Trithuria inconspicua
{{Short description|Species of aquatic plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Trithuria inconspicua iNat2.jpg
|image_caption = Trithuria inconspicua growing in fine silica sand
|genus = Trithuria
|species = inconspicua
|authority = Cheeseman, 1906{{citeq|Q5992016|page=756}}
|synonyms =
Hydatella inconspicua (Cheeseman) Cheeseman
|synonyms_ref = {{cite POWO |id=163050-1 |title=Trithuria inconspicua Cheeseman |accessdate=18 May 2022}}
|status = NC
|status_system = NZTCS
|range_map = LocationNewZealand.svg
|range_map_caption = Distribution of Trithuria inconspicua
|subdivision =
- Trithuria inconspicua subsp. brevistyla K.A.Ford
- Trithuria inconspicua subsp. inconspicua
|subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
}}
Trithuria inconspicua is a small aquatic herb of the family Hydatellaceae that is only found in New Zealand.[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=270876 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]Dmitry D. Sokoloff, Margarita V. Remizowa, Terry D. Macfarlane, and Paula J. Rudall. 2008. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paula-Rudall/publication/233621193_Classification_of_the_early-divergent_angiosperm_family_Hydatellaceae_One_genus_instead_of_two_four_new_species_and_sexual_dimorphism_in_dioecious_taxa/links/0a85e5329b5e2171eb000000/Classification-of-the-early-divergent-angiosperm-family-Hydatellaceae-One-genus-instead-of-two-four-new-species-and-sexual-dimorphism-in-dioecious-taxa.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=started_experiment_milestone&origin=journalDetail&_rtd=e30%3D "Classification of the early-divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae: one genus instead of two, four new species and sexual dimorphism in dioecious taxa".] Taxon 57(1):179-200.
Description
=Vegetative characteristics=
Trithuria inconspicua is a small, 15–55 mm tall, aquatic, perennial, rhizomatous herb with adventitious roots and glabrous, linear-filiform, 15–55 mm long, and 0.25–0.4 mm wide leaves.de Lange, P.J. (2024): Trithuria inconspicua Fact Sheet (content continuously updated). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/trithuria-inconspicua/ (2024-11-13) The rhizome is up to 2 cm long, and up to 3 mm wide.
=Generative characteristics=
It can be seen as either a monoicous, or in part as an exclusively female species. It can possess either bisexual, or unisexual reproductive units ("flowers"). Female plants are more frequent, although male and bisexual individuals also occur.Pledge, David H. 1974. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0028825X.1974.10428640 "Some Observations on Hydatella Inconspicua (Cheesem.) Cheesem. (Centrolepidaceae)."] New Zealand Journal of Botany 12 (4): 559–61. The male flowers consist of bright red 10 mm long filaments, whilst the female flowers are yellow-brown and contain 5-10 styles bunched at the apex.
Cytology
Taxonomy
It was published by Thomas Frederick Cheeseman in 1906. The lectotype specimen was collected by H. Carse in Lake Ngatu, New Zealand on 1 January 1902. It is placed in Trithuria sect. Hydatella.Iles, W. J., Rudall, P. J., Sokoloff, D. D., Remizowa, M. V., Macfarlane, T. D., Logacheva, M. D., & Graham, S. W. (2012). [https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3732/ajb.1100524 Molecular phylogenetics of Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales): Sexual‐system homoplasy and a new sectional classification.] American Journal of Botany, 99(4), 663-676.
It is divided into two subspecies, namely the autonymous subspecies Trithuria inconspicua subsp. inconspicua, which is found in coastal dune lakes in the North of North Island, New Zealand, and Trithuria inconspicua subsp. brevistyla K.A.Ford described in 2019, which is found in glacial lakes in the South of South Island, New Zealand.Smissen, R. D., Ford, K. A., Champion, P. D., & Heenan, P. B. (2019). [https://ref.coastalrestorationtrust.org.nz/site/assets/files/8974/sb18013.pdf Genetic variation in Trithuria inconspicua and T. filamentosa (Hydatellaceae): a new subspecies and a hypothesis of apomixis arising within a predominantly selfing lineage.] Australian Systematic Botany, 32(1), 1-11.
