Typhus

These signs and symptoms refer to epidemic typhus, as it is the most important of the typhus group of diseases.{{cite book |vauthors=Levinson W |title=Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology |date=2010 |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=9780071700283 |edition=11th}}

Signs and symptoms begin with sudden onset of fever and other flu-like symptoms about one to two weeks after being infected.{{cite book |vauthors=Mullen GR, Durden LA |title=Medical and Veterinary Entomology |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6R1v9o-uaI4C&pg=PA58 |date=27 September 2002 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-053607-1 |pages=58 ff. |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170910163706/https://books.google.com/books?id=6R1v9o-uaI4C&pg=PA58 |archive-date=10 September 2017}} Five to nine days after the symptoms have started, a rash typically begins on the trunk and spreads to the extremities. This rash eventually spreads over most of the body, sparing the face, palms, and soles. Signs of meningoencephalitis begin with the rash and continue into the second or third weeks.^{[citation needed]} Other signs of meningoencephalitis include sensitivity to light (photophobia), altered mental status (delirium), or coma. Untreated cases are often fatal.{{cite web |date=19 November 2019 |title=Herpes Meningoencephalitis |url= https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/herpes-hsv1-and-hsv2/herpes-meningoencephalitis |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org}}

Signs and symptoms of scrub typhus usually start within 1 to 2 weeks after being infected. These symptoms include fever, headaches, chills, swollen lymph nodes, nausea/vomiting, and a rash at the site of infection called an eschar. More severe symptoms may damage the lungs, brain, kidney, meninges, and heart.{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Xianghong |last2=Zhang |first2=Ye |last3=Zhang |first3=Jun |last4=Lou |first4=Zheng |last5=Xia |first5=Han |last6=Lu |first6=Zhijuan |date=2021 |title=The Early Diagnosis of Scrub Typhus by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.755228 |pmid=34858931 |issn=2296-2565 |doi-access=free |pmc=8632043}}

Multiple diseases include the word "typhus" in their descriptions.{{cite book |vauthors=Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA |chapter=Rickettsial (Spotted & Typhus Fevers) & Related Infections (Anaplasmosis & Ehrlichiosis) |chapter-url= http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/rickettsial-spotted-and-typhus-fevers-and-related-infections-anaplasmosis-and-ehrlichiosis |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135719/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/rickettsial-spotted-and-typhus-fevers-and-related-infections-anaplasmosis-and-ehrlichiosis |archive-date=17 May 2014 |title=CDC health Information for International Travel 2014: The Yellow Book |date=2014 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-994850-5}} Types include:

The main method of diagnosing typhus of all types is laboratory testing. It is most commonly done with an indirect immunofluorescence antibody IFA test for all types of typhus. This tests a sample for the antibodies associated with typhus. It can also be done with either immunohistochemistry (IHC) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests excluding scrub typhus. Scrub typhus is not tested with IHC or PCR but is instead tested with the IFA test as well as indirect immunuoperoxidase (IIP) assays.{{cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Typhus fevers for healthcare providers |website=CDC.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |url= https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/healthcare-providers/index.html |access-date=19 October 2023}}

As of 2025, no vaccine is commercially available. A vaccine has been in development for scrub typhus known as the scrub typhus vaccine.{{cite journal |vauthors=Chattopadhyay S, Richards AL |title=Scrub typhus vaccines: past history and recent developments |journal=Human Vaccines |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=73–80 |date=2007 |pmid=17375000 |doi=10.4161/hv.3.3.4009 |doi-access=free}}

Scrub typhus is caused by mites, so avoid the outdoors when scrub is common in the area. Make sure your clothing is treated with permethrin to prevent mite bites. Lastly, use insect repellent to keep mites away. Dress children and babies in clothing that covers their limbs. For babies put a mosquito cover over their stroller which also protects them from mites.{{cite web |date=13 November 2020 |title=Scrub typhus |website=CDC.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |url= https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/scrub/index.html |access-date=19 October 2023}}

Epidemic typhus is caused by body lice and thrives in areas with overcrowding. To avoid lice you should stay away from highly populated areas. Also, make sure to regularly clean yourself and your clothing to help kill lice. This also goes for things like bedding and towels. Make sure to not share any fabric items with anyone who has lice or typhus. Lastly, treat clothing with permethrin because it helps kill lice.

