Ulmus 'Exoniensis'

The tree initially has an upright, columnar form,[http://www.nrk.no/hage/%3Faction%3DBrowse%26typeId%3D4%26familyId%3D568 Photograph of fastigiate form of young Exeter elm] but later develops a large rounded crown and occasionally reaches 17 m in height. Older specimens may develop pendulous branches.Wilkinson, Gerald, Epitaph for the Elm (London 1978), p.62 Exeter Elm is chiefly distinguished by its contorted leaves, < 11 cm long by 8 cm broad, rounder than the type [wych] and with more laciniate margins,Bean, W. J. (1936) Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition, Murray, London, vol. 2, p.617[https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06883092 "Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, spécimen P06883092"] Two clones, (left) U. exoniensis (misnamed "U. oxoniensis" in France in 19th century), (right) U. pyramidata (1863) which occasionally wrap around the branchlets and remain thus well into winter.[http://www.florapictures.com/photodetail.php?dir=2&photocount=3&plants=ULGEXONI&photoid=1002227800 Photograph of 'Exoniensis' leaves in early summer] 'Exoniensis' is often pollarded to produce a denser, fan-shaped crown (see main picture).

Image:RN Ulmus glabra Exoniensis winter.JPG|'Exoniensis' in April

File:Ulmus 'Exoniensis'. Lochend House adjoining Lochend Park, Edinburgh (1).jpg|Old unpollarded Exeter Elm, Lochend Park, Edinburgh, showing pendulous branch

File:Loofhout, bomen, bossen, lanen, botanisch, ulmus glabra fastigiata, Bestanddeelnr 193-0609.jpg|Early slide of an Exeter Elm in the Netherlands

File:Ulmus 'Exoniensis'. Lochend House adjoining Lochend Park, Edinburgh (2).jpg|Bole of Exeter Elm

File:Bruntsfield Links - geograph.org.uk - 3913760.jpg|Characteristic bole-burls of Exeter elm (left), Bruntsfield Links, Edinburgh

File:Ulmus 'Exoniensis' samarae. Bruntsfield Links, Edinburgh.jpg|'Exoniensis' samarae

File:Loofhout, bomen, bossen, lanen, botanisch, ulmus glabra fastigiata (bergiep), Bestanddeelnr 193-0610.jpg|'Exoniensis' foliage

Image:AB Ulmus glabra 'Exon' leaves 2.jpg|'Exoniensis' foliage

File:Exeter elm leaves.jpg|Dried 'Exoniensis' leaves

Image:Ulmus glabra 'Exoniensis' grafted on Ulmus minor.jpg|'Exoniensis' scion grafted on U. minor stock

Chevalier noted (1942) that Ulmus montana fastigiata (Exeter Elm) was one of four European cultivars found by researchers in The Netherlands to have significant resistance to the earlier strain of Dutch elm disease prevalent in the 1920s and '30s, the others being 'Monumentalis' Rinz, 'Berardii' and 'Vegeta'. The four were rated less resistant than U. foliacea clone 23, from Spain, later cultivated as U. minor 'Christine Buisman'.{{cite journal |date=1942 |title=Les Ormes de France|journal= Revue de botanique appliquée et d'agriculture coloniale|volume=22|number=254|pages=441|url=http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/jatba_0370-3681_1942_num_22_254_1721.pdf}} 'Exoniensis' possesses a moderate resistance to the more virulent strain of Dutch elm disease, and consequently often featured in the Dutch elm breeding programme in association with the Field Elm (U. minor) and Himalayan Elm (U. wallichiana).{{cite book|last1=Heybroek|first1=H.M.|editor1-last=Sticklen|editor1-first=Mariam B.|editor2-last=Sherald|editor2-first=James L.|title=Dutch Elm Disease Research|date=1993|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=New York, USA|pages=16–25|access-date=26 October 2017|chapter=The Dutch Elm Breeding Program|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avvxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|isbn=978-1-4615-6874-2}}

Once commonly planted in the UK and parts of western Europe, notably in the Netherlands (as pluim-iep, plume-elm), and in Stockholm, Sweden, 'Exoniensis' is also known to have been marketed in Poland in the 19th century by the Ulrich nursery,Ulrich, C. (1894), Katalog Drzew i Krezewow, C. Ulrich, Rok 1893–94, Warszawa Warsaw, and remains in commerce there. The Späth nursery of Berlin cultivated the tree as U. montana fastigiata (U. exoniensis Hort.) from the early 20th century.{{cite book |date=1902–1903|title=Katalog |publisher=L. Späth Baumschulenweg|location=Berlin, Germany|volume=108|pages=132–133 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L._Sp%C3%A4th_Baumschulenweg_Katalog_1903_pages_131-133.pdf}} It is possible that three trees supplied by the Späth nursery to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1902 as U. montana fastigiata{{cite book |date=1902|title=Accessions book|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|pages=45,47 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh._(1902)._Accessions_book_pages_45,47.jpg}} were Exeter Elm, old specimens of which survive in Edinburgh (one each in Drummond Place Gardens and Lochend Park). Among plantings of Exeter elm in Turku, Finland, are three old trees in front of the city hall, on the river Aura.[https://turunpuut.fi/en/ulmus/ulmus-glabra-exoniensis/2189/ Exeter elms, City Hall, Turku, Finland; /turunpuut.fi/en/ulmus/ulmus-glabra-exoniensis/2189/][https://turunpuut.fi/en/ulmus/ulmus-glabra-exoniensis/2985/ Coppiced Exeter elm, Turku, Finland; https://turunpuut.fi/en/ulmus/ulmus-glabra-exoniensis/2985/]

'Exoniensis' is found in Australia at the Ballarat Botanical Gardens where it is listed on the Significant Tree Register of the National Trust. An Ulmus plumosa (a synonym of 'Exoniensis' in continental Europe{{cite book |title= Beredeneerd woordenboek der voornaamste heesters en coniferen, in Nederland gekweekt|date=1867|last=De Vos|first =C.|location=Groningen|publisher=J. B. Wolters|pages=135 |url=https://archive.org/stream/beredeneerdwoord1867vosc#page/135/mode/2up}}), of "elegant and pyramidal shape" and "dark green foliage", appeared in the 1902 catalogue of the Bobbink and Atkins nursery, Rutherford, New Jersey.{{cite book |date=1902 |title=Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford. N.J.|pages=51|url=https://archive.org/stream/CAT31285383#page/51/mode/2up}}

File:Grimsby Magistrates Court - geograph.org.uk - 184076.jpg|Exeter elms (right), Grimsby Magistrates Court, Lincolnshire (2009)

File:Läntinen rantakatu ja Pikku-Pukki.JPG|Three Exeter elms (bottom right) before the City Hall, Turku, Finland (2011)

File:Begraafplaats Iepenhof (Hoofddorp) - 1.jpg|Exeter elm (background), De Iepenhof [: elmcourt] cemetery, Hoofddorp, Netherlands (2016)[https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/photos-ulmusglabra-1_exoniensis/ Exeter elm in the Netherlands, monumentaltrees.com]

File:Begraafplaats Iepenhof (Hoofddorp) - 4.jpg|Exeter elm (background), De Iepenhof cemetery, Hoofddorp (2016)

In Sweden 'Exoniensis' is sometimes pruned from an early age to form a tidy cone-shaped tree called locally 'pyramidalm' (: pyramid elm - also one of Späth's names for 'Exoniensis').Photographs of 'Pyramidalm' and unpruned 'Exoniensis' in Sweden, www.tradgardsakademin.se [http://www.tradgardsakademin.se/aktuella-uppdateringar/ulmus-glabra-exoniensis-pyramidalm]{{cite journal|last1=Lagerstedt|first1=Lars|title=Märkesträd i Sverige - 10 Almar|journal=Lustgården|date=2014|volume=94|pages=63,73|url=http://www.dendrologerna.se/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Lustgarden-2014.pdf#page=54|access-date=15 May 2018|trans-title=Notable trees in Sweden - 10 Elms}}[http://www.dendrologerna.se/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lustgarden_arg093_2013_0001_index_optimerad_250_dpi.pdf Lars Lagerstedt, Pyramid Elm in Lustgarden, 2013, p.40]

File:Goteborg Tradgardsforeningen 2.jpg|'Pyramidalm' [:pyramid elm] (pruned 'Exoniensis'), Garden Society of Gothenburg, Sweden (2014)

File:Göteborg_-_KMB_-_16001000225544.jpg|Same (1944)

Bean (1936) noted a large old specimen, 12 feet in girth, in the garden of the Old Vicarage, Bitton, Gloucestershire.Bean, W. J. (1936) Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition, Murray, London, vol. 2, p.617 The oldest in Sweden, at Gustav III's Pavilion in Hagaparken, had a height in 2008 of 19 m and a bole girth of 462 cm. A 180-year-old specimen in Hamburg has attained a height of 28 m and a trunk diameter of 1.45 m.U. glabra 'Exoniensis', the "Planten un Blomen", Hamburg: from the Handbuch der Ulmengewächse, [http://www.ulmen-handbuch.de/handbuch/ulmus/u_glabra_exoniensis.html] The UK TROBI Champion tree is in Scotland, at Baxter Park, Dundee, measuring 15 m high by 103 cm d.b.h. in 2004.Johnson, O. (2011). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland, p. 169. Kew Publishing, Kew, London. {{ISBN|9781842464526}}. The cultivar is represented in Éire by a tree at Birr Castle (Mount Palmer), County Offaly, with a d.b.h. of 29 cm when measured in 2002.

The Baudriller nursery of Angers, France, marketed a variegated Exeter elm in the 1880s, U. montana 'Fastigiata Variegata'.[https://books.google.com/books?id=HAsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117 Baudriller Établissement d'Horticulture, Catalogue général descriptif et raisonné des arbres fruitiers, forestiers & d'ornement cultivés dans l'établissement. Année. 1880, p.117]

'Clusius', 'Columella', 'Dodoens', 'Lobel', 'Plantyn', Ulmus 'Nanguen' = Lutece, Ulmus 'Wanoux' = Vada. The cultivar 'Columella' features the same rough, rounded, contorted leaves, the result of a recessive gene inherited from the Exeter Elm.

'Exoniensis' also indirectly featured in the Italian elm breeding programme as an ancestor of 'Plantyn', which was crossed with clones of the Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila to produce the cultivars 'Arno', 'Plinio', and 'San Zanobi'.Santini A., Fagnani A., Ferrini F. & Mittempergher L., (2002) 'San Zanobi' and 'Plinio' elm trees. [http://www.cnr.it/istituti/ArticoliJCR.html?cds=064&id=3107] HortScience 37(7): 1139–1141. 2002. American Society for Horticultural Science, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA.Santini A., Fagnani A., Ferrini F., Mittempergher L., Brunetti M., Crivellaro A., Macchioni N., Elm breeding for DED resistance, the Italian clones and their wood properties. [http://www.inia.es/gcontrec/pub/179-184-(15)-Elm_breeding_1161943564468.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026213739/http://www.inia.es/gcontrec/pub/179-184-%2815%29-Elm_breeding_1161943564468.pdf |date=26 October 2007 }} Invest Agrar: Sist. Recur. For. (2004) 13 (1), 179–184. 2004

Despite being of British provenance and, at the time of writing, the only wych cultivar with any resistance to Dutch elm disease, and despite contributing to the complex hybrids above, Exeter elm did not appear in Seddon and Shreeve's Great British Elms (Kew, 2024).Mark Seddon and David Shreeve, Great British Elms (Kew Gardens, 2024)

;Europe

• Arboretum Trompenburg [http://www.trompenburg.nl/], Netherlands. No details available.
• Brighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG Elm Collection.{{cite web|title=List of plants in the {elm} collection|publisher=Brighton & Hove City Council|access-date=23 September 2016|url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/list-plants-collection}} A number of trees, large specimens at Stanmer Park Arboretum (1), Linkway Lodge, Hollingdean (40+), University of Sussex (3) and Whitehawk Way (2).
• Cambridge Botanic Garden [http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/], University of Cambridge, UK. 1 tree, no accession details available.
• Dubrava Arboretum, Lithuania. No details available.
• Grange Farm Arboretum [http://www.thegardeningwebsite.co.uk/grange-farm-plants-speciality-rare-trees-shrubs-i411.html], Sutton St. James, Spalding, Lincs., UK. Acc. no. 829.
• Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, Salaspils, Latvia. Acc. nos. 18105,6,7.
• Linnaean Gardens of Uppsala, Sweden. Acc. no. 0000–1006.
• Museum Castle Sypesteyn, Nieuw-Loosdrechtsedijk 150, Loosdrecht, (Wijdemeren, Netherlands) 3 mature trees planted in 1910.
• Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK. Acc. no. 19699363.
• Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, Romsey, UK. Acc. nos. 1977.6756, 1977.7086.
• Tallinn Botanic Garden, Estonia [http://www.tba.ee/index.php?lang=eng]. No accession details available.
• University of Copenhagen, Botanic Garden, Denmark. No details available.
• Netherlands Plant Collection Ulmus Wijdemeren, 1 tree planted, 2021 Molenmeent Loosdrecht[https://wijdemeren.cobra360.nl/index.php?@iepen Netherlands Plant Collection: Iepen, Ulmus]

;Australasia

• Ballarat Botanical Gardens, Australia. 1 tree, planted c.1900. Acc. no. T11321.[https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/index.php/places/70822/download-report Ulmus glabra 'Exoniensis', Ballarat Botanical Gardens; Victorian Heritage Database Report][https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/70822 Ulmus glabra 'Exoniensis' photographs, Ballarat Botanical Gardens; vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au]

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