Tsona

In 1354, the Phagmodrupa dynasty established Tsona County (mtsho sna rdzong).{{cite book | title=抗战前后之中英西藏交涉, 1935-1947 | publisher=生活・讀書・新知三联书店 | series=敎育部 人文 社会 科学 重点 研究 基地 南京 大学 中华 民国 史 研究 中心 研究 丛书 | year=2003 | isbn=978-7-108-02027-7 | url=https://books.google.com.kh/books?id=YIY2AQAAIAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2025-03-04 | page=239}}

In the 17th century, sectarian rivalries developed between the Gelugpa sect that was in the ascendant in Central Tibet and the Drukpa sect that got consolidated in Bhutan. The Mera lama of the Merag-Sagteng region in present-day Bhutan,{{efn|The name of the lama is given as Lodrö Gyamtso in the Tawang records.}} belonging to the Gelugpa sect, was chased out of his native village by the Drukpa forces. He fled to the neighbouring Tawang region.{{sfnp|Nanda, Tawang and the Mon in their Borderlands|2020|p=35}}{{sfnp|Aris, Hidden Treasures & Secret Lives|2012}} The people of Tawang were apparently indifferent to the sectarian divisions, and the Mera lama requested help from the governor of Tsona.{{efn|The name of the governor is given as Namkhadruk. He sent a subordinate called Gamo Shongwa to assist the Mera lama.}} However, the Tsona forces were unable to resolve the conflict between the sects. Eventually a direct appeal to the Fifth Dalai Lama was made asking him to "annex" Tawang. According to Tawang records, an edict to this effect was issued in 1680, establishing a new Gelugpa regime in Tawang. The Mera Lama was placed in a position of authority over the region and made responsible to Tsona.{{sfnp|Aris, Hidden Treasures & Secret Lives|2012|p=119}} Since the traditional route via Trashigang was now lost to Bhutan, a new route was developed via Dirang and the area under the Sela Pass (present day West Kameng) was brought under Tawang's control.{{sfnp|Nanda, Tawang and the Mon in their Borderlands|2020|p=36}}

The Fifth Dalai Lama died two years after these events, and his reincarnation was discovered to have been born in Tawang in 1683.{{sfnp|Aris, Hidden Treasures & Secret Lives|2012|p=119}} The family of the young boy, the next Dalai Lama, was secretly transported to Tsona, where he was raised under the watch of the Tsona dzongpöns.{{sfnp|Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons|2009|p=385}} The family was taken to Nakartsé in 1697, after which the Desi (Regent) revealed the news of the Fifth Dalai Lama's death and his reincarnation to be installed as the Sixth Dalai Lama.{{sfnp|Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons|2009|p=387}}

In 1912, the Tibetan government established Governorate of Lhoka (lho kha spyi khyab) in Tsedang, governing 13 Dzongs including Tsona; in 1952, it belonged to the Gyantse Sub-committee of the Chinese Communist Party; on August 29, 1956, It belongs to the Lhoka Governorate Office (山南基巧办事处); on May 5, 1959, Tsona County was established, and the county government was stationed in Tsona Town, and it belonged to the Shannan Commissioner's Office; on March 29, 1969, it belonged to the Shannan Regional Revolutionary Committee; in October 1978, it belonged to Shannan Regional Administrative Office; in February 2016, it belongs to prefecture-level Shannan City.{{Cite web |author=错那方志办 |date=2019-01-19 |title=历史沿革 |url=http://www.cuona.gov.cn/zjcn/cngk/lsyg/201901/t20190119_12266.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521161641/http://www.cuona.gov.cn/zjcn/cngk/lsyg/201901/t20190119_12266.html |archive-date=2023-05-21 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=错那县人民政府}} On April 3, 2023, the county was withdrawn and established as a city, and the city government was stationed in Mama Menba ethnic township.{{cite web|author=西藏自治区人民政府办公厅|title=关于批准撤销错那县设立县级错那市的公告|url=http://www.xizang.gov.cn/zwgk/xxfb/gsgg_428/202304/t20230403_349035.html|website=西藏自治区人民政府|accessdate=2023-04-03|date=2023-04-04|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404125116/http://www.xizang.gov.cn/zwgk/xxfb/gsgg_428/202304/t20230403_349035.html }}

