U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement#Homeland Security Investigations .28HSI.29

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U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement was formed under the Homeland Security Act of 2002, following the September 11 attacks. With the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security, the functions and jurisdictions of several border and revenue enforcement agencies were combined and consolidated into U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Consequently, ICE is the largest investigative arm of the Department of Homeland Security and a contributor to the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force.

The agencies that were either moved entirely or merged in part into ICE included the criminal investigative and intelligence resources of the United States Customs Service, the criminal investigative, detention and deportation resources of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and the Federal Protective Service. The Federal Protective Service was later transferred from ICE to the National Protection and Programs Directorate effective October 28, 2009. In 2003, Asa Hutchinson moved the Federal Air Marshals Service from the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to ICE,{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/06/19/air-marshals-seek-a-flight-out-of-tsa-to-new-agency/c88d3add-e63a-4ad7-894f-47d5fb1c5a24/|title=Air Marshals Seek a Flight Out of TSA to New Agency|first1=Sara Kehaulani|last1=Goo|date=June 19, 2003|via=washingtonpost.com}} but Michael Chertoff moved them back to the TSA in 2005.{{cite web|title=The Federal Air Marshal Service will be moved from the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) bureau to the Transportation Security Administration|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/dhs/chertoff_6points.htm|access-date=February 25, 2017|archive-date=May 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508020315/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/dhs/chertoff_6points.htm|url-status=dead}}

The origins of HSI special agents date back to the formations of the United States Customs Service in 1789.{{Cite web|date=February 14, 2021|title=Which is truly the "oldest" federal agency?|url=https://www.specialagents.org/which-is-truly-the-oldest-federal-agency|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.specialagents.org|language=en}} The taxing of imports led to the creation of the Treasury Department and its sub-components (i.e. Division of Customs Chief and Revenue Marine (Revenue Cutter Service). Later, the Industrial Revolution led to some of the first immigration related laws targeting forced labor, human trafficking and child exploitation.{{Citation|title=The History of ICE| date=September 11, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SvdsvsthXU|language=en|access-date=November 25, 2021}}

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is responsible for identifying and eliminating border, economic, transportation, and infrastructure security vulnerabilities. There is an estimate of about 20,000 ICE employees in approximately 400 offices within the United States and 53 countries.{{cite web |url=https://www.ice.gov/about |title=Who We Are | ICE |publisher=Ice.gov |date=March 25, 2016 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |archive-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730141242/https://www.ice.gov/about |url-status=dead}}

The organization is composed of two law enforcement directorates (HSI and ERO) and several support divisions each headed by a director who reports to an executive associate director.{{cite web |url=http://www.ice.gov/about/leadership/index.htm |title=ICE Leadership |publisher=Ice.gov |date=January 1, 1970 |access-date=September 27, 2010 |archive-date=May 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527085113/http://www.ice.gov/about/leadership/index.htm |url-status=dead }} The divisions of ICE provide investigation, interdiction and security services to the public and other law enforcement partners in the federal and local sectors.

The director of ICE is appointed at the sub-cabinet level by the president of the United States, confirmed by the U.S. Senate, and reports directly to the secretary of homeland security.{{cite web|url=http://www.ice.gov/about/leadership/asstsec_bio/john_morton.htm |title=Leadership: Assistant Secretary John T. Morton|date=May 21, 2009|publisher=U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527155725/http://www.ice.gov/about/leadership/asstsec_bio/john_morton.htm|archive-date=May 27, 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=August 9, 2009}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ice.gov/about/leadership/ |title=Leadership|date=June 21, 2014|publisher=U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement |access-date=June 21, 2014}}

• Director (until July 2010 the title had been "Assistant Secretary"){{cite web|url=https://www.ice.gov/topics/timeline |title=John T. Morton is appointed assistant secretary of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|publisher=U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|access-date=June 25, 2017}} - Caleb Vitello (Acting)
• Deputy Director - Kenneth Genalo (Acting)
• Chief of Staff - Jon Feere
• Enforcement and Removal Operations - Executive Associate Director - Russell Hott (Acting)
• Removal Division
• Secure Communities and Enforcement Division
• Immigration Health Services Division
• Mission Support Division
• Detention Management Division
• Local Field Offices
• Homeland Security Investigations - Executive Associate Director - Robert Hammer (Acting)
• Domestic Operations Division
• Intelligence Division
• International Operations Division
• Mission Support
• National Intellectual Property Rights Coordination Center
• National Security Investigations Division
• Management and Administration - Executive Associate Director - Staci A. Barrera
• Office of Professional Responsibility - Associate Director - Jennifer M. Fenton
• Office of the Principal Legal Advisor - Principal Legal Advisor - Adam Loiacono (Acting)

File:ICE HSI Special Response Team (SRT) training using armored vehicle.jpg in Georgia]]

HSI is the primary investigative arm of Department of Homeland Security and consists of more than 10,300 employees who are assigned throughout 30 SAC offices in the U.S. and 52 international offices (41 international sub-offices) across the world. Approximately 6,000 special agents (criminal investigators) are included among the over 10,300 HSI employees, making it the second largest investigative service in the United States, behind the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).{{Cite web|url=https://www.specialagents.org/|title=Special Agents Blog|website=www.specialagents.org}}

HSI special agents investigate violations of more than 400 U.S. laws that threaten the national security of the United States such as counter-proliferation; human smuggling and trafficking; weapons smuggling and export enforcement; narcotics smuggling and trafficking; document and benefit fraud; the manufacturing, sale, and use of counterfeit immigration and identity documents; human rights violations; transnational gang activity; financial crimes, including money laundering and bulk cash smuggling; cyber crime; child exploitation and sex tourism; trade crimes such as commercial fraud and intellectual property theft; smuggling of counterfeit pharmaceuticals and other merchandise; mass-marketing fraud; art theft; international cultural property and antiquities crimes; and visa security.{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-ice-difficulties-20190319-story.html|title=ICE's investigative arm fears it might have a branding problem|last=Mejia|first=Brittny|date=March 19, 2019|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 19, 2019}} HSI agents can be requested to provide security for VIPs, and also augment the U.S. Secret Service during overtaxed times such as special security events and elections.

HSI was formerly known as the ICE Office of Investigations (OI). HSI special agents are Series 1811 criminal investigators and have the statutory authority to enforce the Immigration and Nationality Act (Title 8), U.S. customs laws (Title 19), general federal crimes (Title 18), the Controlled Substances Act (Title 21), with approval from the Department of Justice, as well as Titles 5, 6, 12, 22, 26, 28, 31, 46, 49, and 50 of the U.S. Code.

