Tricyclic

{{Short description|Organic compound having 3 fused rings}}

{{For|the plant morphology term|Tricyclic flower}}

{{Refimprove|date=January 2010}}

Image:Dibenzazepine.svg]]

Image:Phenothiazin.svg]]

Tricyclics are cyclic chemical compounds that contain three fused rings of atoms.

Many compounds have a tricyclic structure, but in pharmacology, the term has traditionally been reserved to describe heterocyclic drugs. They include antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and antihistamines (as antiallergens, anti-motion sickness drugs, antipruritics, and hypnotics/sedatives) of the dibenzazepine, dibenzocycloheptene, dibenzothiazepine, dibenzothiepin, phenothiazine, and thioxanthene chemical classes, and others.

History

  • Promethazine and other first generation antihistamines with a tricyclic structure were discovered in the 1940s.
  • Chlorpromazine, derived from promethazine originally as a sedative, was found to have neuroleptic properties in the early 1950s, and was the first typical antipsychotic.
  • Imipramine, originally investigated as an antipsychotic, was discovered in the early 1950s, and was the first tricyclic antidepressant.
  • Carbamazepine was discovered in 1953, and was subsequently introduced as an anticonvulsant in 1965.
  • Clozapine, a derivative of imipramine, was synthesized in 1958 and entered the European market in 1972 under the name Leponex.
  • Antidepressants with a tetracyclic structure such as mianserin and maprotiline were first developed in the 1970s as tetracyclic antidepressants.
  • Loratadine was introduced as a non-sedating second generation antihistamine in the 1990s.{{Cite journal

| pmid = 10444229

| year = 1999

| last1 = Kay | first1 = G. G.

| last2 = Harris | first2 = A. G.

| title = Loratadine: a non-sedating antihistamine. Review of its effects on cognition, psychomotor performance, mood and sedation

| volume = 29 Suppl 3

| pages = 147–150

| journal = Clinical and Experimental Allergy

| doi=10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.0290s3147.x

}}

Gallery

class="wikitable" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center"
colspan="5" | Antidepressants
135px

Imipramine

| 135px

Amitriptyline

| 135px

Iprindole

| 135px

Tianeptine

| 135px

Doxepin

colspan="5" | Antipsychotics
135px

Chlorpromazine

| 135px

Thioridazine

| 135px

Chlorprothixene

| 135px

Loxapine

| 135px

Clozapine

colspan="5" | Antihistamines
135px

Promethazine

| 136px

Cyproheptadine

| 135px

Latrepirdine

| 135px

Loratadine

| 135px

Rupatadine

colspan="5" | Others
135px

Carbamazepine

| colspan="2" | 270px

Carvedilol

| 135px

Cyclobenzaprine

| 135px

Pizotifen

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

{{Tricyclics}}

{{Chemical classes of psychoactive drugs}}