Two main south-flowing rivers Nyamjang Chu

[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11293407 Nyamjang Chu], OpenStreetMap, retrieve 8 April 2023.

and Tsona Chu

[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11306320 Tsona Chu], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 8 April 2023.

flow through the county and enter India's Tawang district, where they join the Tawang Chu river. Between Nyamjang Chu and Tsona Chu lies an undulating plateau, with streams flowing west to east, often after collecting into lakes. Napa Yutso and Nyapa Tso are two such large lakes.{{sfnp|Dorje, Footprint Tibet|2004|p=209}}

In addition, the Tsona County also contains the basins of the east-flowing rivers that form the Subansiri River. Loro Karpo Chu (the "white Loro river") in the north leads to the Jorra township. Loro Nakpo Chu (the "black Loro river") leads to the Khartak (or Kardag) township.{{sfnp|Dorje, Footprint Tibet|2004|p=208}}

Tsona Dzong, the main town and the headquarters of the Tsona County, is in the plateau between Nyamjang Chu and Tsona Chu. It is {{convert|34|km|mi|0|disp=or}} north of Bum La Pass, which marks the border with the Tawang district.[http://aruntrade.gov.in/html/indo_china_trade.htm Indo-China Border Trade], Department of Trade & Commerce, Government of Arunachal Pradesh, retrieved 13 July 2020. Immediately to the north of Bum La is the village of Shao ({{bo|t=ཤ་འུག|w=sha 'ug}}), whose full name Shauk Tago has been associated with Guru Padmasambhava and other Buddhist preachers over centuries.{{sfnp|Dorje, Footprint Tibet|2004|p=209}} The location is mentioned in these texts as being part of "Monyul" i.e., Tawang area.{{sfnp|Tenpa, An Early History of the Mon Region|2018|pp=52–53}}

The total land area of Tsona is {{convert|35191.23|sqkm|sqmi|2|disp=or}},{{cite book |editor=西藏自治区第二次全国土地调查领导小组办公室 |title=西藏自治区第二次全国土地调查图集 |publisher=西藏自治区国土资源厅 |page=150}} and the actual jurisdiction area is {{convert|6703.62|sqkm|sqmi|2|disp=or}}.{{cite book |editor=西藏山南地区土地资源调查队 |title=西藏山南土地资源评价 |publisher=中国农业科技出版社 |location=北京 |page=110 }} The highest peak, Kanggeduo Mountain, is {{convert|7,060|m|ft|0|disp=or}} above sea level. Rivers include Donggaxiong, Cuona, Luodu, Luo, Yu, etc. Lakes include Nariyong, Yang, Danba, Bila, Guwu, Gejin, Jimu, etc.{{cite book |editor=中国大百科全书编委会 |title=中国大百科全书 |edition=第三版 |url=https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=420862&Type=bkzyb&SubID=173201 |accessdate=2023-05-22}} The largest, Nariyong, covers an area of {{convert|58.33|sqkm|sqmi|2|disp=or}}.

Typically for most of Tibet, Tsona has an alpine climate (Köppen ETH) featuring short, cool summers, freezing, dry winters, and large diurnal temperature ranges except during the rainy summer months. The annual average temperature is {{convert|−0.6|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}, the average temperature in July is {{convert|7.8|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}, and the average temperature in January is {{convert|−10|°C|°F|disp=or}}. Annual sunshine totals 2589 hours, the annual frost-free period is 42 days, and the annual precipitation totals {{convert|429.1|mm|in|2|disp=or}}.

{{Weather box|width=auto

|metric first=y

|single line=y

|collapsed = Y

|location = Tsona, elevation {{convert|4280|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1991–present)

