Typhoon Ma-on (2004)

{{storm path|Ma-on 2004 track.png}}

Typhoon Ma-on originated from a weak low-pressure area accompanied by persistent convection, or thunderstorms, north-northwest of Guam on September 29, 2004. Though environmental conditions featured weak wind shear and modest diffluence, favoring tropical cyclogenesis, the convection was cyclical and the system did not develop much over the following two days. Over the first three days of October, organization fluctuated as semi-persistent convection appeared over the circulation center. On October 3, a QuikScat satellite pass revealed a well-developed circulation while a ship {{cvt|555|km}} south of the low reported {{cvt|45|km/h}} winds. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began monitoring the low as a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC. Twelve hours later, the depression crossed 135°E and entered the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration's (PAGASA) area of responsibility, receiving the local name Rolly from the agency. Becoming nearly stationary, the system turned due north late on October 3. At 00:00 UTC on October 4, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) classified the system as Tropical Depression 26W; the newly designated cyclone was situated over the Philippine Sea roughly {{cvt|1,145|km}} west-northwest of Guam at this time.{{cite web|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy|year=2005|accessdate=July 17, 2014|title=Super Typhoon 26W (Ma-on) Best Track|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2004/2004s-bwp/bwp262004.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916203242/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2004/2004s-bwp/bwp262004.txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 16, 2012|format=.TXT}} Six hours later, both the JMA and JTWC analyzed the depression and concluded it had become a tropical storm; the JMA assigning it the name Ma-on. Slow organization of Ma-on ensued over the following two days as it moved north and later northwest along the edge of a high-pressure area. The JTWC estimated Ma-on to have reached typhoon status around 06:00 UTC on October 6, with the JMA following suit 12 hours later.

Synoptic patterns changed dramatically on October 7 as a trough emerged off the coast of East China and prompted Ma-on to turn northeast. Simultaneously, it provided a greatly enhanced poleward outflow channel toward Japan. The shift in motion was also accompanied by a period of rapid intensification, with a well-defined eye forming. Over the 24 hour-period from 18:00 to 18:00 UTC October 6–7, Ma-on's barometric pressure dropped from 965 mb (hPa; 28.50 inHg) to 920 mb (hPa; 27.17 inHg). The end of this phase marked the peak intensity of the typhoon, with winds reaching {{cvt|185|km/h}}. The JTWC estimated Ma-on to have been a significantly stronger storm with one-minute sustained winds topping out at {{cvt|260|km/h}} at 00:00 UTC on October 8. This ranked it as a Category 5-equivalent typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. They also assessed the pressure to have decreased to 898 mb (hPa; 26.52 inHg). Not long after reaching this intensity, Ma-on's eye began to shrink and become ragged. Acceleration to the northeast, with its forward speed reaching {{convert|54|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, ensued throughout the day and weakening ensued. Convection became increasingly asymmetric with dry air impinging on the southwestern semicircle, indicating the beginning of extratropical transition. The typhoon made landfall along the Izu Peninsula of Japan around 07:00 UTC on October 9, with winds of {{cvt|150|km/h}} and a central pressure of 950 mb (hPa; 28.06 inHg). The JTWC estimated Ma-on to have been a Category 3-equivalent with one-minute sustained winds of {{cvt|195|km/h}}. Roughly six hours after striking Japan, the rapidly weakening typhoon re-emerged over the Pacific Ocean. The system completed its extratropical transition later on October 9 as it weakened below typhoon intensity.