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The largest cadre of special agents are located within Domestic Operations.{{Cite web|title=Homeland Security Investigations|url=https://www.ice.gov/about-ice/homeland-security-investigations|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.ice.gov|language=en}} In FY 2020, HSI special agents made 31,915 criminal arrests, rescued or identified 1,012 child exploitation victims, and seized $341 million worth of counterfeit goods, 6,195 lbs of fentanyl and $1.8 billion in currency & assets from criminal organizations.{{cite web |url=https://www.ice.gov/about-ice/homeland-security-investigations |website=HSI Official Site |publisher=ICE HSI |access-date=24 November 2021|title=Homeland Security Investigations}}

HSI is a global leader in the fight against child exploitation, including the sexual exploitation of children; the production, advertisement and distribution of child pornography; and child sex tourism. HSI’s special agents and analysts prioritize the recovery and support of victims. They also work to educate children, parents, schools, and communities on the tactics of child predators. They also work to identify and arrest those possessing and distributing child sexual abuse material (CSAM).{{cite web|date=November 29, 2006|title=Teacher faces charges of pornography|url=http://www.masslive.com/hampfrank/republican/index.ssf?/base/news-7/11647934289480.xml&coll=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307085947/http://www.masslive.com/hampfrank/republican/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-7%2F11647934289480.xml&coll=1|archive-date=March 7, 2012|access-date=September 27, 2010|publisher=MassLive.com}}

In 2006, Operation Flicker found that there were a number of government employees, including "dozens of Pentagon staff and contractors with high-level security clearance", who had downloaded child pornography.{{Cite web |date=2010-07-24 |title=Pentagon workers found to have downloaded child pornography |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/24/pentagon-us-staff-downloaded-child-pornography |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}

The Office of Intelligence is a subcomponent of HSI that employs a variety of special agents and intelligence research specialists to facilitate HSI's tactical and strategic intelligence demands. Collectively, these intelligence professionals collect, analyze, and disseminate intelligence for use by the operational elements of DHS. The Office of Intelligence works closely with the intelligence components of other federal, state, and local agencies. Many HSI field offices assign intelligence analysts to specific groups, such as financial crimes, counter-proliferation, narcotics, or document fraud; or they can be assigned to a residential intelligence unit, known as a Field Intelligence Group (FIG). HSI agents assigned to FIGs generally focus on human intelligence (HUMINT) collection.

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International Operations, formerly known as the Office of International Affairs (OIA), is a subcomponent of HSI with agents stationed in 60 locations around the world. HSI's foreign offices, known as attaché offices, work with foreign governments to identify and combat transnational criminal organizations before they threaten the United States. IO also facilitates domestic HSI investigations by providing intelligence from host countries, conducting collateral investigations, and facilitating international investigations conducted by field offices within the United States.

Nineteen HSI field offices maintain a Special Response Team (SRT) that operates as a federal SWAT element for the office's area of responsibility (AOR).{{cite report|last1=James|first1=Nathan|title=Federal Tactical Teams|date=September 3, 2015|id=CRS Report for Congress, R44179|publisher=Congressional Research Service|url=https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=787682}}{{update source|date=November 2024}} SRT was founded under the U.S. Customs Service as the Warrant Entry and Tactical Team (WETT) and were renamed to SRT in 1998. The SRT handles HSI's high-risk arrest and search warrants, barricaded subjects, rural area operations, VIP protection, sniper coverage for high-risk operations, and security for National Security Events. HSI's active SRTs are located in Tampa, Miami, Arizona (Phoenix), New Orleans, Houston, New York, Boston, Dallas, Los Angeles, San Antonio, San Juan, Detroit, San Francisco, El Paso, Chicago, San Diego, Seattle, Buffalo, and Washington, D.C. There is also a team of instructors and coordinators stationed full-time in Columbus, Georgia. These teams primarily deploy to handle high-risk operations, but also assist in events such as Hurricane Katrina, the Haiti earthquake 2010, and other natural disasters around the globe.

SRT is a collateral duty open to HSI special agents assigned to an office with a certified team. To qualify, candidates must pass a physical fitness test, qualify with multiple firearms by shooting 90% or better in full tactical gear, and pass an oral interview process. If a candidate passes these stages and is voted on the local team, they are then designated "Green Team" members and allowed to train with the certified team members. Green Team members are eventually sent to the SRT Initial Certification Course at the Office of Firearms and Tactical Programs, Tactical Operations Unit (OFTP/TOU) Fort Benning, Georgia, where they must pass additional physical fitness, firearms, scenario-based and written assessments.{{cite press release|title=Special response teams prep for high risk situations at Ft. Benning|url=https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/top-story-special-response-teams-prep-high-risk-situations-ft-benning|website=U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|access-date=September 12, 2017|date=November 30, 2011}} Out of approximately 6,500 special agents, there are currently only approximately 300 certified SRT members nationwide.

HSI SRTs often conduct training exercises with various federal, state and local teams, and also assist other teams during national events or large-scale operations that require multiple high-risk scenarios to be conducted simultaneously. The working relationship between the SRTs and the U.S. Department of Defense's U.S. Special Operations Command has led to SOCOM providing the SRTs with excess mine-resistant ambush protected vehicles (MRAPs), firearms, and other gear designed for use by U.S. special operations forces.

{{see also|ICE Most Wanted}}

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ERO is responsible for enforcing the nation’s immigration laws and ensuring the departure of removable immigrants from the United States. ERO uses its detention and deportation officers to identify, arrest, and remove immigrants who violate U.S. immigration law, Deportation officers are responsible for the transportation and detention of immigrants in ICE custody to include the removal of immigrants to their country of origin, Deportation officers arrest immigrants for violations of U.S. immigration law, monitor cases during deportation proceedings, supervise released immigrants, and deportation of illegal immigrants from the United States. {{cite web |url=http://www.ice.gov/careers/facesofice/conradagagan.htm |title=ICE Office of Detention and Removal (ERO) ICE Detention and Deportation Officer Conrad Agagan |publisher=Ice.gov |access-date=September 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527151046/http://www.ice.gov/careers/facesofice/ConradAgagan.htm|archive-date=May 27, 2010}}

Deportation officers operate strategically placed Fugitive Operations Teams whose function is to locate, apprehend, and remove immigrants who have absconded from immigration proceedings and remain in the United States with outstanding warrants for deportation. Due to limited staffing, ERO Fugitive Operations typically target undocumented immigrants with a history of serious criminal convictions (i.e. homicide, sexual assaults, aggravated felonies).{{Cite web|title=Fugitive Operations|url=https://www.ice.gov/identify-and-arrest/fugitive-operations|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.ice.gov|language=en}} ERO officers do not randomly target undocumented immigrants for detention and civil arrest due to current case law and internal policies.

ERO manages the Secure Communities program which identifies removable immigrants located in jails and prisons. Fingerprints submitted as part of the normal criminal arrest and booking process will automatically check both the Next Generation Identification (NGI) of the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division and the Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT) of the Department of Homeland Security's US-VISIT Program.

ERO was formerly known as the Office of Detention and Removal Operations (DRO).

The Office of State, Local and Tribal Coordination (OSLTC) is ICE's primary outreach and communications component for state, local and tribal stakeholders. It is responsible for building and improving relationships, and coordinating activities with state, local, territorial, and tribal law enforcement agencies and through public engagement. It also fosters and sustains relationships with federal, state and local government officials and coordinates ICE ACCESS programs (Agreements of Cooperation in Communities to Enhance Safety and Security).

The Office of the Principal Legal Advisor (OPLA) provides legal advice, training and services to support the ICE mission and defends the interests of the United States in the administrative and federal courts.

The Office of Professional Responsibility is responsible for investigating allegations of misconduct involving employees of ICE.

ICE Air is the aviation division of ICE that charters aircraft or books commercial flights to send deportees back to their home countries.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ice.gov/factsheets/ice-air-operations|title=ICE Air Operations|website=www.ice.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2017/10/11/ice-air-deportation-flight-ts-orig.cnn|title=A rare look inside a deportation flight – CNN Video|website=CNN|date=October 13, 2017}} There are 10 aircraft used to send deportees and has a working list of 185 countries. Deportees have legs and arms secured while boarding, handcuffs are removed during flight and all shackles removed upon disembarking.

ICE Health Service Corps (IHSC) is a division that is responsible for providing direct patient care to approximately 13,500 detainees housed in 21 detention facilities throughout the nation.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ice.gov/ice-health-service-corps|title=ICE Health Service Corps|website=www.ice.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-10-30}} Their stated mission is to provide the best care to those in ICE custody, practicing on the core values of Integrity, Commitment, Accountability, Service, and Excellence.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ice.gov/features/health-service-corps|title=ICE Health Service Corps|website=www.ice.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}} The IHSC team is made up of around 1,000 members that consist of US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps officers, healthcare professionals, and federal civil service workers.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ice.gov/ero/ihsc|title=ICE Health Service Corps|website=www.ice.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-10-30}}

The Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS) was aligned into ICE shortly after the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. On October 16, 2005, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff officially approved the transfer of the Federal Air Marshal Service from the Bureau of Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE) to the TSA as part of a broader departmental reorganization to align functions consistent with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) "Second Stage Review" findings for:

• consolidating and strengthening aviation law enforcement and security at the Federal level;
• creating a common approach to stakeholder outreach; and
• improving the coordination and efficiency of aviation security operations.

As part of this realignment, the director of the Federal Air Marshal Service also became the assistant administrator for the TSA Office of Law Enforcement (OLE), which houses nearly all TSA law enforcement services.

The Federal Protective Service (FPS) was moved from the General Services Administration (GSA) to ICE upon the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The FPS was later moved out of ICE to the National Protection Programs Directorate.

Originally a part of the U.S. Customs Service's Office of Investigations, the Office of Air and Marine (then called the Air and Marine Interdiction Division) was transferred to ICE in 2003 during the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, becoming the Office of Air and Marine Operations. Due in part to a 500 million dollar budgetary dispute between CBP and ICE, in 2004 ICE Air and Marine Operations was transferred to U.S. Customs and Border Protection. CBP Air and Marine still works closely with ICE to support the agency's domestic and international law enforcement operations.{{cite web |url=http://www.cbp.gov/hot-new/pressrel/2001/0316-00.htm |title=2000 Archived Press Releases |publisher=Customs and Border Protection |date=March 16, 2001 |access-date=June 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223213853/http://www.cbp.gov/hot-new/pressrel/2001/0316-00.htm |archive-date=December 23, 2004}}{{cite web|url=http://www.govexec.com/magazine/features/2006/03/management-mess/21284/ |title=Management Mess – Features – Magazine |publisher=GovExec.com |date=March 1, 2006 |access-date=June 18, 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://www.cbp.gov/xp/CustomsToday/2004/oct_nov/other/welcome_air.xml |title=CBP Today – October/November 2004 – Welcome Air and Marine Operations |publisher=Customs and Border Protection |date=October 31, 2004 |access-date=June 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023174551/http://www.cbp.gov/xp/CustomsToday/2004/oct_nov/other/welcome_air.xml |archive-date=October 23, 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://www.govexec.com/magazine/features/2006/03/wasted-year/21283/ |title=Wasted Year |publisher=GovExec.com |date=March 2006 |access-date=June 18, 2013}}

The Office of Detention Policy and Planning was responsible developing and maintaining ICE's National Detention Standards, which set out detailed rules for how immigration detainees were to be treated differently than criminal inmates.{{cite news|last1=Dickerson|first1=Caitlin|title=Trump Plan Would Curtail Protections for Detained Immigrants |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/13/us/detained-immigrants-may-face-harsher-conditions-under-trump.html|access-date=April 15, 2017 |work=The New York Times|date=April 14, 2017|page=A1}} In April 2017, President Donald Trump decided to close the office and to stop including the standards in new jail contracts.

{{Main|Director of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}}

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Newly hired ICE law enforcement personnel receive their training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC) in Glynco, Georgia. FLETC is the largest law enforcement training facility in the United States. To meet division specific academic and practical instruction, the ICE academies vary in length from 4 to 6 months depending on the position. Furthermore, following graduation, all ICE law enforcement personnel undergo additional post academy training, as well as career-continuous training.

HSI Special Agent trainees must complete the inter-agency Criminal Investigator Training Program (CITP) and the HSI Special Agent Training Course (HSI SAT).{{cite web |url=https://www.specialagents.org/hsi |website=Special Agents Blog |publisher=SA Blog Nonprofit |access-date=24 November 2021|title=ICE HSI - Homeland Security Investigations}} HSI special agents also receive significantly advanced training regarding U.S. customs law, warrant service, advanced tactics, undercover operations, criminal interrogation, weapons of mass destruction, and other subjects routinely encountered by HSI special agents in the field. HSI Special Agents typically complete CITP in conjunction with other agencies (i.e. Secret Service, Diplomatic Security Service, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms, and various Office of Inspector Generals, etc.). However, the agency specific HSI SAT course is only attended by HSI trainees and focuses on customs & immigration related investigations.{{cite web |title=HSI Career Site |url=https://www.ice.gov/careers/criminal-investigator |website=ICE Official Website |publisher=US Government |access-date=24 November 2021}}

ERO Officer trainees must complete the basic 13-week ERO academy.{{cite web |title=ICE ERO Handbook |url=https://www.ice.gov/doclib/about/offices/ero/pdf/ice_d_handbook.pdf |website=ICE Official Website |access-date=24 November 2021}} ERO deportation officers undergo several weeks of intensive Spanish language training prior to graduating.