|Jan record high C = 14.9

|Feb record high C = 14.2

|Mar record high C = 13.7

|Apr record high C = 13.2

|May record high C = 16.6

|Jun record high C = 18.2

|Jul record high C = 18.9

|Aug record high C = 18.2

|Sep record high C = 16.6

|Oct record high C = 14.9

|Nov record high C = 14.8

|Dec record high C = 14.8

|Jan record low C = -33.7

|Feb record low C = -32.7

|Mar record low C = -24.8

|Apr record low C = -17.1

|May record low C = -9.0

|Jun record low C = -3.1

|Jul record low C = -1.5

|Aug record low C = -1.8

|Sep record low C = -6.6

|Oct record low C = -24.8

|Nov record low C = -24.7

|Dec record low C = -30.2

|Jan high C = -0.3

|Feb high C = 0.2

|Mar high C = 1.9

|Apr high C = 5.0

|May high C = 8.6

|Jun high C = 12.1

|Jul high C = 13.1

|Aug high C = 12.9

|Sep high C = 11.5

|Oct high C = 7.4

|Nov high C = 4.5

|Dec high C = 2.4

|Jan mean C = -9.0

|Feb mean C = -7.2

|Mar mean C = -3.6

|Apr mean C = -0.1

|May mean C = 3.5

|Jun mean C = 7.3

|Jul mean C = 8.4

|Aug mean C = 8.1

|Sep mean C = 6.5

|Oct mean C = 1.5

|Nov mean C = -3.4

|Dec mean C = -6.8

|Jan low C = -17.0

|Feb low C = -14.1

|Mar low C = -8.4

|Apr low C = -3.7

|May low C = 0.1

|Jun low C = 4.2

|Jul low C = 5.5

|Aug low C = 5.2

|Sep low C = 3.3

|Oct low C = -2.7

|Nov low C = -9.3

|Dec low C = -14.2

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 8.9

|Feb precipitation mm = 12.8

|Mar precipitation mm = 31.2

|Apr precipitation mm = 48.0

|May precipitation mm = 44.4

|Jun precipitation mm = 48.3

|Jul precipitation mm = 75.8

|Aug precipitation mm = 79.0

|Sep precipitation mm = 41.2

|Oct precipitation mm = 32.0

|Nov precipitation mm = 4.6

|Dec precipitation mm = 2.9

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 6.2

|Feb precipitation days = 9.3

|Mar precipitation days = 16.7

|Apr precipitation days = 20.9

|May precipitation days = 21.1

|Jun precipitation days = 23.1

|Jul precipitation days = 25.9

|Aug precipitation days = 26.4

|Sep precipitation days = 21.0

|Oct precipitation days = 10.5

|Nov precipitation days = 3.1

|Dec precipitation days = 2.3

|year precipitation days =

|Jan humidity = 63

|Feb humidity = 69

|Mar humidity = 74

|Apr humidity = 78

|May humidity = 78

|Jun humidity = 80

|Jul humidity = 82

|Aug humidity = 82

|Sep humidity = 81

|Oct humidity = 74

|Nov humidity = 67

|Dec humidity = 60

|Jan sun = 253.4

|Feb sun = 228.4

|Mar sun = 237.1

|Apr sun = 211.4

|May sun = 207.4

|Jun sun = 189.8

|Jul sun = 149.8

|Aug sun = 152.3

|Sep sun = 193.4

|Oct sun = 245.3

|Nov sun = 257.1

|Dec sun = 263.7

|year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 77

| Feb percentsun = 72

| Mar percentsun = 63

| Apr percentsun = 55

| May percentsun = 49

| Jun percentsun = 46

| Jul percentsun = 36

| Aug percentsun = 38

| Sep percentsun = 53

| Oct percentsun = 70

| Nov percentsun = 80

| Dec percentsun = 82

| year percentsun =

|Jan snow days = 10.9

|Feb snow days = 14.5

|Mar snow days = 22.1

|Apr snow days = 23.5

|May snow days = 14.4

|Jun snow days = 0.5

|Jul snow days = 0.1

|Aug snow days = 0.2

|Sep snow days = 0.8

|Oct snow days = 9.0

|Nov snow days = 6.7

|Dec snow days = 5.9

|year snow days =

|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=27 September 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =27 September 2023}}

}}

Tsona is rich in forest resources, and there are a large number of bamboo forests composed of Tsona arrow bamboo. The national first-class protected animals include Bengal tigers, leopards, snow leopards, red pandas, Tibetan wild donkeys and bisons.{{Cite web |author=错那方志办 |date=2019-01-19 |title=自然地理 |url=http://www.cuona.gov.cn/zjcn/cngk/zrdl/201901/t20190119_12269.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521175536/http://www.cuona.gov.cn/zjcn/cngk/zrdl/201901/t20190119_12269.html |archive-date=2023-05-21 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=错那县人民政府}}

