Twistronics

In 2007, National University of Singapore physicist Antonio H. Castro Neto hypothesized that pressing two misaligned graphene sheets together might yield new electrical properties, and separately proposed that graphene might offer a route to superconductivity, but he did not combine the two ideas. In 2010 researchers in Eva Andrei's laboratory at Rutgers University in Piscataway, New Jersey discovered twisted bilayer graphene through its defining moiré pattern and demonstrating that the twist angle has a strong effect on the band structure by measuring greatly renormalized van Hove singularities.{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Guohong |last2=Luican |first2=A. |last3=Lopes dos Santos |first3=J. M. B. |last4=Castro Neto |first4=A. H. |last5=Reina |first5=A. |last6=Kong |first6=J. |last7=Andrei |first7=E. Y. |title=Observation of Van Hove singularities in twisted graphene layers |journal=Nature Physics |date=February 2010 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=109–113 |doi=10.1038/nphys1463 |arxiv=0912.2102 |bibcode=2010NatPh...6..109L }} Also in 2010 researchers from Federico Santa María Technical University in Chile found that for a certain angle close to 1 degree the band of the electronic structure of twisted bilayer graphene became completely flat,{{cite journal |last1=Suárez Morell |first1=E. |last2=Correa |first2=J. D. |last3=Vargas |first3=P. |last4=Pacheco |first4=M. |last5=Barticevic |first5=Z. |title=Flat bands in slightly twisted bilayer graphene: Tight-binding calculations |journal=Physical Review B |date=13 September 2010 |volume=82 |issue=12 |page=121407 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.82.121407 |arxiv=1012.4320 |bibcode=2010PhRvB..82l1407S |hdl=10533/144840 |s2cid=117926220 |hdl-access=free }} and because of that theoretical property, they suggested that collective behavior might be possible. In 2011 Allan H. MacDonald (of University of Texas at Austin) and Rafi Bistritzer using a simple theoretical model found that for the previously found "magic angle" the amount of energy a free electron would require to tunnel between two graphene sheets radically changes.{{Cite journal|last1=Bistritzer|first1=Rafi|last2=MacDonald|first2=Allan H.|date=26 July 2011|title=Moiré bands in twisted double-layer graphene|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=108|issue=30|pages=12233–12237| pmc=3145708| doi= 10.1073/pnas.1108174108|pmid=21730173|doi-access=free|arxiv=1009.4203 |bibcode=2011PNAS..10812233B }} In 2017, the research group of Efthimios Kaxiras at Harvard University used detailed quantum mechanics calculations to reduce uncertainty in the twist angle between two graphene layers that can induce extraordinary behavior of electrons in this two-dimensional system. In 2018, Pablo Jarillo-Herrero, an experimentalist at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, found that the magic angle resulted in the unusual electrical properties that MacDonald and Bistritzer had predicted.{{Cite journal|last1=Cao|first1=Yuan|last2=Fatemi|first2=Valla|last3=Fang|first3=Shiang|last4=Watanabe|first4=Kenji|last5=Taniguchi|first5=Takashi|last6=Kaxiras|first6=Efthimios|last7=Jarillo-Herrero|first7=Pablo|date=5 March 2018|title=Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=556|issue=7699|pages=43–50|doi= 10.1038/nature26160|pmid=29512651|arxiv=1803.02342|bibcode=2018Natur.556...43C |s2cid=4655887}} At 1.1 degrees rotation at sufficiently low temperatures, electrons move from one layer to the other, creating a lattice and the phenomenon of superconductivity.{{cite news |title =New twist on graphene gets materials scientists hot under the collar |work=New York Times |url =https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/30/science/graphene-physics-superconductor.html |accessdate =29 Sep 2020 | date=30 October 2019 |first=Kenneth |last=Chang}}

Publication of these discoveries has generated a host of theoretical papers seeking to understand and explain the phenomena{{Cite web|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/whats-the-magic-behind-graphenes-magic-angle-20190528/|title=What's the Magic Behind Graphene's 'Magic' Angle?|last=Freedman|first=David H.|website=Quanta Magazine|date=2019-05-28|access-date=2019-05-28}} as well as numerous experiments using varying numbers of layers, twist angles and other materials.{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-explore-mysteries-magic-angle-superconductors.html|title=Experiments explore the mysteries of 'magic' angle superconductors|website=Phys.org|language=en-us|date=2019-07-31|access-date=2019-07-31}} Subsequent works showed that electronic properties of the stack can also be strongly dependent on heterostrain especially near the magic angle{{Cite journal |last1=Bi |first1=Zhen |last2=Yuan |first2=Noah F. Q. |last3=Fu |first3=Liang |date=2019-07-31 |title=Designing flat bands by strain |journal=Physical Review B |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=035448 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.100.035448|doi-access=free |arxiv=1902.10146 |bibcode=2019PhRvB.100c5448B |hdl=1721.1/135558 |hdl-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Mesple |first1=Florie |last2=Missaoui |first2=Ahmed |last3=Cea |first3=Tommaso |last4=Huder |first4=Loic |last5=Guinea |first5=Francisco |last6=Trambly de Laissardière |first6=Guy |last7=Chapelier |first7=Claude |last8=Renard |first8=Vincent T. |title=Heterostrain Determines Flat Bands in Magic-Angle Twisted Graphene Layers |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=17 September 2021 |volume=127 |issue=12 |page=126405 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.126405 |pmid=34597066 |arxiv=2012.02475 |bibcode=2021PhRvL.127l6405M |s2cid=227305789 }} allowing potential applications in straintronics.