Etymology
The specific epithet inconspicua means inconspicous, not easily visible.Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. (n.d.-a). Trithuria inconspicua Cheeseman. Biota of New Zealand. Retrieved November 13, 2024, from https://biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz/scientific-names/bb52b280-93f6-45d3-b434-ea6c4081e712
The first flowering plant?
Based on molecular data from a single plastid gene (rbcL)T. inconspicua was originally believed to a monocot.Michelangeli, Fabian A., Jerrold I. Davis, and Dennis Wm Stevenson. 2003. "Phylogenetic Relationships among Poaceae and Related Families as Inferred from Morphology, Inversions in the Plastid Genome, and Sequence Data from the Mitochondrial and Plastid Genomes." American Journal of Botany 90 (1): 93–106. However, a more recent study using multiple genetic loci, supported by a subsequent re-evaluation of morphological characteristics, now places T. inconspicua as a sister group with the water lilies (Nymphaeales).Saarela, Jeffery M., Hardeep S. Rai, James A. Doyle, Peter K. Endress, Sarah Mathews, Adam D. Marchant, Barbara G. Briggs, and Sean W. Graham. 2007. "Hydatellaceae Identified as a New Branch near the Base of the Angiosperm Phylogenetic Tree." Nature 446 (7133): 312–15. This new placement of T. inconspicua means only a single lineage of flowering plant is thought to be older, that being the woody New Caledonian shrub Amborella trichopoda.Friis, Else Marie, and Peter Crane. 2007. "Botany: New Home for Tiny Aquatics." Nature 446 (7133): 269–70.
The predominant view that Amborella represents the oldest flowering plant was recently challenged in a study by Goremykini et al (2013),Goremykini, V.V.; Nikiforova, S.V.; Biggs, P.J.; Zhong, B. de Lange, P.; Martin, W.; Woetzel, S.; Atherton, R.A., McLenachan, T.; Lockhart, P.J. 2013: The evolutionary root of flowering plants. Systematic Biology 61 (1) 50–61. who showed that when highly variable sites were removed from the dataset, T. inconspicua was consistently identified as the oldest angiosperm lineage. This proposal has attracted criticism from Drew et al (2014), who argued that the basal placement of T. inconspicua is an artifact of the variable site filtering method used by Goremykini et al (2013).Drew, Bryan T., Brad R. Ruhfel, Stephen A. Smith, Michael J. Moore, Barbara G. Briggs, Matthew A. Gitzendanner, Pamela S. Soltis, and Douglas E. Soltis. 2014. "Another Look at the Root of the Angiosperms Reveals a Familiar Tale." Systematic Biology 63 (3): 368–82. One of the main reasons why people are interested in this question is that placing T. inconspicua at the base of the angiosperm lineage would suggest the first angiosperms were soft bodied aquatic plants, rather than a woody terrestrial plants like Amborella. These competing theories have been given the light hearted monikers "wet and wild" and "dark and disturbed".Feild, Taylor S., Nan Crystal Arens, James A. Doyle, Todd E. Dawson, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2004. "Dark and Disturbed: A New Image of Early Angiosperm Ecology." Paleobiology 30 (1): 82–107.Coiffard, C., B. Gomez, and F. Thevenard. 2007. "Early Cretaceous Angiosperm Invasion of Western Europe and Major Environmental Changes." Annals of Botany 100 (3): 545–53.
Conservation status
Trithuria inconspicua is seriously threatened due to the competition by the introduced bladder wort (Utricularia gibba) as well as other [http://www.nrc.govt.nz/Environment/Weed-and-pest-control/Pest-plants/Freshwater-weeds/ fresh water weeds].
Ecology
Cultural significance
It has been chosen to be the New Zealand's Favourite Plant 2024.Critically endangered Northland lake plant voted NZ’s favourite plant 2024 - Northland Regional Council. (n.d.). Retrieved November 6, 2024, from https://www.nrc.govt.nz/news/2024/november/critically-endangered-northland-lake-plant-voted-nz-s-favourite-plant-2024/Degraaf, P. (2024, November 5). Ancient, inconspicuous plant voted New Zealand’s favourite. RNZ. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/532934/ancient-inconspicuous-plant-voted-new-zealand-s-favourite
References
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