Murine typhus is caused by flea bites so take steps to avoid fleas. This can be done by making sure pets do not have fleas and if they do, treat them, stay away from wild animals, use insect repellent to keep fleas away, and wear gloves when dealing with sick or dead animals. Take steps to ensure rodents or other wildlife do not get into your home.{{cite web |date=3 August 2023 |title=Flea-borne (murine) typhus |website=CDC.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |url= https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/murine/index.html |access-date=19 October 2023}}

The American Public Health Association recommends treatment based upon clinical findings and before culturing confirms the diagnosis.{{cite book |vauthors=Heymann D |title=Control of communicable diseases manual : an official report of the American Public Health Association |publisher=APHA Press, an imprint of the American Public Health Association |pages=661–668 |location=Washington, DC |date=2015 |isbn=9780875530185}} Without treatment, death may occur in 10% to 60% of people with epidemic typhus, with people over age 50 having the highest risk of death.{{cite web |title=Department of Agriculture {{!}} Typhus Fever - Rickettsia prowazekii |url= https://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/ah/diseases/typhus.html |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=www.nj.gov}} In the antibiotic era, death is uncommon if doxycycline is given. In one study of 60 people hospitalized with epidemic typhus, no one died when given doxycycline or chloramphenicol.{{cite journal |vauthors=Matossian RM, Thaddeus J, Garabedian GA |title=Outbreak of epidemic typhus in the northern region of Saudi Arabia |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=12 |pages=82–90 |date=January 1963 |pmid=13933690 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1963.12.82}}

According to the World Health Organization, in 2010 the death rate from typhus was about one of every 5,000,000 people per year.[https://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS)] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100221035844/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ |date=21 February 2010 }}

Only a few areas of epidemic typhus exist today. Since the late 20th century, cases have been reported in Burundi, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Algeria, and a few areas in South and Central America.{{cite journal |vauthors=Raoult D, Roux V, Ndihokubwayo JB, Bise G, Baudon D, Marte G, Birtles R |title=Jail fever (epidemic typhus) outbreak in Burundi |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=357–60 |date=1997 |pmid=9284381 |pmc=2627627 |doi=10.3201/eid0303.970313}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Mokrani K, Fournier PE, Dalichaouche M, Tebbal S, Aouati A, Raoult D |title=Reemerging threat of epidemic typhus in Algeria |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=42 |issue=8 |pages=3898–900 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15297561 |pmc=497610 |doi=10.1128/jcm.42.8.3898-3900.2004}}{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Epidemic typhus risk in Rwandan refugee camps |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=69 |issue=34 |pages=259 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7947074}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Perine PL, Chandler BP, Krause DK, McCardle P, Awoke S, Habte-Gabr E, Wisseman CL, McDade JE |display-authors=6 |title=A clinico-epidemiological study of epidemic typhus in Africa |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=1149–58 |date=May 1992 |pmid=1600020 |doi=10.1093/clinids/14.5.1149}}

Except for two cases, all instances of epidemic typhus in the United States have occurred east of the Mississippi River. An examination of a cluster of cases in Pennsylvania concluded the source of the infection was flying squirrels.{{cite journal |vauthors=Chapman AS, Swerdlow DL, Dato VM, Anderson AD, Moodie CE, Marriott C, Amman B, Hennessey M, Fox P, Green DB, Pegg E, Nicholson WL, Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA |display-authors=6 |title=Cluster of sylvatic epidemic typhus cases associated with flying squirrels, 2004-2006 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=1005–11 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19624912 |pmc=2744229 |doi=10.3201/eid1507.081305}} Sylvatic cycle (diseases transmitted from wild animals) epidemic typhus remains uncommon in the US. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have documented only 47 cases from 1976 to 2010.{{cite journal |vauthors=McQuiston JH, Knights EB, Demartino PJ, Paparello SF, Nicholson WL, Singleton J, Brown CM, Massung RF, Urbanowski JC |display-authors=6 |title=Brill-Zinsser disease in a patient following infection with sylvatic epidemic typhus associated with flying squirrels |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=712–5 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20687836 |doi=10.1086/655891 |doi-access=free}} An outbreak of flea-borne murine typhus was identified in downtown Los Angeles, California, in October 2018.{{cite web |work=CBS Los Angeles |title=Downtown LA Hit With Outbreak Of Flea-Borne Typhus |url= https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2018/10/04/downtown-la-skid-row-typhus-outbreak/ |date=4 October 2018}}