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The theoretical predictions of superconductivity were confirmed by Pablo Jarillo-Herrero and his student Yuan Cao of MIT and colleagues from Harvard University and the National Institute for Materials Science in Tsukuba, Japan. In 2018 they verified that superconductivity existed in bilayer graphene where one layer was rotated by an angle of 1.1° relative to the other, forming a moiré pattern, at a temperature of {{convert|1.7|K|C F}}.{{cite journal |last1=Cao |first1=Yuan |last2=Fatemi |first2=Valla |last3=Demir |first3=Ahmet |last4=Fang |first4=Shiang |last5=Tomarken |first5=Spencer L. |last6=Luo |first6=Jason Y. |last7=Sanchez-Yamagishi |first7=Javier D. |last8=Watanabe |first8=Kenji |last9=Taniguchi |first9=Takashi |last10=Kaxiras |first10=Efthimios |last11=Ashoori |first11=Ray C. |last12=Jarillo-Herrero |first12=Pablo |title=Correlated insulator behaviour at half-filling in magic-angle graphene superlattices |journal=Nature |date=5 April 2018 |volume=556 |issue=7699 |pages=80–84 |doi=10.1038/nature26154 |arxiv=1802.00553 |bibcode=2018Natur.556...80C |pmid=29512654 |s2cid=4601086 }}{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Brian|url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/03/graphene-superlattices-could-be-used-for-superconducting-transistors.html|title=Graphene superlattices could be used for superconducting transistors|website=NextBigFuture.com|language=en-US|date=2018-03-07|access-date=2019-05-03}} They created two bilayer devices that acted as an insulator instead of a conductor without a magnetic field. Increasing the field strength turned the second device into a superconductor.

A further advance in twistronics is the discovery of a method of turning the superconductive paths on and off by application of a small voltage differential.{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-10-physics-magic-angle-graphene-switchable.html|title=Twisted physics: Magic angle graphene produces switchable patterns of superconductivity|last=|first=|date=October 30, 2019|website=phys.org|language=en-us|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-02-06}}

Experiments have also been done using combinations of graphene layers with other materials that form heterostructures in the form of atomically thin sheets that are held together by the weak Van der Waals force.{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-03-equal-graphene-like-d-materials.html|title=1 + 1 does not equal 2 for graphene-like 2-D materials|last=University of Sheffield|date=March 6, 2019|website=phys.org|language=en-us|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-08-01}} For example, a study published in Science in July 2019 found that with the addition of a boron nitride lattice between two graphene sheets, unique orbital ferromagnetic effects were produced at a 1.17° angle, which could be used to implement memory in quantum computers.{{Cite web|last=Than|first=Ker|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-physicists-quantum-graphene-magnetism.html|title=Physicists discover new quantum trick for graphene: magnetism|website=phys.org|language=en-us|date=2019-07-26|access-date=2019-07-27}} Further spectroscopic studies of twisted bilayer graphene revealed strong electron-electron correlations at the magic angle.{{Cite journal |last=Scheurer |first=Mathias S. |title=Spectroscopy of graphene with a magic twist |journal=Nature |volume=572 |issue=7767 |pages=40–41 |date=2019-07-31 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-02285-1|pmid=31367024 |bibcode=2019Natur.572...40S |doi-access=free }}

Between 2-D layers for bismuth selenide and a dichalcogenide, researchers at the Northeastern University in Boston, discovered that at a specific degrees of twist a new lattice layer, consisting of only pure electrons, would develop between the two 2-D elemental layers.{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-02-physicists-accidentally-state.html|title=Physicists may have accidentally discovered a new state of matter|website=Phys.org|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-27 |date=February 27, 2020 |first=Laura |last=Castañón}} The quantum and physical effects of the alignment between the two layers appears to create "puddle" regions which trap electrons into a stable lattice. Because this stable lattice consists only of electrons, it is the first non-atomic lattice observed and suggests new opportunities to confine, control, measure, and transport electrons.

A three layer construction, consisting of two layers of graphene with a 2-D layer of boron nitride, has been shown to exhibit superconductivity, insulation and ferromagnetism.{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-03-talented-d-material-gig.html|title=A talented 2-D material gets a new gig|website=Phys.org|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-04 |date=March 4, 2020}} In 2021, this was achieved on a single graphene flake.{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=2021-05-06|title=Magic angle makes graphene simultaneously superconducting and insulating|url=https://newatlas.com/electronics/magic-angle-graphene-superconductor-insulator/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=New Atlas|language=en-US}}

• Straintronics – a method for altering the properties of two-dimensional materials by introducing controlled stress
• Spintronics – the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment in solid-state devices
• Valleytronics – the study of local extrema, valleys, in the electronic band structure of semiconductors

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Category:Graphene

Category:Superconductivity