File:Ma-on 2004-10-17 2025Z.png

After losing a defined low-level circulation early on October 10,{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|year=2005|accessdate=July 14, 2014|title=台風0422号(0422 Ma-on)|url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/fcd/yoho/data/typhoon/T0422.pdf}} Ma-on's the remnant trough continued eastward across the North Pacific. More than a week later, by October 18, the storm moved over the Bering Sea and began to intensify rapidly as conditions favored bombogenesis of the baroclinic system.{{cite report|author=Gary Hufford and James Partain|publisher=American Meteorological Society|year=2005|accessdate=July 14, 2014|title=Climate Change and Short-Term Forecasting for Alaskan Northern Coasts|url=https://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/83001.pdf}} It is not certain whether this system was predominantly the remnants of Ma-on or another non-tropical system which had its origins near Norway and traversed Eurasia.{{cite journal|author=C. Larsen, D. E. Atkinson, J. Walsh, J. Arnott, and K. Lingaas|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |year=2006|accessdate=July 15, 2014|title= Dynamical Development of the Bering/Chukchi Sea Storm, October, 2004|journal=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts |volume=2006 |pages=A21A–0827 |bibcode=2006AGUFM.A21A0827L |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.A21A0827L}} Regardless of its dominant origin the storm moved across the central Aleutian Islands with a pressure of 978 mb (hPa; 28.88 inHg) on October 17 and doubled back to the west throughout the next day. As it moved over the Gulf of Anadyr, it quickly deepened to an exceptionally powerful 941 mb (hPa; 27.79 inHg). The intensification resulted from the influx of warm, moist air directly associated with the remnants of Ma-on combining with cold air from an upper-level low over the Russian Far East being entrained into the southeastern portion of the circulation. Winds up to typhoon-force occurred over a large swath of the Bering Sea and portions of western coastal Alaska. Situated {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} west of Nome, Alaska, the powerful storm subsequently weakened and slowed on October 19. By October 20, the system filled to 980 mb (hPa; 28.95 inHg) low and reached a position {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} west of Kotzebue, Alaska.{{cite web|author=National Weather Service Office in Fairbanks, Alaska|work=National Climatic Data Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=2005|accessdate=July 14, 2014|title=Alaska Event Report: High Wind|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5426727}} Over the subsequent four days, the low meandered in the same general area and was last noted on October 24.{{cite web|author=Katherine A. Pingree-Shippee, Norman J. Shippee, David E. Atkinson|publisher=University of Alaska Fairbanks|year=2012|accessdate=July 15, 2014|title=Overview of Bering/Chukchi Sea Wave States for Selected Severe Storms|url=http://climate.iarc.uaf.edu:8080/geonetwork/srv/en/resources.get?id=522&fname=1353973994AGU_poster_PingreeShippee_final.pdf}}

File:Typhoon Ma-on 2004 structural evolution.jpg satellite depicting the structural evolution of Typhoon Ma-on from October 3–9.]]

As Typhoon Ma-on began turning to the north on October 8 towards Japan, the JMA warned residents in the Tōkai, Kansai, and Shikoku regions of heavy rain.{{cite news|agency=Japan Economic Newswire|date=October 8, 2004|title=Typhoon Ma-on moves north, may strike Honshu Saturday|location=Tokyo, Japan|page=8}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}} Meteorologists warned it would likely become the strongest storm to strike the Kantō region in at least a decade.{{cite news|agency=Japan Economic Newswire|date=October 9, 2004|title=Strongest typhoon in decade set to strike Kanto|location=Tokyo, Japan}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}} Japan Airlines and All Nippon Airways cancelled 262 flights collectively on October 9, affecting 53,000 passengers. Overall, 380 domestic and 72 international flights were cancelled because of Ma-on. The Central Japan Railway Company temporarily suspended service for the entire Tōkaidō Shinkansen line, which travels from Tokyo to Shin-Ōsaka. Mandatory evacuation orders were issued for 3,528 families across five prefectures, while a further 1,600 families voluntarily evacuated from 13 others.{{cite web|author=Mari Murayama and Iain Wilson|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=October 9, 2004|accessdate=July 18, 2014|title=Typhoon Ma-on Reaches Central Japan; Flights Canceled (Update2) |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aOU2wlR3jxZs&refer=japan}} Voluntary evacuations also took place on Minamidaitōjima.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 24, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-936-21)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-936-21}} Practice and qualifying runs for the 2004 Japanese Grand Prix at the Suzuka Circuit, initially scheduled for October 9, were suspended until the following day.{{cite web|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=October 9, 2004|accessdate=July 18, 2014|title=Typhoon Ma-on lashes Tokyo|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-10-09/typhoon-ma-on-lashes-tokyo/565712}} Play at the Japan Open was suspended briefly because of the rain from the storm.{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=October 9, 2004|title=Play suspended at Japan Open tennis|location=Tokyo, Japan}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}

Typhoon Ma-on was the eighth of a record-breaking ten landfalling typhoons in Japan during the 2004 season. Of these storms, Ma-on was the only system to strike eastern areas of the nation directly and the second-strongest, with a landfall pressure of 950 mb (hPa; 28.06 inHg).{{cite journal|author=Joo-Hong Kim, Chang-Hoi Ho, and Chung-Hsiung Sui|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=32|issue=14|date=July 28, 2005|title=Circulation features associated with the record-breaking typhoon landfall on Japan in 2004|doi=10.1029/2005GL022494|page=2|bibcode=2005GeoRL..3214713K |doi-access=free}} Collectively, these storms resulted in 214 fatalities and over 2,000 injuries. Widespread and extensive damage to housing and infrastructure occurred with well over 200,000 homes damaged or destroyed and financial losses in excess of ¥564 billion (US$5 billion).{{cite journal|author=Yasou Okuda, Yukio Tamura, Hiroaki Nishimura, Hitomitsu Kikitsu, and Hisashi Okada|journal=United States–Japan Natural Resources Panel|publisher=Public Works Research Institute|year=2005|accessdate=July 14, 2014|title=High Wind Damage to Buildings Caused by Typhoon in 2004|url=https://www.pwri.go.jp/eng/ujnr/joint/38/paper/38-32okuda.pdf}}

The typhoon produced record-breaking wind across the Izu Peninsula when it made landfall on October 9.{{cite report|author=Kevin Boyle and Huang Chunliang|publisher=Typhoon 2000|date=February 17, 2005|accessdate=July 14, 2014|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: October 2004|chapter=Super Typhoon Ma-on|chapter-url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormarchives/2004/summaries/18rollyma-on.htm}} The most intense winds of more than {{convert|215|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were confined to areas along Sagami Bay, about {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of Tokyo. Contrary to most tropical cyclones, which see their strongest winds in the right-front quadrant, these winds occurred along the backside of Typhoon Ma-on. As the storm passed through, a low level jet formed along the east edge of the Kanto Mountains and facilitated an extreme gap flow event.{{cite journal|author=Wataru Mashiko|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|journal=Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan|volume=86|issue=1|year=2008|pages=183–202|title= Formation Mechanism of a Low-Level Jet during the Passage of Typhoon Ma-on (2004) over the Southern Kanto District|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/86/1/86_1_183/_pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.2151/jmsj.86.183|bibcode=2008JMeSJ..86..183M|doi-access=free}} A peak gust of {{convert|243|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} was measured in Irōzaki; sustained values reached {{convert|142|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} in Ajiro. Record high gusts were observed in Irōzaki, Ajiro, and Ojima, while record high sustained winds occurred in Ajiro, Haneda, and Ojima. The extreme gap flow event resulted from the warm air associated with Ma-on moving over the relatively cool air over the Kanto Plain. As the backside of the storm moved through, northerly winds pushed the cooler air south and allowed it to extend to higher altitudes as it paralleled the mountains along the west side of the plains. Model simulations of the event indicated that without the mountains, winds would have been no more than {{convert|126|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} in the same areas.{{cite journal|author=Wataru Mashiko|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|year=2006|accessdate=July 14, 2014|title=High-resolution simulation of wind structure in the inner-core of Typhoon Ma-on (2004) and sensitivity experiments of horizontal resolution|url=http://www.wcrp-climate.org/WGNE/BlueBook/2006/individual-articles/05_Mashiko_Wataru_05_Mashiko_Wataru_WGNE2006.pdf|pages=1–2}}

Torrential rains accompanied the storm, with several areas reporting rainfall rates in excess of {{convert|60|mm|in|abbr=on}} per hour. A local record of {{convert|89|mm|in|abbr=on}} per hour was measured in Omaezaki, Shizuoka, which contributed to a 24-hour record of {{convert|360|mm|in|abbr=on}} at the same station. Storm total values peaked in Omaezaki at {{convert|413|mm|in|abbr=on}} over a three-day period; measurements in excess of {{convert|300|mm|in|abbr=on}} were confined to Aichi, Chiba, Kanagawa, Shizuoka, and Yamanashi prefectures. Enhanced precipitation affected areas well to the west of Ma-on, such as in Okinawa Prefecture where up to {{convert|190|mm|in|abbr=on}} fell in Motobu.{{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 14, 2014|title=Precipitation Summary|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/summary_prec.pl?id=200422&lang=en&sort=total&order=dec&stype=number}}

Landslides triggered by the heavy rains caused widespread disruptions in the nation as well as one fatality in Kamakura, Kanagawa.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 24, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-670-15)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-670-15}} Chiba and Kanagawa Prefectures were particularly hard-hit. Nearly 500 collective landslides affected the prefectures, damaging homes and paralyzing traffic.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 21, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-648-10)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-648-10}} Part of National Route 19 was blocked and two buildings were damaged by a slide in Nagano Prefecture.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 19, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-610-16)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-610-16}} A landslide in Niisato, Iwate, blocked portions of a road and prompted voluntary evacuations.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 19, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-584-20)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-584-20}} Two landslides and flooding caused a few road closures in Miyagi Prefecture.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 19, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-590-08)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-590-08}} Slides occurred as far west as Nara and Okinawa. One shut down a {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch of road in Hokkejicho while three occurred in Nago.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 24, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-780-13)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-780-13}}

Approximately 180,000 Tokyo Electric customers lost power during the storm. In Minamiizu, Shizuoka, a power pole struck a man downed by high winds and later died at the hospital. Extensive agricultural and infrastructural damage occurred in Fukushima Prefecture, where losses amounted to ¥3.4 billion{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 19, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-595-17)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-595-17}} Agricultural losses in Chiba amounted to ¥1.2 billion.

Widespread disruptions to rail service in eastern Japan resulted from the typhoon. Service along the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line subway suspended due to flooding at the Azabu-Jūban Station. Flooding and heavy rains prompted suspensions of the Saikyō, Keiyō, Tōhoku Shinkansen, Jōetsu Shinkansen, Nagano Shinkansen, and Keihin-Tōhoku lines. Trains along the Tokyo Monorail and express lines from the Odakyu Electric Railway and Keikyu were also interrupted. Additionally, a landslide struck a portion of the Chūō Main Line.{{cite news|agency=Japan Economic Newswire|date=October 9, 2014|title=2 dead, 6 missing as Typhoon Ma-on floods Tokyo, vicinity|location=Tokyo, Japan}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}} A train derailed in Yamanashi Prefecture due to debris on the track.{{cite news|agency=Deutsche Presse-Agentur|date=October 9, 2004|title=Strongest typhoon in 10 years to hit Japan|location=Tokyo, Japan}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}

In Gunma Prefecture a man was injured after being blown off his roof in Ōta while trying to repair a gutter. A few homes were flooded and damage in the prefecture amounted to ¥41.2 million.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 20, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-624-17)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-624-17}} One person sustained minor injuries in Tokorozawa. Flooding in Saitama Prefecture affected 1,562 homes, 159 severely, and hundreds of roads were left impassible. In Iwatsuki, the Ayase River overflowed its banks and prompted the evacuation of 74 people. Damage to agriculture and forestry amounted to ¥253.5 million.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 20, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-626-11)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-626-11}} Six people were injured, one seriously, in Ibaraki Prefecture, by high winds. Numerous landslides occurred, some of which blocked rivers and caused flooding; others blocked rail lines. A total of 191 homes were affected by floods, 53 of which sustained damage. In terms of agriculture, {{cvt|4,606|ha}} of crops flooded and losses reached ¥866 million.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 20, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-629-10)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-629-10}}

A car carrying four people was swept away by a landslide in Fujikawa; however, the occupants were unharmed. Landslides and flooding caused numerous disruptions to transportation. Damage amounted to ¥1.5 billion in Yamanashi Prefecture.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 21, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-638-08)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-638-08}} Landslides and flooding caused extensive damage in Aichi Prefecture. Damage to agriculture and forestry amounted to ¥391 million.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 21, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-636-15)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-636-15}} Two people were killed and eighteen others were injured in Chiba Prefecture. Roughly 1,100 homes were affected by flooding, some of which sustained damage. Evacuations orders were issued for 1,703 households across 14 municipalities. Property and infrastructure sustained extensive damage in Shizuoka Prefecture. A total of 165 homes collapsed while 244 more were partially destroyed. Four people were killed and one hundred others were injured. Water and power utilities were severely affected, with losses exceeding ¥1 billion collectively.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 21, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-656-17)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-656-17}} In Tokyo Prefecture, on the island of Kōzu-shima, 48 homes were evacuated during the storm. Flooding affected over 1,000 homes in Tokyo former, with 24 structures being destroyed. In Kanagawa Prefecture, a landslide killed one person in Kamakura while 43 others were injured throughout the prefecture. Nearly 200 landslides across the prefecture shut down large stretches of highway and rail lines, paralyzing public transportation. More than 2,400 homes were affected by flooding, though only three were destroyed.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 24, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-662-12)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-662-12}}

Additional, though minor, damage occurred in Akita,{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 19, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-582-26)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-582-26}} Aomori,{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 19, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-575-11)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-575-11}} Gifu,{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 21, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-632-23)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-632-23}} Mie,{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 21, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-651-15)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-651-15}} Niigata,{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 19, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-604-24)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-604-24}} Shimane,{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 24, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-741-15)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-741-15}} Tochigi,{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 20, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-615-24)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-615-24}} Wakayama,{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 24, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-777-07)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-777-07}} and Yamagata prefectures.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2004|accessdate=July 19, 2014|title=気象災害報告 (2004-588-16)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=2004-588-16}}

According to the Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FDMA), 135 homes were destroyed while 4,796 sustained damage. Another report from Rika Nenpyo indicated far greater damage: 5,553 homes destroyed and 7,843 others damaged. Relative to the intensity of the storm, however, casualties were low with seven-nine fatalities and 169 injuries.{{in lang|ja}} {{cite web|work=Digital Typhoon|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|year=2011|accessdate=July 14, 2014|title=台風200422号 (MA-ON) – 災害情報|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/dsummary.pl?id=200422&basin=wnp}} Total damage from the storm amounted to ¥68.6 billion (US$603 million).{{cite report|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|year=2006|accessdate=July 14, 2014|title=OECD Studies in Risk Management: Japan Floods|url=http://www.oecd.org/japan/37378001.pdf|page=9}} Insurance payouts amounted to ¥27.2 billion (US$241 million) in the wake of the storm.

File:October 19, 2004 Nome, Alaska flood damage.png

The powerful extratropical remnants of Ma-on resulted in extensive damage along the west coast of Alaska in mid-October. Winds of {{convert|50|to|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} battered many towns and fueled a damaging storm surge. At the Red Dog mine, a measurement of a {{convert|114|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} gust was noted by the observer; however, this value was pegged as questionable and the highest verified gust was {{convert|77|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}}. Other notable measurements include {{convert|71|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} at Tin City, {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} in Skookum Pass and Savoonga, {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} in Golovin, and {{convert|59|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} in Nome. The greatest storm surge occurred in areas without measuring capabilities, though a peak of {{convert|10|to|12|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} was estimated in Shishmaref and {{convert|8|to|10|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} in Kivalina. Nome itself was affected by a {{convert|10.45|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} surge while Diomede and Teller had estimated values of {{convert|6|to|8|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}. Record high water rises occurred at Nome and Red Dog Dock, peaking at {{convert|4.12|and|3.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} respectively. The value in Nome exceeded the previous record of {{convert|3.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} in October 1992; however, the measurement at Red Dog Dock was surpassed just over two months later.{{cite report|author=Raymond S. Chapman, Sung-Chan Kim, and David J. Mark|publisher=United States Army Corps of Engineers|date=October 2009|access-date=July 15, 2014|title=Storm-Induced Water Level Prediction Study for the Western Coast of Alaska|url=https://www.poa.usace.army.mil/Portals/34/docs/civilworks/archive/erdcwaterlevelreportak.pdf|page=7}} Little precipitation accompanied the system, with only Coldfoot reporting snow accumulations of {{convert|7|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}}.

Nome suffered the brunt of damage from the cyclone, with most structures along the coast sustaining damage. Forty-five residents had to be evacuated at the height of the storm. Front Street flooded entirely and resembled a "war zone" according to residents. Most buildings in the area had their windows blown out from high winds except for those boarded with plywood. Some businesses had up to {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} of water in their basement. Valves on three {{convert|1000|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}} propane tanks broke off during the storm at businesses on Front Street, prompting police to evacuate the area and the adjacent streets. Power was cut as a precautionary measure because of flammable gas. Strong winds in Wales caused a 300-gallon fuel spill when a metal support at the village clinic toppled, rupturing the fuel line. Large waves caused havoc across the Seward Peninsula. Erosion in Elim destroyed a local road and exposed the city's septic tanks and main water line. Shishmaref experienced some loss of sand, though recently constructed ripraps spared the area from significant damage.{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=October 20, 2004|title=Powerful Bering Sea storm hits Nome|location=Anchorage, Alaska}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}} Most affected areas had damage to power poles, with only coastal regions sustaining structural impacts. Losses throughout the state was conservatively estimated at $20 million.

In the aftermath of the storm, on November 16, President George W. Bush signed a disaster declaration for the Bering Strait Regional Education Attendance Area and the Northwest Arctic Borough. Funding from the Federal Emergency Management Agency was made available to residents in these areas as well as the city of Mekoryuk.{{cite web|work=Federal Emergency Management Agency|publisher=Government of the United States|date=November 16, 2004|accessdate=July 15, 2014|title=Federal Disaster Funds Ordered For Alaska To Aid State And Local Government Storm Recovery|url=https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2004/11/16/federal-disaster-funds-ordered-alaska-aid-state-and-local-government-storm}} Public assistance teams were deployed to Nome and Unalakleet on November 19 to establish a base of operations for relief and assess the impact of the storm. Visits to smaller communities throughout the affected region were planned as well.{{cite web|work=Federal Emergency Management Agency|publisher=Government of the United States|date=November 19, 2004|accessdate=July 15, 2014|title=Joint State/Federal Assistance Teams Deploy to Nome and Unalakleet|url=https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2004/11/19/joint-state/federal-assistance-teams-deploy-nome-and-unalakleet}} At the end of November, the disaster declaration expanded to include Chevak, the Pribilof Islands Regional Education Attendance Areas, and communities along the Lower Kuskokwim and Lower Yukon rivers.{{cite web|work=Federal Emergency Management Agency|publisher=Government of the United States|date=November 30, 2004|accessdate=July 15, 2014|title=Additional Alaska Communities Designated For Public Assistance|url=https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2004/11/30/additional-alaska-communities-designated-public-assistance}}

{{portal|Tropical Cyclones}}

• Other tropical cyclones named Ma-on
• Other tropical cyclones named Rolly
• Tropical cyclones in 2004
• Other typhoons that struck Japan during the 2004 season:
• Typhoon Nida
• Typhoon Conson
• Typhoon Dianmu
• Typhoon Chaba
• Typhoon Songda
• Typhoon Meari
• Typhoon Tokage
• 2011 Bering Sea superstorm
• Typhoon Wipha (2013) – a typhoon which hit the same areas as Ma-on
• Typhoon Phanfone (2014) – another typhoon which affected the Japanese Grand Prix
• Typhoon Hagibis (2019) – a powerful typhoon which also struck eastern Japan, disrupting both the Japanese Grand Prix and the Rugby World Cup fifteen years later

{{reflist|2}}

{{commons category}}

• [http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/ Japan Meteorological Agency]
• [http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC Joint Typhoon Warning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301105349/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC |date=2010-03-01 }}
• [http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/ Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]

{{2004 Pacific typhoon season buttons}}

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Category:2004 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Ma-on

Ma-on 2004