The first reliable description of typhus appears in 1489 AD during the Spanish siege of Baza against the Moors during the War of Granada (1482–1492). These accounts include descriptions of fever; red spots over arms, back, and chest; attention deficit, progressing to delirium; and gangrenous sores and the associated smell of rotting flesh. During the siege, the Spaniards lost 3,000 men to enemy action, but an additional 17,000 died of typhus.{{cite book |vauthors=Zinsser H |title=Rats, Lice and History |publisher=Bantam Classic |date=1960 |page=186 |author-link=Hans Zinsser |title-link=Rats, Lice and History}}

In historical times,{{when|date=September 2020}} "jail fever" or "gaol fever" was common in English prisons, and is believed by modern authorities to have been typhus. It often occurred when prisoners were crowded together into dark, filthy rooms where lice spread easily. Thus, "imprisonment until the next term of court" was often equivalent to a death sentence. Prisoners brought before the court sometimes infected members of the court.{{cite journal |vauthors=Smith RD |title=Criminal Law—Arrest—The Right to Resist Unlawful Arrest. |journal=Natural Resources Journal |date=January 1967 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=119–28}} (hereinafter Comment) (citing {{cite book |title=The State of the Prisons |vauthors=Howard J |publisher=J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd |pages=6–7 |date=1929}}) (Howard's observations are from 1773 to 1775). Copied from State v. Valentine (May 1997) 132 Wn.2d 1, 935 P.2d 1294 The Black Assize of Exeter 1586 was another notable outbreak. During the Lent assizes court held at Taunton in 1730, gaol fever caused the death of the Lord Chief Baron, as well as the High Sheriff, the sergeant, and hundreds of others. During a time when persons were executed for capital offenses, more prisoners died from 'gaol fever' than were put to death by all the public executioners in the British realm. In 1759, an English authority estimated that each year, a quarter of the prisoners had died from gaol fever. In London, gaol fever frequently broke out among the ill-kept prisoners of Newgate Prison and then moved into the general city population. In May 1750, the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Samuel Pennant, and many court personnel were fatally infected in the courtroom of the Old Bailey, which adjoined Newgate Prison.Gordon, Charles [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924030386662#page/n347/mode/2up The Old Bailey and Newgate] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160312092121/https://archive.org/stream/cu31924030386662 |date=12 March 2016 }} pp.331–2. T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1902

Epidemics occurred routinely throughout Europe from the 16th to the 19th centuries, including during the English Civil War, the Thirty Years' War, and the Napoleonic Wars.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794989,00.html War and Pestilence] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090921004137/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794989,00.html |date=21 September 2009 }}. Time magazine Pestilence of several kinds raged among combatants and civilians in Germany and surrounding lands from 1618 to 1648. According to Joseph Patrick Byrne, "By war's end, typhus may have killed more than 10 percent of the total German population, and disease in general accounted for 90 percent of Europe's casualties."{{cite book |vauthors=Byrne JP |title=Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A—M |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC&pg=PA732 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=2008 |page=732 |isbn=978-0-313-34102-1 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140104153030/http://books.google.com/books?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC&pg=PA732 |archive-date=4 January 2014}}

During Napoleon's retreat from Moscow in 1812, more French soldiers died of typhus than were killed by the Russians.[http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/TYPHUS-Conlon.pdf The Historical Impact of Epidemic Typhus] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091106154259/http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/TYPHUS-Conlon.pdf |date=6 November 2009 }}. Joseph M. Conlon.

A major epidemic occurred in Ireland between 1816 and 1819, during the famine caused by a worldwide reduction in temperature known as the Year Without a Summer. An estimated 100,000 people perished. Typhus appeared again in the late 1830s, and yet another major typhus epidemic occurred during the Great Irish Famine between 1846 and 1849. The typhus outbreak along with typhoid fever is said to be responsible for 400,000 deaths.{{cite book |last=Ó Gráda |first=Cormac |title=Black '47 and Beyond: The Great Irish Famine in History, Economy, and Memory |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=1999 |pages=88}} The Irish typhus spread to England, where it was sometimes called "Irish fever" and was noted for its virulence. It killed people of all social classes, as lice were endemic and inescapable, but it hit particularly hard in the lower or "unwashed" social strata.{{Citation |last1=Renvoise |first1=Aurélié |title=61 - Epidemic Louse-borne Typhus |date=1 January 2013 |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416043904000618 |work=Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease (Ninth Edition) |pages=535–538 |editor-last=Magill |editor-first=Alan J. |access-date=31 October 2023 |place=London |publisher=W. B. Saunders |isbn=978-1-4160-4390-4 |last2=Raoult |first2=Didier |editor2-last=Hill |editor2-first=David R |editor3-last=Solomon |editor3-first=Tom |editor4-last=Ryan |editor4-first=Edward T}}