Specific course curriculum is kept confidential, but both ERO officers and HSI special-agent new hires undergo training related to basic law enforcement tactics, immigration law, firearms training, emergency response driving, and Constitutional law.

In 2018, a total of 19 HSI special agents in charge or SACs (who are the senior most officials in each investigative division) sent a letter to the DHS Secretary and asked to be formally separated from ICE. These 19 SACs explained that HSI's investigative mission was repeatedly being hamstrung by ICE's civil immigration enforcement mission. It appeared HSI special agents were routinely being confused for ERO officers both by the public and state/local law enforcement agencies. These senior leaders requested HSI be restructured as a stand-alone agency analogous to the Secret Service. It was also stated "No U.S. Department of Justice law enforcement agency is paired with another disparate entity, i.e., the FBI is not paired with the Bureau of Prisons or DEA." This letter was ultimately ignored by the administration and resulted in no institutional changes.{{Cite web|date=2018-06-27|title=ICE Criminal Investigators Ask to Be Distanced from Detentions, Deportations in Letter to Kirstjen Nielsen|url=https://www.texasobserver.org/ice-hsi-letter-kirstjen-nielsen-criminal-civil-deportation-zero-tolerance/|access-date=2021-11-25|website=The Texas Observer|language=en-US}}

Since the agency's formation, a variety of weapons have been carried by its agents and officers.

Initially when the agency was formed in 2003, the sidearms issued to its agents and officers were the weapons issued by the legacy agencies: the U.S. Customs Service and the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. The USCS issued sidearms were the Glock 17 and Glock 19 9mm pistols. The I&NS issued sidearms were the Heckler & Koch USP Compact or Beretta 96D .40 caliber pistols. Duty loads were hollow-point rounds.Former I&NS Special Agent

In 2007 the agency selected the SIG-Sauer P229 DAK .40 caliber pistol as its agency issued sidearm loaded with hollow-point rounds. This weapon stayed in service from 2009 to 2020.{{Cite web|url=https://www.shootingtimes.com/editorial/handgun_reviews_sig070606/99285|title=Department Of Homeland Security Chooses SIG's DAK|first=G&A|last=Staff|date=January 3, 2011|website=Shooting Times}}

The agency's current duty sidearm, is the SIG Sauer P320C (C for Carry) pistol, chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum hollow-point rounds, utilizing a striker-fired mechanism in lieu of a double action only hammer system.{{cite web|url=https://sofrep.com/news/official-ice-tells-employees-sig-320-new-gun/|title="It is official: ICE tells employees the Sig 320 is their new gun". NEWSREP. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2019.|date=February 24, 2017}}

The agency has a list of personally owned weapons that are authorized for duty and off duty carry. These weapons must be inspected and approved by the agency's firearms unit. The agent and/or officer must qualify with the weapon every three months.HSI Special Agent

HSI special agents and ERO officers are trained on standard shoulder fired weapons that include the M4 carbine, chambered for 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition and the 12-gauge Remington 870 shotgun.

As non-lethal options, special agents and officers are armed with the expandable metal baton and pepper spray.

File:ICE.Arrest lg.jpg detaining a suspect]]

In February 2005, ICE began Operation Community Shield, a national law enforcement initiative that targets violent transnational street gangs through the use of ICE's broad law enforcement powers, including the unique and powerful authority to remove criminal immigrants, including undocumented immigrants and legal permanent residents.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ice.gov/investigations/national_security/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505234647/http://www.ice.gov/investigations/national_security/|title=investigations national security - Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Search Results|archive-date=May 5, 2009|website=www.ice.gov}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna11769667|title=Operation targets criminal immigrant gangs|date=March 11, 2006|work=msnbc.com|access-date=July 23, 2018|language=en}}

Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g) allows ICE to establish increased cooperation and communication with state, and local law enforcement agencies. Section 287(g) authorizes the secretary of homeland security to enter into agreements with state and local law enforcement agencies, permitting designated officers to perform immigration law enforcement functions, pursuant to a memorandum of agreement (MOA), provided that the local law enforcement officers receive appropriate training and function under the supervision of sworn U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers. Under 287(g), ICE provides state and local law enforcement with the training and subsequent authorization to identify, process, and when appropriate, detain immigration offenders they encounter during their regular, daily law-enforcement activity.{{cite web|last=Budzinski |first=Joe |url=http://www.novatownhall.com/blog/2006/09/287g_training_from_ice_sought.php |title=287g training from ICE sought by many U.S. jurisdictions – novatownhall blog |publisher=Novatownhall.com |date=September 30, 2006 |access-date=September 27, 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919020326/http://www.novatownhall.com/blog/2006/09/287g_training_from_ice_sought.php |archive-date=September 19, 2012 |url-status=dead}}

The enforcement of immigration laws was historically supported by both major political parties within the United States.{{Cite news|title=Democrats Used To Talk About 'Criminal Immigrants,' So What Changed The Party?|language=en|work=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/02/19/694804917/democrats-used-to-talk-about-criminal-immigrants-so-what-changed-the-party|access-date=2021-11-25}} In 1995, then President Clinton (Democrat) stated the following in his State of the Union address: "All Americans, not only in the states most heavily affected, but in every place in this country, are rightly disturbed by the large numbers of illegal aliens entering our country. The jobs they hold might otherwise be held by citizens or legal immigrants. The public service they use impose burdens on our taxpayers. That's why our administration has moved aggressively to secure our borders more by hiring a record number of new border guards, by deporting twice as many criminal aliens as ever before, by cracking down on illegal hiring, by barring welfare benefits to undocumented immigrants. In the budget I will present to you we will try to do more to speed the deportation of undocumented immigrants who are arrested for crimes, to better identify undocumented immigrants in the workplace as recommended by the commission headed by former Congresswoman Barbara Jordan."{{Citation|title=Bill Clinton on Illegal Immigration at 1995 State of the Union| date=January 18, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IrDrBs13oA|language=en|access-date=2021-11-25}} Similarly in the 1996 State of the Union, then President Clinton (Democrat) stated the following: "But there are some areas that the federal government should not leave and should address and address strongly. One of these areas is the problem of illegal immigration. After years of neglect, this administration has taken a strong stand to stiffen the protection of our borders. We are increasing border controls by 50 percent. We are increasing inspections to prevent the hiring of undocumented immigrants. And tonight, I announce I will sign an executive order to deny federal contracts to businesses that hire undocumented immigrants. Let me be very clear about this: We are still a nation of immigrants; we should be proud of it. We should honor every legal immigrant here, working hard to become a new citizen. But we are also a nation of laws."{{Citation|title=The 1996 State of the Union (Address to a Joint Session of the Congress)| date=April 11, 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXRLW1KEtvo|language=en|access-date=2021-11-25}}

The 287(g) program is one of several ICE ACCESS (ICE "Agreements of Cooperation in Communities to Enhance Safety and Security") programs that increase collaboration between local law enforcement and immigration enforcement agents.{{cite web|url=http://www.ice.gov/oslc/iceaccess.htm |title=Office of State and Local Coordination: ICE ACCESS |publisher=Ice.gov |access-date=September 27, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527124335/http://www.ice.gov/oslc/iceaccess.htm |archive-date=May 27, 2010}}

Between 2009 and 2016, the Barack Obama administration oversaw the deporting of a record 2.4 million undocumented immigrants who had entered the United States, earning him the nickname "Deporter-In-Chief" by Janet Murguía, the president of National Council of La Raza.{{Cite news|date=June 25, 2016|title=Low-Priority Immigrants Still Swept Up in Net of Deportation|language=en|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/us/low-priority-immigrants-still-swept-up-in-net-of-deportation.html|access-date=June 15, 2018}}{{Cite news|date=March 4, 2014|title=National Council Of La Raza Dubs Obama 'Deporter-In-Chief'|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/03/04/285907255/national-council-of-la-raza-dubs-obama-deporter-in-chief|access-date=June 15, 2018}} According to ICE data, about 40% of those deported by ICE in 2015 had no criminal conviction, while a majority of those convicted were guilty of minor charges.{{Cite web|last=Young|first=Elliott|date=February 27, 2017|title=The Hard Truths About Obama's Deportation Priorities|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/hard-truths-about-obamas-deportation-priorities_us_58b3c9e7e4b0658fc20f979e|access-date=June 15, 2018|website=HuffPost|language=en-US}} However, this statistic is misleading, as the way in how deportations were counted was changed under the Bush administration and continued under the Obama administration. Before, people caught crossing the southern border were simply bused back and were not counted as deportations. However, with the change, these people were fingerprinted and added to the deportation tally, giving the Obama administration a record number of deportations.{{Cite web|title=Were More People Deported Under the Obama Administration Than Any Other?|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/obama-deported-more-people/|access-date=2019-11-14|website=Snopes.com|date=October 20, 2016 |language=en-US}}

The U.S. Border Patrol apprehended more than 1.3 million illegal crossers in the first eight months of 2021; with a total of 1.6 million apprehensions in Fiscal Year 2021 (highest on record).{{Cite web|last=Gilliland|first=Donald|date=2021-11-15|title=Situation at the southern border worse that you probably realize|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/immigration/581513-situation-at-the-southern-border-worse-that-you-probably-realize/|access-date=2021-11-25|website=TheHill|language=en}} This figure does not include a daily count of 1,000+ illegal migrants who successfully evade the Border Patrol. Many of these migrants are now coming from third party countries and filing asylum claims, which have log jammed DOJ administrative courts. Not all migrants come from Mexico alone, many have come from other areas, such as: South America, Eastern Europe, Turkey and India. of those who arrived in the United States, two thirds were adults without children. Inversely, there was a record of 145,000 children that arrived in the United States unaccompanied.{{Cite journal |title=Immigration Crisis |url=https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqr_ht_immigration_2021 |access-date=2022-12-16 |journal=CQ Researcher |date=December 14, 2021 |language=en|last1=Ladika |first1=Susan }} For example, in FY 2014 there were 56,912 asylum claims, which jumped to 142,760 in FY 2017 and are now even higher.{{Cite web|last=Griffith|first=Bryan|date=2018-11-10|title=Asylum, Removal and Immigration Courts|url=https://cis.org/Fact-Sheet/Asylum-Removal-and-Immigration-Courts|access-date=2021-11-25|website=CIS.org|language=English}} Most undocumented immigrants are released into the United States after processing and ordered to report for a future court date. According to the American Immigration Council, 83% of non-detained immigrants with completed or pending removal cases attended all of their hearings and 96% of non-detained immigrants represented by a lawyer attended all of their hearings.{{Cite journal |title= 11 Years of Government Data Reveal That Immigrants Do Show Up for Court |url= https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/news/11-years-government-data-reveal-immigrants-do-show-court |access-date=2021-01-28 |journal= American Immigration Council |date=January 28, 2021 |language=en|last1=Frausto |first1= Maria }} This has been colloquially referred to by U.S. conservatives as the border crisis, and it has become a significant problem to solve for presidential administrations.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

In 2011, HSI special agents Jaime Zapata and Victor Avila, while working in Mexico to combat the flow of illicit narcotics, were ambushed by members of the Los Zetas drug cartel. Special Agent Zapata was killed while Special Agent Avila suffered life-threatening injuries.{{Cite web|title=An ICE agent was killed overseas, but his killing is not a crime under US law: Analysis|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/ice-agent-killed-overseas-killing-crime-us-law/story?id=69108435|access-date=2021-11-25|website=ABC News|language=en}} This was the first assassination of U.S. law enforcement agents since the infamous and gruesome murder of DEA special agent Enrique "Kiki" Camarena.{{Cite web|title=Killed by a cartel. Betrayed by his own? US reexamines murder of federal agent featured in 'Narcos'|url=https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/politics/2020/02/27/enrique-camarena-dea-agent-murder-narcos-mexico/2566023001/|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.usatoday.com|date=February 27, 2020 |language=en}} Several members of the drug cartel were extradited to the U.S. and charged for the murders, however, the applicable statute revealed a potential loophole that made it inapplicable for violations committed outside the U.S. In November 2021, President Joe Biden signed the "Jaime Zapata & Victor Avila Federal Officers & Employees Protection Act," which helped extend legal protection to all U.S. personnel working overseas.{{Cite web|last=staff|first=Gray News|title=Biden signs 3 law enforcement support bills into law|url=https://www.wect.com/2021/11/18/biden-sign-3-law-enforcement-support-bills-into-law/|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.wect.com|date=November 18, 2021 |language=en}}

In 2005, an undercover HSI special agent was kidnapped in Medellin by members of a Colombian drug cartel, who held him responsible for a buy/bust operation that resulted in the seizure of 217 kilos of cocaine. The agent was moved to a "stash house" where he was assaulted and faced a "narco-trial." U.S. embassy officials eventually became aware of the kidnapping and notified senior officials within the Colombian government. The Colombian drug cartel members eventually obtained access to his hotel room safe and retrieved documents that revealed his true identity as a U.S. federal law enforcement officer. In order to avoid additional scrutiny from the Colombian Security Services, the drug cartel subsequently released the HSI special agent once they determined his true identity. The HSI agent eventually returned home safely and the subsequent investigation resulted in the extradition of several drug traffickers involved in the kidnapping.{{Cite web|title=Federal agent escapes peril at hands of Colombian drug traffickers|url=https://archive.vcstar.com/news/federal-agent-escapes-peril-at-hands-of-colombian-drug-traffickers-ep-370473332-350436521.html|access-date=2023-12-29|website=www.vcstar.com|language=en}}

{{main|Immigration detention in the United States}}

ICE ERO operates detention centers throughout the United States that detain illegal immigrants who are apprehended and placed into removal proceedings. About 34,000 people are held in immigration detention on any given day,{{cite news |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/i/immigration_detention_us/incustody_deaths/index.html |title=In-Custody Deaths |work=The New York Times |first=Nina |last=Bernstein |access-date=May 26, 2010}} in over 500 detention centers, jails, and prisons nationwide.{{cite journal |title=Rethinking Immigration Detention |ssrn=1556867 |year=2010 |author=Anil Kalhan |journal=Columbia Law Review Sidebar |pages=42–58 |volume=110}} Those detained are both undocumented immigrants apprehended by ERO and other agencies such as Border Patrol.

Due to the United States detention bed quota, mandated by Congress, that number will increase rather than decrease. The quota mandates at least 34,000 beds available for immigrants on any given day.{{cite web|url=https://www.immigrantjustice.org/eliminate-detention-bed-quota|title=Detention Bed Quota|website=National Immigrant Justice Center|access-date=July 5, 2018}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/11/19/245968601/little-known-immigration-mandate-keeps-detention-beds-full|title=Little-Known Immigration Mandate Keeps Detention Beds Full|work=NPR.org|access-date=June 11, 2018|language=en}} Under the Trump administration, the number of people being detained on any given day increased to 52,500 in early June 2019.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/immigration/24-immigrants-have-died-ice-custody-during-trump-administration-n1015291|title=24 immigrants have died in ICE custody during the Trump administration|website=NBC News|date=June 9, 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}

Engineering and construction firm Kellogg, Brown and Root (KBR) released a press statement on January 24, 2006, that the company had been awarded a no-bid contingency contract from the Department of Homeland Security to support its ICE facilities in the event of an emergency. The maximum total value of the contract is $385 million and consists of a one-year base period with four one-year options. KBR held the previous ICE contract from 2000 through 2005. The contract provides for establishing temporary detention and processing capabilities to expand existing ICE Detention and Removal Operations Program facilities in the event of an emergency influx of immigrants into the U.S., or to support the rapid development of new programs. The contract may also provide migrant detention support to other government organizations in the event of an immigration emergency, the company said.{{cite news |title=KBR Awarded U.S. Department of Homeland Security Contingency Support Project for Emergency Support Services |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20060124005819/en/KBR-Awarded-U.S.-Department-Homeland-Security-Contingency |access-date=18 February 2020 |work=www.businesswire.com |publisher=Business Wire |date=24 January 2006 |language=en}}

The Intercept published a report by the DHS Office of Inspector General revealing that 1,224 sexual abuse complaints while in immigration custody were filed between January 2010 and June 2017. Contrary to ICE's claims, only 2% of these complaints were investigated.{{Cite news|url=https://theintercept.com/2018/04/11/immigration-detention-sexual-abuse-ice-dhs/|title=Immigration detention and sexual abuse |access-date=June 15, 2018|language=en}}{{cite web |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/10/11/adelanto-ice-detention-center-abuse/ |title=At Largest ICE Detention Center in the Country, Guards Called Attempted Suicides "Failures" |date=October 11, 2018}}

In 2020, the Kino Border Initiative received 442 reports of alleged abuse by US agents, meaning 18% of new arrivals were abused by a US official.{{cite news |last1=Salam |first1=Erum |title=US border agents habitually abuse human rights, report reveals |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/02/us-mexico-border-human-rights-abuses |agency=The Guardian |date=2023}}

In 2020, multiple human rights groups joined a whistleblower to accuse a private-owned U.S. immigration detention centre in Georgia of forcibly sterilizing women. The reports claimed a doctor conducted unauthorized medical procedures on women detained by ICE.{{Cite web|title=ICE detainees' alleged hysterectomies recall a long history of forced sterilizations {{!}} University of Toronto Mississauga|url=https://www.utm.utoronto.ca/main-news/ice-detainees-alleged-hysterectomies-recall-long-history-forced-sterilizations|access-date=2021-01-24|website=www.utm.utoronto.ca|date=October 2, 2020 |language=en}} The whistleblower, Dawn Wooten, was a nurse and former employee. She claims a high rate of sterilizations were performed on Spanish-speaking women and women who spoke various Indigenous languages common in Latin America. Wooten said the centre did not obtain proper consent for these surgeries, or lied to women about the medical procedures.

More than 40 women submitted testimony in writing to document these abuses, one attorney said.{{Cite web|date=2020-12-22|title=More immigrant women say they were abused by Ice gynecologist|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/dec/22/ice-gynecologist-hysterectomies-georgia|access-date=2021-02-03|website=the Guardian|language=en}} Jerry Flores, a faculty member at the University of Toronto Mississauga said the alleged treatment of women constituted a violation of human rights and genocide according to the standards of the United Nations. Just Security of the New York University School of Law said the U.S. bore "international responsibility for the forced sterilization of women in ICE detention".{{Cite web|date=2020-09-29|title=The U.S. Bears International Responsibility for Forced Sterilization of Women in ICE Detention|url=https://www.justsecurity.org/72587/the-u-s-bears-international-responsibility-for-forced-sterilization-of-women-in-ice-detention/|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Just Security|language=en-US}} In September 2020, Mexico demanded more information from US authorities on medical procedures performed on migrants in detention centers, after allegations that six Mexican women were sterilized without their consent. Another woman said she had undergone a gynecological operation, although there was nothing in her detention file to support she agreed to the procedure.{{Cite web|date=2020-09-29|title=Mexico demands the US for answers on alleged migrant hysterectomies|url=https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2020/09/mexico-demands-the-us-for-answers-on-alleged-migrant-hysterectomies/|access-date=2021-01-24|website=The Yucatan Times|language=en-US}}

In 2020, CNN reported that Muslim detainees at a federal immigration facility in Miami, Florida, were repeatedly served pork or pork-based products against their religious beliefs, according to claims made by immigrant advocates.{{Cite web|author=Geneva Sands|title=Muslim ICE detainees forced to choose between expired meals or eating pork, say advocate groups|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/24/politics/muslim-ice-detainees-pork-meals/index.html|access-date=2021-01-25|website=CNN|date=August 24, 2020}}{{Cite web|last=Voytko|first=Lisette|title=Muslim ICE Detainees Reportedly Fed Pork, Told By Chaplain: 'It Is What It Is'|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lisettevoytko/2020/08/19/muslim-ice-detainees-reportedly-fed-pork-told-by-chaplain-it-is-what-it-is/|access-date=2021-01-25|website=Forbes|language=en}}{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Charles|title=ICE is forcing Muslim detainees to eat pork, immigrant advocates allege|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ice-forcing-muslim-detainees-to-eat-pork-immigrant-advocates-allege-2020-8|access-date=2021-01-25|website=Business Insider}} There are dozens of Muslim detainees at the facility for whom it is religiously forbidden to consume pork, civil rights groups said in a letter to ICE and federal oversight agencies. The Muslim detainees at the Krome detention facility in Miami were forced to accept pork because religiously compliant/halal meals that ICE served had been consistently rotten and expired. In one instance, the Chaplain at Krome's allegedly dismissed pleas from Muslim detainees for help, saying, "It is what it is."

A letter by civil rights lawyers stated "Many have suffered illness, like stomach pains, vomiting, and diarrhea, as a result." A spokesman claimed that ICE did not deny any "reasonable and equitable opportunity for persons to observe their religious dietary practices." Representatives of the facility, including the chaplain did not respond to requests for comment. Previously in 2019, a Pakistani-born man with a valid American work permit was reportedly given nothing but pork sandwiches for six consecutive days.

From 2012 to early 2018, ICE wrongfully arrested and detained 1,480 U.S. citizens, including many who spent months or years in immigration detention.{{cite news|first1=Paige|last1=St. John|first2=Joel|last2=Rubin|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-citizens-ice-20180427-htmlstory.html|title=ICE held an American man in custody for 1,273 days. He's not the only one who had to prove his citizenship|work=Los Angeles Times|date=April 27, 2018}} A 2018 Los Angeles Times investigation found that ICE's reliance on incomplete and error-prone databases and lax investigations led to the erroneous detentions. From 2008 to 2018, ICE was sued for wrongful arrest by more than two dozen U.S. citizens, who had been detained for periods ranging from one day to over three years. Some of the wrongfully detained U.S. citizens had been arrested by ICE more than once. The inaccurate government data that ICE used had shown that both immigrants and U.S. citizens were both targets of being detained. In 2019, a U.S. citizen that was detained stated that he lost 26 pounds from the horrendous conditions that the detention center offered.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-citizen-detained-by-ice-francisco-erwin-galicia-border-officials-conditions-bad-almost-self-deported/|title=18-year-old U.S. citizen detained by border officials said conditions were so bad he lost 26 pounds within the 23 days that he was detained, and almost self-deported|website=www.cbsnews.com|date=July 26, 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-31}}

As part of the 2018 Trump administration's zero tolerance policy, nearly 3,000{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/7/5/17536984/children-separated-parents-border-how-many|title=The Trump administration just admitted it doesn't know how many kids are still separated from their parents|work=Vox|access-date=July 6, 2018}} minors were separated from their parents, or the adults accompanying them, while trying to illegally cross the U.S.–Mexico border and placed in detention camps.{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/children-families-separated-border-patrol-979766 |title=Almost 45 children a day are being taken from their families and placed in immigrant detention centers: Report |date=June 15, 2018 |newspaper=Newsweek |first=Ramsey |last=Touchberry}}{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-the-unspeakable-cruelty-of-trumps-child-migrant-camps/ |title=The unspeakable cruelty of Trump's child-migrant camps |first=Sarah |last=Kendzior |author-link1=Sarah Kendzior |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=June 17, 2018 |access-date=June 19, 2018}} Rolling Stone likened these centers to "prisons" while The Houston Chronicle reported that a movement swelled online to call them "concentration camps."{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/migrant-children-border-facility-w521518 |title=This Is the Prison-Like Border Facility Holding Migrant Children |magazine=Rolling Stone |first=Ryan |last=Bort |date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 19, 2018}}{{cite news |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/politics/article/migrant-detention-centers-concentration-camps-tx-12994549.php |title=Movement to call migrant detention centers 'concentration camps' swells online |first=Fernando |last=Ramirez |newspaper=The Houston Chronicle |date=June 15, 2018}} Similarly, former first lady of the United States Laura Bush compared the images of the centers to U.S. Japanese internment camps during the Second World War.{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/laura-bush-separating-children-from-their-parents-at-the-border-breaks-my-heart/2018/06/17/f2df517a-7287-11e8-9780-b1dd6a09b549_story.html |title=Opinion Laura Bush: Separating children from their parents at the border 'breaks my heart' |last=Bush |first=Laura |date=June 17, 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=June 19, 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}} 16 out of 34{{Cite news|url=https://www.khou.com/article/news/investigations/shelters-for-immigrant-children-near-capacity-in-texas/285-565482244|title=Shelters for immigrant children near capacity in Texas|work=KHOU|access-date=June 19, 2018|language=en-US}} of the centers located in Texas had previously been cited by Texas officials for more than 150 health violations.{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/texas-health-inspectors-immigration-shelters-children-973741 |title=Texas immigrant children shelters had 150 health violations in the past year |date=June 12, 2018 |newspaper=Newsweek |first=Ramsey |last=Touchberry}}{{relevance inline|date=June 2018}} The former head of US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, John Sandweg, was critical of child separation, telling NBC News, "You could easily end up in a situation where the gap between a parent's deportation and a child's deportation is years," and that many children might never see their parents again.{{cite news |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4284138/separation-children-parents-us-border-permanent/ |title=Separations of children, parents at U.S. border could be permanent: Former immigration director |date=June 19, 2018 |newspaper=GlobalNews |first=Rebecca |last=Joseph}}

Detained children have also been given up for adoption. In a series of court cases, foster families were successfully able to gain full custody of migrant children that they were housing without notifying their parents.{{Citation |title=No, the Government Did Not Make the Deadline to Reunify Children With Their Parents|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-20180211}} Most notably, the agency Bethany Christian Services, an agency that facilitates the care of foster children in Michigan has been criticized for promoting adoption of migrant children instead of trying to reunite them with their families. In a previous Facebook post, they had waived the previous $550 international adoption application fee for the month of June.{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2018/07/01/separated-children-adoption-immigration/|title=The Threat of International Adoption for Migrant Children Separated From Their Families|last=Joyce|first=Kathryn|date=July 1, 2018|website=The Intercept|language=en-US|access-date=October 30, 2019}} This had led to public outcry and protests have been held against this agency and their practices.{{Cite web|url=https://fox17online.com/2018/06/20/protests-as-children-separated-from-families-at-border-now-in-bethany-christian-services-foster-care/|title=Protests as children separated from families at border now in Bethany Christian Services' foster care|date=2018-06-20|website=Fox17|language=en|access-date=2019-10-30}}

This policy in particular has led to the Abolish ICE movement gaining traction in June 2018.

{{Main|Sanctuary city}}

Sanctuary cities are cities that limit their cooperation with ICE ERO, particularly in regards to illegal migrants arrested for state criminal violations. When an illegal immigrant is arrested by state or local police for criminal offenses, their information is placed into a federal database that ERO officers can access. In a non-sanctuary city, ERO Officers can ask the police to hold that person after they would normally have been released until ERO can pick them up.{{Cite web|title=ICE prioritizes removing criminal immigrants|url=https://www.ice.gov/features/High-profile-Removals|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.ice.gov|language=en}} However, sanctuary cities believe this is unconstitutional and view being an illegal immigrant as not a crime but a civil violation. As such, policies or ordinances in these cities prevent the police from continuing to hold a person based on an ERO request if that person was otherwise cleared for release.{{Cite web|url=https://americasvoice.org/blog/what-is-a-sanctuary-city/|title=Immigration 101: What is a Sanctuary City?|last=Voice|first=Americas's|date=2017-04-25|website=America's Voice|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-31}}

Sanctuary cities were one of the many focal points for the Trump administration's attempts to reform the country's immigration policies. In early 2017, President Trump issued an executive order to deny sanctuary cities federal grants if they did not comply with ICE.{{Cite web|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-enhancing-public-safety-interior-united-states/|title=Executive Order: Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States|language=en-US|via=National Archives|work=whitehouse.gov|access-date=2019-10-23}} By November 2017, this order was struck down by the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.{{Cite web|url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2017/11/federal-judge-strikes-down-executive-order-to-withhold-funding-from-sanctuary-cities/|title=Federal judge strikes down Trump's executive order withholding funding from sanctuary cities|last=Offutt|first=Lindsay|website=www.jurist.org|date=November 21, 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-31}} Despite this, the Trump administration continued to seek ways to challenge sanctuary cities, such as implementing a policy that preferentially awards policing grants that cooperate with ICE.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/us/sanctuary-cities-ruling.html|title=Trump Administration Gets Court Victory in Sanctuary Cities Case|agency=Associated Press|date=2019-07-12|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-31|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}

{{Main|Abolish ICE}}

File:Keep Families Together.jpg

Numerous protests have emerged across the nation in response to the Trump administration's ICE policies. Many of the protesters are occupying areas around ICE facilities in hopes of disrupting operations. The Occupy ICE movement began on June 17, 2018, outside Portland, Oregon. It initially began as a vigil for the people suffering from ICE policies but spontaneously grew into a larger movement as more people showed up. The movement ultimately spread into other major cities like Philadelphia, San Francisco, San Diego, and New York. As the movement grew, they faced counter protesters and arrests, but protesters remained undeterred and vowed to continue fighting the Trump administration's ICE policies. As Occupy ICE groups spread to different cities, there has also been a greater amount of coordination between them.{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/06/occupy-ice-movement-new-york-louisville-portland|title=The growing Occupy Ice movement: 'We're here for the long haul'|last=Gabbatt|first=Adam|date=2018-07-06|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-10-23|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}} Other grassroots protests have sprung up across the nation as well. On August 1, 2019, a month-long peaceful protest event was started outside the San Francisco ICE office, where protesters beat drums and demanded that family separation at the border be stopped.{{Cite web|url=https://abc7news.com/5434792/|title=Peaceful protest held following overnight arrests at ICE headquarters in San Francisco|date=2019-08-02|website=ABC7 San Francisco|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}} In addition to blocking ICE facilities, protesters are also protesting technology companies such as Microsoft for providing technology to aid ICE. One such instance of this was the sit in at the Microsoft store on 5th Avenue in NYC led by Close the Camps NYC on September 14, 2019.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/14/us/anti-ice-protesters-arrested/index.html|title=76 anti-ICE protesters arrested during New York sit-in|author=Amir Vera|website=CNN|date=September 14, 2019|access-date=2019-10-23}} In the 2020 protests and riots in Portland, Oregon, the local ICE office had its window broken.{{Cite news|title=Portland Protesters bust ICE building window, Police respond with Tear Gas|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/08/20/portland-protests-ice-tear-gas/|newspaper=The Washington Post}}

{{Portal|United States|Politics}}

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• Asylum shopping
• Dillingham Commission
• Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)—U.S. Department of State
• Drug Enforcement Administration
• Federal Air Marshal Service
• Federal Protective Service (U.S.)
• List of United States federal law enforcement agencies
• Operation Devil Horns
• Operation Endgame
• Operation Front Line
• Operation Protect Our Children
• Operation Tangled Web
• Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations
• United States Border Patrol
• U.S. Customs and Border Protection
• United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
• U.S. Marshals Service
• U.S. Secret Service
• Jaime Zapata (U.S. agent)

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• Australian Border Force
• Canada Border Services Agency
• Immigration Enforcement – a Home Office division in the United Kingdom
• Customs Surveillance Service – Spain (only customs enforcement; immigration issues are handled by the standard National Police and Guardia Civil)
• Frontex – European Union (Schengen Area)
• Federal Migration Service (FMS) – Russia
• Guardia di Finanza – Italy

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{{commons}}

• {{official website|https://www.ice.gov}}
• [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/u-s-immigration-and-customs-enforcement U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement] in the Federal Register
• [http://www.cbp.gov/ U.S. Customs and Border Protection]

{{DHS agencies}}

{{Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States}}

{{Immigration to the United States}}

{{Patriot Act}}

{{Authority control}}

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Category:2003 establishments in Washington, D.C.

Category:Government agencies established in 2003

Category:History of immigration to the United States

Category:Immigration to the United States

Category:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.

Category:United States Department of Homeland Security agencies