 1926 to 39.9% in 1989 and 31.9% in 2004. Only the proportion of Ukrainians remained reasonably stable{{snd}}27.2% in 1926, 28.3% in 1989 and 28.8% in 2004.

{{Largest cities

| country = Transnistria

| stat_ref = State Statistics Service of Pridnestrovie{{cite web|url=https://www.mepmr.org/|title=МЭПМР|date=5 September 2018}}

| list_by_pop =

| div_name = District

| div_link =

| city_1 = Tiraspol| div_1 = Tiraspol| pop_1 = 129,367 (2015 census) | img_1 = Дом Советов - Тирасполь.jpg

| city_2 = Bender, Moldova{{!}}Bender| div_2 = Bender, Moldova| pop_2 = 91,197 (2015 census) | img_2 = Станция Бендеры 1 - Донор.jpg

| city_3 = Rîbnița| div_3 = Rîbnița District| pop_3 = 46,000 (2015 census) | img_3 = Rybnitsa.jpg

| city_4 = Dubăsari| div_4 = Dubăsari District| pop_4 = 23,650 (2004 census) | img_4 = Площадь Победы.jpg

| city_5 = Slobozia, Moldova{{!}}Slobozia| div_5 = Slobozia District| pop_5 = 16,062 (2004 census)

| city_6 = Dnestrovsc| div_6 = Slobozia District| pop_6 = 10,000 (2015 census)

| city_7 = Camenca| div_7 = Camenca District | pop_7 = 10,323 (2004 census)

| city_8 = Grigoriopol| div_8 = Grigoriopol District | pop_8 = 10,252 (2004 census)

| city_9 = Sucleia| div_9 = Slobozia District | pop_9 = 10,001 (2004 census)

| city_10 = Parcani, Transnistria{{!}}Parcani| div_10 = Slobozia District | pop_10 = <8,000 (2004 census)

}}

{{Main|Religion in Transnistria}}

File:Noul Neamts monastery is located 5 km from Tiraspol city in the village of Chitcani. (15097599816).jpg]]

PMR official statistics show that 92% of the Transnistrian population adhere to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, with 4% adhering to Roman Catholicism.{{cite web | publisher = United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | url = http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYPROF,RUS,,4954ce57c,0.html | work = Refworld | title = World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Transnistria (unrecognised state): Overview | access-date = 30 June 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121016213958/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2CCOUNTRYPROF%2CRUS%2C%2C4954ce57c%2C0.html | archive-date = 16 October 2012 | df = dmy-all }} Roman Catholics are mainly located in northern Transnistria, where a notable Polish minority lives.{{Citation|url=http://ceumonitor.group.googlepages.com/Transnistria_ethnicity.jpg/Transnistria_ethnicity-full.jpg |title=CEU monitor |contribution=Ethnic map of Transnistria |format=JPEG |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226201112/http://ceumonitor.group.googlepages.com/Transnistria_ethnicity.jpg/Transnistria_ethnicity-full.jpg |archive-date=26 February 2010 }}

Transnistria's government has supported the restoration and construction of new Orthodox churches. It affirms that the republic has freedom of religion and states that 114 religious beliefs and congregations are officially registered. However, as recently as 2005, registration hurdles were met with by some religious groups, notably the Jehovah's Witnesses.{{Citation | url = https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51569.htm | contribution = Moldova | title = International Religious Freedom Report | year = 2005 | place = US | publisher = Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor}} In 2007, the US-based Christian Broadcasting Network denounced the persecution of Protestants in Transnistria.{{Citation|url=http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/133101.aspx |title=Christians Face Abuse from Corrupt Regime |first=Gary |last=Lane |newspaper=CBN News |date=6 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418150950/http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/133101.aspx |archive-date=18 April 2009 }}

Transnistria has a mixed economy. Following a large scale privatisation process in the late 1990s,{{Citation | publisher = International Crisis Group | url = http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/untc/unpan017188.pdf | title = Moldova: Regional tensions over Transdniestria | date = 17 June 2004 | access-date = 31 October 2010 | archive-date = 5 August 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190805174501/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/untc/unpan017188.pdf | url-status = dead }} most of the companies in Transnistria are now privately owned. The economy is based on a mix of heavy industry (steel production), electricity production, and manufacturing (textile production), which together account for about 80% of the total industrial output.{{Citation | url = http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=18fc81ca-d52d-4a8a-98fb-63ea194fd695 | title = Transnistria | publisher = Center for Economic Policies of IDIS "Viitorul"}}

File:Pridnestrovian Republican Bank (PRB).jpg

Transnistria has its own central bank, the Transnistrian Republican Bank, which issues its national currency, the Transnistrian ruble. It is convertible at a freely floating exchange rate but only in Transnistria.

Transnistria's economy is frequently described as dependent on contraband{{cite web | url=http://www.bne.eu/archive_story.php?id=3467&words[]=contraband&words[]=moldova | title=An illegal business that's smoking | publisher=Business New Europe | date=18 April 2012 | access-date=3 September 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193846/http://www.bne.eu/archive_story.php?id=3467&words | archive-date=2 January 2014 | df=dmy-all }} and gunrunning.{{cite web | url=http://korrespondent.net/business/149005-yushchenko-ukraina-nedopoluchaet-iz-za-kontrabandy-iz-pridnestrovya | title=Ющенко: Украина недополучает из-за контрабанды из Приднестровья | publisher=Korrespondent | date=23 March 2006 | access-date=3 September 2013}}{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/jan/18/20040118-103519-5374r/ | title=Hotbed of weapons deals | publisher=The Washington Times | date=18 January 2004 | access-date=3 September 2013}}{{cite news|url=http://www.kommersant.ua/doc/656240 |title=Приднестровье самоизолировалось |work=Kommersant-Ukraine |date=10 March 2006 |access-date=3 September 2013 |author1=СВИРИДЕНКО, АЛЕКСАНДР |author2=НЕПРЯХИНА, НАТАЛИЯ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191045/http://www.kommersant.ua/doc/656240 |archive-date=2 January 2014 }}{{better source needed|reason=Sources given are from 2006 or earlier|date=October 2021}} Some commentators, including Zbigniew Brzezinski, have even labelled it a mafia state.{{cite news|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/fear-football-and-torture-undercover-in-transnistria|title=Fear, football and torture – undercover in Transnistria|publisher=Channel 4|date=1 April 2014}}{{cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/418f804a4.pdf|title=Moldova: Situation Analysis and Trend Assessment|website=Refworld.org|access-date=10 December 2021}} These allegations are denied by the Transnistrian government, and sometimes downplayed by the officials of Russia and Ukraine.[http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/04/actualidad/1370334170_344660.html Queremos zonas de libre comercio tanto al Este como hacia el Oeste] El Pais. 4 June 2013.

After World War II, Transnistria was heavily industrialised, to the point that, in 1990, it was responsible for 40% of Moldova's GDP and 90% of its electricity,{{Citation | editor1-first = John | editor1-last = Mackinlay | editor2-first = Peter | editor2-last = Cross | title = Regional Peacekeepers: The Paradox of Russian Peacekeeping | publisher = United Nations University Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 92-808-1079-0 | page = 135}} although it accounted for only 17% of Moldova's population. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Transnistria wanted to return to a "Brezhnev-style planned economy".{{Citation | first = John B | last = Dunlop | title = Will a Large-Scale Migration of Russians to the Russian Republic Take Place over the Current Decade? | journal = International Migration Review | volume = 27 | number = 3 |date=Autumn 1993 | pages = 605–629| doi = 10.1177/019791839302700306 | pmid = 12287571 | s2cid = 46346187 }}, citing {{Citation | contribution = Russian Radio | date = 21 September 1992 | title = Russia and CIS Today | publisher = WPS | page = 976/16}} However, several years later, it decided to head toward a market economy.

File:Площадь Суворова после парада.jpg, capital of Transnistria]]

According to the government of Transnistria, the 2007 GDP was 6789 mln ruble (appx US$799 million) and the GDP per capita was about US$1,500. The GDP increased by 11.1% and inflation rate was 19.3% with the GDP per capita being $2,140, higher than the contemporaneous Moldovan GDP per capita of $2,040.{{Citation|url=http://www.vspmr.org/Upload/File/doklad2007.rar |title=Доклад "Социально-экономическое развитие Приднестровской Молдавской Республики" за года (уточнение) |year=2007 |trans-title=Socio-economical development of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic |publisher=Statistical service of the Ministry of Economy of Transnistria |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616004647/http://www.vspmr.org/Upload/File/doklad2007.rar |archive-date=16 June 2013 }} Transnistria's government budget for 2007 was US$246 million, with an estimated deficit of about US$100 million{{Citation|url=http://conflict.md/stiri.php?ID=2143 |publisher=Conflict |place=MD |title=Transnistrian parliament adopts region's budget for 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005522/http://conflict.md/stiri.php?ID=2143 |archive-date=27 September 2007 }} that the government planned to cover with income from privatisations.{{Citation|place=RU |url=http://www.tiras.ru/en/index.php?subaction=showfull&id=1172054345&archive=&start_from=&ucat=25& |title=Privatization will solve the budget problem |publisher=Tiras |newspaper=PMR News |date=21 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016050811/http://tiras.ru/en/index.php?subaction=showfull&id=1172054345&archive=&start_from=&ucat=25& |archive-date=16 October 2007 }} The budget for 2008 is US$331 million, with an estimated deficit of about US$80 million.{{cite web |url=http://www.nr2.ru/pmr/152396.html |title=Евгений Шевчук: бюджет Приднестровья–отражение реальной ситуации в экономике |publisher=Nr2 |location=RU |access-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314012255/http://www.nr2.ru/pmr/152396.html |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}

In 2004, Transnistria had debts of US$1.2 billion (two-thirds are with Russia) that was per capita about six times higher than in Moldova (without Transnistria).{{Citation | url = http://www.policy.hu/npopescu/publications/06.11%20IPF%20Democracy%20in%20secessionism.pdf | title = Democracy in Secessionism: Transnistria and Abkhazia's Domestic Policies | first = Nicu | last = Popescu | publisher = International Policy Fellowship Program | year = 2005–2006 | access-date = 20 January 2007 | archive-date = 5 August 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190805204110/http://www.policy.hu/npopescu/publications/06.11%20IPF%20Democracy%20in%20secessionism.pdf | url-status = dead }} In March 2007 the debt to Gazprom for the acquisition of natural gas increased to US$1.3 billion. On 22 March 2007 Gazprom sold Transnistria's gas debt to the Russian businessman Alisher Usmanov, who controls Moldova Steel Works, the largest enterprise in Transnistria. Transnistria's president Igor Smirnov announced that Transnistria will not pay its gas debt because "Transnistria has no legal debt to Gazprom".{{Citation | url = http://www.kommersant.com/p756473/Transdniestr,_Moldova,_Russia/ | title = Moscow's Hand Tired of Giving | newspaper = Kommersant | date = 6 April 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070528193052/http://www.kommersant.com/p756473/Transdniestr,_Moldova,_Russia/ | archive-date = 28 May 2007 | df = dmy-all }}{{Citation | url = http://www.ng.ru/economics/2007-03-23/1_gazprom.html | place = RU | title = "Газпром" передал Приднестровье Алишеру Усманову | newspaper = Nezavisimaya Gazeta | date = 23 March 2007}} In November 2007, the total debt of Transnistria's public sector was up to US$1.64 billion.

In the first half of 2023 the economic situation worsened with imports increasing 12% to $1.32 billion and exports falling by 10% to just $346m, the trade deficit of $970m, almost equal to the GDP of Transnistria in the whole of 2021, being financed by the non-payment of natural gas supplies from Russia.

In 2020, the Transnistrian Customs reported exports of US$633.1 million and imports of US$1,052.7 million.{{cite web |title=Показатели статистики внешней торговли в 2020 году |url=https://customs.gospmr.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/pokazateli-statistiki-vneshney-torgovli-v-2020-godu.pdf |website=PMR Customs |language=ru |access-date=10 October 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010200353/https://customs.gospmr.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/pokazateli-statistiki-vneshney-torgovli-v-2020-godu.pdf |url-status=dead }} In the early 2000s over 50% of the export went to the CIS, mainly to Russia, but also to Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova (which Transnistrian authorities consider foreign). Main non-CIS markets for the Transnistrian goods were Italy, Egypt, Greece, Romania, and Germany. The CIS accounted for over 60% of the imports, while the share of the EU was about 23%. The main imports were non-precious metals, food products, and electricity.

After Moldova signed the Association Agreement with the EU in 2014, Transnistria{{snd}}being claimed as part of Moldova{{snd}}enjoyed the tariff-free exports to the EU. As a result, in 2015, 27% of Transnistria's US$189 million exports went to the EU, while exports to Russia went down to 7.7%. This shift towards the EU market continued to grow in 2016.[http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78636 "Moldova: Separatist Transnistria Region Reorienting Trade from Russia to EU"] EurasiaNet, 4 May 2016.

From March 2022, with the Ukrainian border closed to Transnistria, all trade goods to and from Transnistria have needed to flow through Moldova, Transnistria now has to comply with Moldovan and EU standards when exporting products.{{cite web |title=What you need to know about Transnistria |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/what-you-need-to-know-about-transnistria/ |date=5 May 2022}} Transnistria reported on trade in the first half of 2023. 48% of exports were to the rest of Moldova, over 33% went to the EU and 9% to Russia. 68% of imports came from Russia, 14% from the EU and 7% from Moldova.{{cite web |title=Transnistria's trade gap soars to $974mn in H1 |url=https://intellinews.com/transnistria-s-trade-gap-soars-to-974mn-in-h1-286225/?source=moldova |date=1 August 2023}}

In 2024 as a result of the free trade agreement between Moldova and the European Union, from which Transnistria also benefits, Moldova decided that imports/exports to/from Transnistria should be treated the same as imports/exports to/from Moldova, accordingly Transnistria importers wishing to import from/through Moldova must register and may, depending on the goods, be subject to taxes on imported goods, payable to Moldova.{{cite web |title=Moldova Tells Companies in Breakaway Transnistria: Time to Pay Taxes |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2024/01/05/moldova-tells-companies-in-breakaway-transnistria-time-to-pay-taxes/ |date=5 January 2024}}

On the 30th of December 2024, Tirasteploenegro released a set of instructions - anticipating the expiration of Gazprom's deal with Ukraine, saying to only drain the pipes and batteries in emergencies, to close every tap that has been running (if the water supply disappears) to avoid flooding when it turns back on, to "dress warmly", to avoid fires during Winter and Autumn, to not use gas or electric stoves for heating rooms as it may lead to tragedy, and to instead use factory-made electric heaters only; not home-made ones.{{Cite web |date=30 December 2024 |title=Уважаемые потребители тепла и горячей воды. |url=https://tirasteplo.org/index.php/informatsiya/novosti/item/5789-uvazhaemye-potrebiteli-tepla-i-goryachej-vody |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250103055633/https://tirasteplo.org/index.php/informatsiya/novosti/item/5789-uvazhaemye-potrebiteli-tepla-i-goryachej-vody |archive-date=3 January 2025 |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=Tirasteploenegro |author1=Константин }}

On the New Year of 2025, Gazprom's deal with Ukraine to transport gas through it had expired, as Ukraine had refused to extend the deal, calling it a "historic moment".{{Cite web |title=Russian gas supply to Europe via Ukraine halted after transit deal expires |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/1/russian-gas-supply-to-europe-via-ukraine-halted-after-transit-deal-expires |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} This caused a severe gas shortage, and so only critical infrastructure was allowed to be heated, and houses were dropped from it to save on gas.{{Cite web |title=Moldova faces energy crisis as flow of Russian gas ends |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy8ymx50kz8o |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=www.bbc.com |date=January 2025 |language=en-GB}} The Cuciurgan power station, which is both Transnistria's and Moldova's main plant, is now also being fueled with coal, however the supply is only enough for 50 days.{{Cite web |last=Herald |first=Maltese |date=2025-01-02 |title=Ukraine halts last Russian gas flows to Europe through its territory: gas prices elevated but winding down |url=https://themalteseherald.com/2025/01/02/ukraine-halts-last-russian-gas-flows-to-europe-through-its-territory-gas-prices-elevated-but-winding-down/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=The Maltese Herald |language=en-GB}}

The leading industry is steel, due to the Moldova Steel Works (part of the Russian Metalloinvest holding) in Rîbnița, which accounts for about 60% of the budget revenue of Transnistria.[http://www.peacebuilding.md/library/153/en/Moldova%20Strategic%20Conflict%20Assessment%202006.pdf Moldova Strategic Conflict Assessment (SCA)], Stuart Hensel, Economist Intelligence Unit. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025224219/http://www.peacebuilding.md/library/153/en/Moldova%20Strategic%20Conflict%20Assessment%202006.pdf |date=25 October 2007 }} The largest company in the textile industry is Tirotex, which claims to be the second largest textile company in Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.tirotex.com/index.htm |title=Tirotex official website |publisher=Tirotex.com |access-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205120232/http://www.tirotex.com/index.htm |archive-date=5 February 2012 }} The energy sector is dominated by Russian companies. The largest power company Moldavskaya GRES (Cuciurgan power station) is in Dnestrovsc and owned by Inter RAO UES,{{cite web |url=http://www.interrao.ru/_upload/editor_files/file0014.pdf |title=Annual Report of Inter RAO UES |access-date=30 June 2012}} and the gas transmission and distribution company Tiraspoltransgaz is probably controlled by Gazprom, although Gazprom has not confirmed the ownership officially. The banking sector of Transnistria consists of 8 commercial banks, including Gazprombank. The oldest alcohol producer KVINT, located in Tiraspol, produces and exports brandy, wines and vodka.

Transnistria has kept to the Russian educational standards, mainly using the Russian curriculum.{{cite web |title=Transnistria: stuck in the middle without EU |url=https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2022/walking-the-tightrope-towards-the-eu/3-transnistria-stuck-in-the-middle-without-eu/ |date=September 2022}}

Higher education diplomas issued by Transnistrian authorities are not recognised by most countries, resulting in graduates being unable to obtain well-paid jobs in Moldova or Western countries, leaving Russia as the default location for students and graduates.

{{Main|Human rights in Transnistria}}

The human rights record of the Transnistrian authorities has been criticised by several governments and international organisations.{{which|date=March 2013}} The 2007 Freedom in the World report, published by the U.S.-based Freedom House, described it as a "non-free" territory, having an equally bad situation in both political rights and civil liberties.Freedom House, [http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/press_release/fiw07_charts.pdf 2007 "Freedom in the World" report] {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070214224616/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/press_release/fiw07_charts.pdf |date=14 February 2007 }}

According to a 2006 U.S. Department of State report:United States Department of State: [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78828.htm Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2006]

{{blockquote|The right of citizens to change their government was restricted{{nbsp}}... Authorities reportedly continued to use torture and arbitrary arrest and detention{{nbsp}}... In Transnistria authorities limited freedom of speech and of the press{{nbsp}}... Authorities usually did not permit free assembly{{nbsp}}... In the separatist region of Transnistria the authorities continued to deny registration and harassed a number of minority religious groups{{nbsp}}... The separatist region remained a significant source and transit area for trafficking in persons{{nbsp}}... }}

{{Main|LGBTQ rights in Transnistria}}

Transnistria does not recognize same-sex unions. The Code of Marriage and Family that came into force in 2002 states that marriage is a voluntary marital union between a man and a woman. The code does not recognize other types of partnership for both opposite-sex and same-sex couples other than marriage.{{cite web |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/06/01/transnistrias-lgbt-community-fights-for-its-voice |title='Progress is possible after Putin falls': Transnistria's LGBT community fights for its voice |work=Euronews |date=June 2023 |access-date=2023-11-15 }}

{{Main|Mass media of Transnistria}}

There is a regular mix of modern news media in Transnistria with a number of television stations, newspapers, and radio stations.

According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) the media climate in Transnistria is restrictive and the authorities continue a long-standing campaign to silence independent opposition voices and groups.{{cite web|url=http://www.osce.org/moldova/43605|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528060422/http://www.osce.org/moldova/43605|url-status=dead|title=OSCE – Media in Transdniestria|archive-date=28 May 2013}}

According to a US Department of State report for 2006, "Both of the region's major newspapers were controlled by the authorities. There was one independent weekly newspaper in Bender and another in the northern city of Rîbnița{{nbsp}}... Separatist authorities harassed independent newspapers for critical reporting of the Transnistrian regime{{nbsp}}... Most television and radio stations and print publication were controlled by Transnistrian authorities, which largely dictated their editorial policies and finance operations. Some broadcast networks, such as the TSV television station and the INTER-FM radio station, were owned by Transnistria's largest monopoly, Sheriff, which also holds a majority in the region's legislature{{nbsp}}... In July 2005 the Transnistrian Supreme Council amended the election code to prohibit media controlled by the Transnistrian authorities from publishing results of polls and forecasts related to elections."United States Department of State report for 2006

File:SignInMoldovanCyrillic.JPG in Tiraspol. The Cyrillic alphabet was replaced by the Latin alphabet in 1989 in Moldova, but remains in use in Transnistria.]]

{{Main|Romanian-language schools in Transnistria}}

{{See also|Russification|Anti-Romanian sentiment}}

Public education in the Romanian language (officially called Moldovan language in Transnistria) is done using the Soviet-originated Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet. The usage of the Latin script was restricted to only six schools. Four of these schools were forcibly closed by the authorities, for alleged refusal of the schools to apply for official accreditation.[http://www.olvia.idknet.com/news15-07-04.htm Statement by the Ministry of Education, Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, on the question of children's educational rights insurance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228110016/http://www.olvia.idknet.com/news15-07-04.htm|date=28 February 2016}}, published by Olvia-Press 15 July 2004 These schools were later registered as private schools and reopened, a development which may have been accelerated by pressure from the European Union.{{cite web |url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/ChildrenHRDecember2005.pdf |title=Several Transnistrian officials were banned from traveling through EU |access-date=30 May 2013 |archive-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623160752/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/ChildrenHRDecember2005.pdf |url-status=dead }}

The OSCE mission to Moldova has urged local authorities in the Transnistrian city of Rîbnița to return a confiscated building to the Moldovan Latin script school in the city. The unfinished building was nearing completion in 2004 when Transnistria took control of it during that year's school crisis.{{cite web |url=http://www.osce.org/moldova/47949 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415064116/http://www.osce.org/moldova/47949 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2011 |title=Russian version }}

In November 2005 Ion Iovcev, the principal of a Romanian-language school in Transnistria and active advocate for human rights as well as a critic of the Transnistrian leadership, received threatening calls that he attributed to his criticism of the separatist regime.

In August 2021, the Transnistrian government refused to register the Lucian Blaga High School at Tiraspol and forced it to suspend its activities for three months, which will affect the school year of the students of the school and constitutes a violation of several articles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.{{cite news|url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-24962439-singurul-liceu-predare-limba-romana-din-tiraspol-fortat-isi-suspende-activitatea-pentru-3-luni.htm|title=Singurul liceu cu predare în limba română din Tiraspol, forțat să își suspende activitatea pentru 3 luni|newspaper=HotNews|date=6 August 2021|language=ro}}

{{See also|Crime in Transnistria}}

Following the collapse of the former Soviet Union, the Russian 14th Army left 40,000 tons of weaponry and ammunition in Transnistria. In later years there were concerns{{Who|date=October 2010}} that the Transnistrian authorities would try to sell these stocks internationally, and intense pressure was applied to have these removed by Russia.

In 2000 and 2001, Russia withdrew by rail 141 self-propelled artillery pieces and other armoured vehicles and locally destroyed 108 T-64 tanks and 139 other pieces of military equipment limited by the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE). During 2002 and 2003 Russian military officials destroyed a further 51 armoured vehicles, all of which were types not limited by the CFE Treaty. The OSCE also observed and verified the withdrawal of 48 trains with military equipment and ammunition in 2003. However, no further withdrawal activities have taken place since March 2004 and a further 20,000 tons of ammunition, as well as some remaining military equipment, are still to be removed.

In the autumn of 2006, the Transnistrian leadership agreed to let an OSCE inspectorate examine the munitions and further access was agreed moving forward.

Recent weapons inspections were permitted by Transnistria and conducted by the OSCE.

The onus of responsibility rests on Russia to remove the rest of the supplies.

Transnistrian authorities declared that they are not involved in the manufacture or export of weapons. OSCE and European Union officials stated in 2005 that there is no evidence that Transnistria "has ever trafficked arms or nuclear material" and much of the alarm is due to the Moldovan government's attempts to pressure Transnistria.{{cite web|last=Lobjakas |first=Ahto |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/10/05f3742a-1c2d-4e1a-a57f-0e9780549795.html |title=Western Diplomats Say Reports Of Smuggling From Transdniester Likely Exaggerated |publisher=RFE/RL |date=11 October 2005 |access-date=30 May 2013}}