In the United States, a typhus epidemic broke out in Philadelphia in 1837 and killed the son of Franklin Pierce (14th President of the United States) in Concord, New Hampshire, in 1843. Several epidemics occurred in Baltimore, Memphis, and Washington, DC, between 1865 and 1873. Typhus was also a significant killer during the US Civil War, although typhoid fever was the more prevalent cause of US Civil War "camp fever". Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi.{{cite journal |vauthors=Dougan G, Baker S |title=Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and the pathogenesis of typhoid fever |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=317–36 |date=8 September 2014 |pmid=25208300 |doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-091313-103739 |doi-access=free}}

In Canada alone, the typhus epidemic of 1847 killed more than 20,000 people from 1847 to 1848, mainly Irish immigrants in fever sheds and other forms of quarantine, who had contracted the disease aboard the crowded coffin ships in fleeing the Great Irish Famine. Officials neither knew how to provide sufficient sanitation under conditions of the time nor understood how the disease spread.{{cite web |title=M993X.5.1529.1 {{!}} The government inspector's office|url= http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M993X.5.1529.1|work=McCord Museum|access-date=22 January 2012|location=Montreal|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110408035406/http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M993X.5.1529.1|archive-date=8 April 2011}}

Typhus was endemic in Poland and several neighboring countries prior to World War I (1914–1918), but became epidemic during the war.{{cite web |title=Health, Disease, Mortality; Demographic Effects {{!}} International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)|url= https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/health_disease_mortality_demographic_effects|access-date=26 February 2021|website=encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodall ES |date=23 April 1920 |title=Typhus Fever in Poland, 1916 to 1919. |journal=Section of Epidemiology and State Medicine |volume=13 |issue=Sect Epidemiol State Med |pages=261–276 |pmid=19981289 |pmc=2152684}}{{cite web |title=Typhus, War, and Vaccines |url= https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/blog/typhus-war-and-vaccines |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=History of Vaccines |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210228050952/https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/blog/typhus-war-and-vaccines |url-status=dead}} Delousing stations were established for troops on the Western Front during World War I, including the use of shower trains,{{cite journal |last1=Mieszkowski |first1=Łukasz |title=Pociągi dezynfekcji. Walka z wszami na polskich kolejach w latach 1918–1920 |journal=Historical Review/Przeglad Historyczny |date=2021 |volume=112 |issue=4 |url=https://przegladhistoryczny.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/sites/213/2024/02/mieszkowski.pdf |access-date=26 March 2025 |trans-title=Disinfection Trains: Fighting Lice on Polish Railways, 1918–1920 |language=Polish |issn=0033-2186}} but typhus ravaged the armies of the Eastern Front, where over 150,000 died in Serbia alone.{{cite journal |vauthors=Pennington H |title=The impact of infectious disease in war time: a look back at WW1 |journal=Future Microbiology |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=165–168 |date=February 2019 |pmid=30628481 |doi=10.2217/fmb-2018-0323 |doi-access=free}} Fatalities were generally between 10% and 40% of those infected and the disease was a major cause of death for those nursing the sick.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

In 1922, the typhus epidemic reached its peak in Soviet territory, with some 20 to 30 million cases in Russia.{{cite journal |vauthors=Patterson KD |title=Typhus and its control in Russia, 1870-1940 |journal=Medical History |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=361–81 |date=October 1993 |pmid=8246643 |pmc=1036775 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300058725}} Although typhus had ravaged Poland with some 4 million cases reported, efforts to stem the spread of disease in that country had largely succeeded by 1921 through the efforts of public health pioneers such as Hélène Sparrow and Rudolf Weigl.Paul Weindling. International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918–1939. Cambridge University Press 1995, p. 99. In Russia during the civil war between the White and Red Armies, epidemic typhus killed 2–3 million people, many of whom were civilians.{{cite book |first=Andrew W. |last=Artenstein |title=Vaccines: A Biography |publisher=Springer |date=2010 |page=250}}{{cite book |first=David G. |last=Rempel |title=A Mennonite Family in Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union, 1789–1923 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |date=2011 |page=249}} In 1937 and 1938, there was a typhus epidemic in Chile.[https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/235533|Typhus Fever in Chile] On 6 March 1939, Prime Minister of France Édouard Daladier stated to the French parliament, he would return 300,000 of the Spanish refugees fleeing from the 1938 Spanish Civil War; reasons included the typhus spread in the French refugee camps, as well as France's sovereign recognition of Francisco Franco.{{cite news |work=Newsweek |title=Gen. Franco’s Victory Clinched by French–British Recognition |page=18 |date=6 March 1939 |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_newsweek-us_1939-03-06_13_10/page/18/mode/2up}}