Tsona comprises 1 town, 5 townships and 4 ethnic townships:{{cite web |script-title = zh:2022年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：错那市 |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2022/54/05/540530.html |website=National Bureau of Statistics of China|language=zh|accessdate=2023-05-21 |archive-date=2023-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321172857/http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2022/54/05/540530.html }}{{cite web | url = http://cn.zyw.xizang.gov.cn/bmfw/hzdzgjs/xzdm/ | title =汉藏对照工具书__西藏行政地名词典 |language=zh}}

According to the seventh national census, the population is 13,932, including 12,404 Tibetans, 946 Hans, and 582 other nationalities. The urban population accounts for 20.61%, and the rural population accounts for 79.39%.{{Cite web |author=错那县统计局 |date=2021-08-09 |title=错那县第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报 |url=http://www.cuona.gov.cn/zwgk/xxgkml/202108/t20210809_86952.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521175925/http://www.cuona.gov.cn/zwgk/xxgkml/202108/t20210809_86952.html |archive-date=2023-05-21 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=错那县人民政府}} Agriculture mainly produces highland barley, wheat, peas, potatoes, rapeseed, etc., with a pasture area of more than 353,000 hectares, and the main livestock are yaks, cattle, sheep and goats. In 2020, the regional GDP is 813.954 million yuan, of which the primary industry is 29.001 million yuan, the secondary industry is 429.675 million yuan, and the tertiary industry is 355.279 million yuan; fixed asset investment is 679.51 million yuan, and the total retail sales of social consumer goods is 206.501 million yuan, the per capita disposable income of rural residents is 14,007 yuan, the tax revenue is 43.9986 million yuan, and the tourism income is 37.061 million yuan.{{Cite web |author=错那县统计局 |date=2020-05-11 |title=财政金融 |url=http://www.cuona.gov.cn/zjcn/cngk/czjr/201901/t20190119_12279.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521182245/http://www.cuona.gov.cn/zjcn/cngk/czjr/201901/t20190119_12279.html |archive-date=2023-05-21 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=错那县人民政府}}

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last=Aris |first=Michael |title=Hidden Treasures & Secret Lives |publisher=Routledge |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-136-14914-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYOTAgAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Aris, Hidden Treasures & Secret Lives|2012}}}}
• {{citation |last=Dorje |first=Gyurme |title=Footprint Tibet Handbook with Bhutan |edition=3rd |url=https://archive.org/details/footprinttibet0000dorj |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |publisher=Footprint Handbooks |location=Bath |year=2004 |isbn=1-903471-30-3 |ref={{sfnref|Dorje, Footprint Tibet|2004}}}}
• {{citation |first=Lobsang |last=Tenpa |title=An Early History of the Mon Region (India) and its Relationship with Tibet and Bhutan |series=South & Inner Asian Studies/ Tibetan & Himalayan Studies |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |year=2018 |isbn=9789387023345 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCP3DwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Tenpa, An Early History of the Mon Region|2018}}}}
• {{citation |last=Nanda |first=Neeru |chapter=Tawang and the Mon in their Borderlands: A Historical Overview |editor1=M. Mayilvaganan |editor2=Nasima Khatoon |editor3=Sourina Bej |title=Tawang, Monpas and Tibetan Buddhism in Transition: Life and Society along the India-China Borderland |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8i3rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |year=2020 |publisher=Springer Singapore |isbn=9789811543463 |pages=29–44 |ref={{sfnref|Nanda, Tawang and the Mon in their Borderlands|2020}}}}
• {{citation |last=Shakabpa |first=Tsepon Wangchuk Deden |title=One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyrymfDdI0C |year=2009 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-17732-1 |ref={{sfnref|Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons|2009}}}}

• [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2743967#map=9/28.0903/92.0682&layers=C Tsona County] marked on OpenStreetMap
• [https://archive.org/details/bdrc-W1KG15007 Cona County Annals]

{{County-level divisions of Tibet}}

{{Shannan Prefecture}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Counties of Tibet

Category:Shannan, Tibet

Category:Territorial disputes of China

Category:Territorial disputes of India