In 2007, foreign experts working on behalf of the United Nations said that the historically low levels of transparency and continued denial of full investigations to international monitors have reinforced negative perceptions of the Transnistrian government, although recent co-operation by Transnistrian authorities may have reflected a shift in the attitude of Transnistria.[http://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/view-resource/211 UNDP: 2006 Small arms and light weapons survey of Moldova] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523091733/http://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/view-resource/211 |date=23 May 2013 }}, SEESAC 1 July 2007, {{ISBN|86-7728-014-6}} Their report stated that the evidence for the illicit production and trafficking of weapons into and from Transnistria, has in the past been exaggerated, although the trafficking of light weapons is likely to have occurred before 2001 (the last year when export data showed US$900,000 worth of 'weapons, munitions, their parts and accessories' exported from Transnistria). The report also states that the same holds true for the production of such weapons, which is likely to have been carried out in the 1990s, primarily to equip Transnistrian forces.

The OSCE mission spokesman Claus Neukirch spoke about this situation: "There is often talk about sale of armaments from Transnistria, but there is no convincing evidence".Conflict Studies Research Centre, [http://www.defac.ac.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/cee/05(07)-GPH.pdf Moldova & The Dniestr Region: Contested Past, Frozen Present, Speculative Futures?]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626204456/http://www.defac.ac.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/cee/05%2807%29-GPH.pdf |date=26 June 2008 }}, Graeme P. Herd.

In 2010, Viktor Kryzhanivsky, Ukraine's special envoy on Transnistria, stated that there was no ongoing arms or drug trafficking through the Transnistrian section of the Ukrainian-Moldovan border at the time.{{cite news | url=http://gazeta.zn.ua/POLITICS/spetspredstavitel_ukrainy_zayavleniya_moldovy_o_tranzite_narkotikov_i_oruzhiya_cherez_pridnestrovie_.html | script-title=ru:Спецпредставитель Украины: Заявления Молдовы о транзите наркотиков и оружия через Приднестровье – безосновательны | work=Zerkalo Nedeli | date=19 March 2010 | access-date=2 January 2014 | author=Kravchenko, Vladimir | language=ru | archive-date=21 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321081441/http://gazeta.zn.ua/POLITICS/spetspredstavitel_ukrainy_zayavleniya_moldovy_o_tranzite_narkotikov_i_oruzhiya_cherez_pridnestrovie_.html | url-status=dead }}

Transnistria is notable for being home to the Sheriff Tiraspol football club, which in 2021 became the first team representing Moldova to qualify for the UEFA Champions League group stage.{{cite web | title=Sheriff becomes 1st Moldovan club to reach Champions League | website=USA TODAY | date=2021-08-25 | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2021/08/25/moldovas-lowly-sheriff-advances-to-champions-league-groups/48766299/ | access-date=2024-04-05}} In 2022, UEFA blocked Sheriff from playing home games in Transnistria.{{cite web | last=Iveson | first=Ali | title=UEFA blocks matches being played in breakaway Moldovan region Transnistria | website=insidethegames.biz | date=2022-06-25 | url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1124905/transnistria | access-date=2024-04-05}}

{{Portal|Europe|Moldova|Russia|USSR}}

• List of active separatist movements in Europe

{{Notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• Beyer, John, and Stefan Wolff. "Linkage and leverage effects on Moldova's Transnistria problem." East European Politics 32.3 (2016): 335–354 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21599165.2015.1124092 online].
• Blakkisrud, Helge, and Pål Kolstø. "From secessionist conflict toward a functioning state: processes of state-and nation-building in Transnistria." Post-Soviet Affairs 27.2 (2011): 178–210 [https://www.academia.edu/download/59478168/Post-Soviet_Affairs_Blakkisrud___Kolsto_PMR_from_secessionist20190601-116312-ykxnkt.pdf online]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.
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• Lucas, Edward. (May 3, 2007) [https://www.economist.com/europe/2007/05/03/the-black-hole-that-ate-moldova The black hole that ate Moldova]. The Economist. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
• Lynch, Dov. Russian peacekeeping strategies in the CIS: the case of Moldova, Georgia and Tajikistan (Springer, 1999).
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{{Sister project links|Transnistria|n=Category:Transnistria|voy=Transnistria}}

• {{wikiatlas|Transnistria}}
• [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/3641826.stm Profile of Trans-Dniester], BBC News.

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