During World War II, many German POWs after the loss at Stalingrad died of typhus. Typhus epidemics killed those confined to POW camps, ghettos, and Nazi concentration camps who were held in unhygienic conditions. Pictures of mass graves including people who died from typhus can be seen in footage shot at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.{{cite book |url= https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-I.pdf |title=Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunal |publisher=US Government Printing Office |volume=1 |date=1949 |access-date=19 May 2015 |pages=508–511 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304233602/http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-I.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}} Among thousands of prisoners in concentration camps such as Theresienstadt and Bergen-Belsen who died of typhus were Anne Frank, age 15, and her sister Margot, age 19, in the latter camp.

The first typhus vaccine was developed by the Polish zoologist Rudolf Weigl in the interwar period; the vaccine did not prevent the disease but reduced its mortality.{{cite book |first=Naomi |last=Baumslag |title=Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |date=2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/murderousmedicin0000baum/page/133 page 133]}}

File:Charles Nicolle at microscope.jpg|Charles Nicolle received the 1928 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his identification of lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus.

File:DDT WWII soldier.jpg|A US soldier is demonstrating DDT hand-spraying equipment. DDT was used to control the spread of typhus-carrying lice.

File:CPS141ratpoison.jpg|A Civilian Public Service worker distributes rat poison for typhus control in Gulfport, Mississippi, around 1945.

File:The Liberation of Bergen-belsen Concentration Camp, April 1945 BU4017.jpg|Women suffering from Typhus at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, shortly after liberation. Unhygenic, crowded conditions allowed the disease to run rampant.

Beginning in 2018, a typhus outbreak spread through Los Angeles County primarily affecting homeless people.{{cite news |vauthors=Grover J, Corral A |title=Typhus Epidemic Worsens in Los Angeles |url= https://www.nbclosangeles.com/investigations/Typhus-Epidemic-Worsens-in-Los-Angeles-505166301.html |access-date=9 February 2019 |work=NBC Southern California}} In 2019, city attorney Elizabeth Greenwood revealed that she, too, was infected with typhus as a result of a flea bite{{dubious|date=April 2024}} at her office in Los Angeles City Hall.{{cite news |vauthors=Smith D |title=L.A. City Hall, overrun with rats, might remove all carpets amid typhus fears |url= https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rats-in-city-hall-20190207-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times}}{{cite news |author=City News Service |title=Amid Typhus Outbreak, LA City Hall Carpets May Be Ripped Out |url= https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Los-Angeles-City-Hall-Carpets-Ripped-Out-Typhus-Outbreak-505508291.html |access-date=12 February 2019 |work=NBC Southern California}} Pasadena also experienced a sudden uptick in typhus with 22 cases in 2018 but, without being able to attribute this to one location, the Pasadena Public Health Department did not identify the cases as an "outbreak".{{cite news |vauthors=Braslow S |title=How the Homeless Ended Up Being Blamed for Typhus |url= https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/typhus-los-angeles-homeless/ |access-date=5 March 2021 |work=Los Angeles Magazine}} Over the past decade as well murine typhus cases have been rising with the highest number of cases being 171 in 2022.{{cite journal |last=Alarcón |first=Jemma |date=2023 |title=Fleaborne Typhus–Associated Deaths — Los Angeles County, California, 2022 |url= https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7231a1.htm |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=72 |issue=31 |pages=838–843 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm7231a1 |pmid=37535465 |pmc=10414999 |issn=0149-2195}}

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{{Medical condition classification and resources

| DiseasesDB = 29240

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|75 || a|75}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|080}}–{{ICD9|083}}

| ICDO =

| OMIM =

| MedlinePlus = 001363

| eMedicineSubj = med

| eMedicineTopic = 2332

| MeshID = D014438

}}

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Category:Rickettsioses

Category:Wikipedia infectious disease articles ready to translate

Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate

Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases