Union of Burma (1948–1962)

{{Infobox former country

| native_name = {{nowrap|{{native name|my|ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်‌|italics=no}}
{{transl|pi|Pranyhtaungcu Mranma Nuingngamtau}}}}

| conventional_long_name = Union of Burma

| common_name = Burma

| status =

| status_text =

| p1 = British rule in Burma{{!}}British Burma

| flag_p1 = Flag of British Burma (1937).svg

| s1 = Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma{{!}}Union of Burma

| flag_s1 = Flag of Burma (1948-1974).svg

| image_flag = Flag of Burma (1948-1974).svg

| flag_alt =

| flag =

| flag_type =

| image_coat = State Seal of Burma (1948–1974).png

| coat_alt =

| symbol = State Seal of Myanmar

| symbol_type = Seal

| image_map = Location Burma (Myanmar) ASEAN.svg

| image_map_alt =

| image_map_caption =

| capital = Rangoon

| national_motto = {{native phrase|pi|သမဂ္ဂါနံ တပေါ သုခေါ|italics=no}}
{{transl|my|Sa.ma.ganam ta.pau: su.hkau:}}
"Happiness through harmony"

| national_anthem = {{native name|my|ကမ္ဘာမကြေ|italics=no|nolink=yes}}
{{transl|my|Ka.bha ma. kye}}
"Till the End of the World"{{parabr}}{{centre|File:Anthem of the Republic of the Union of Burma.ogg}}

| official_languages = Burmese

| recognised_languages = English{{efn|The 1947 Constitution of the Union of Burma states: "The official language of the Union shall be Burmese, provided that the use of the English language may be permitted."}}

| religion = Buddhism (majority; state religion from 1961){{cite act |title=၁၉၆၁ခုနှစ် ဖွဲ့စည်းအုပ်ချုပ်ပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ (တတိယပြင်ဆင်ချက်) အက်ဥပဒေ |trans-title=1961 Act of the Third Amendment of the Constitution |url=https://www.constitutionaltribunal.gov.mm/lawdatabase/my/download/file/fid/1086&ved=2ahUKEwja9-bQu8D2AhUC63MBHSSXAIkQFnoECAYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw089w6UR_qwYn1wxCbncrCQ |language=my |legislature=Union Parliament |date=26 August 1961 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite web|title=၁၉၆၁ ခုနှစ်၊ နိုင်ငံတော်ဘာသာသာသနာချီးမြှောက်ထောက်ပံ့ရေးအက်ဥပဒေ|trans-title=1961 year, State Religion Promotion Act|url=https://www.constitutionaltribunal.gov.mm/lawdatabase/my/law/764|website=Constitutional Tribunal of the Union, Law Library|quote=တည်ဆဲဥပဒေဖြစ်ပါသည်|access-date=25 March 2022|archive-date=25 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025023633/https://www.constitutionaltribunal.gov.mm/lawdatabase/my/law/764|url-status=live}}

| demonym = Burmese

| government_type = Unitary dominant-party parliamentary republic

| title_leader = President

| leader1 = Sao Shwe Thaik

| year_leader1 = 1948–1952 (first)

| leader3 = Win Maung

| year_leader3 = 1957–1962 (last)

| title_deputy = Prime minister

| deputy1 = U Nu

| year_deputy1 = 1948–1956 (first)

| deputy3 = U Nu

| year_deputy3 = 1960–1962 (last)

| legislature = Union Parliament

| house1 = Chamber of Nationalities

| house2 = Chamber of Deputies

| era = Cold War

| event_pre = Independence Act

| date_pre = 10 December 1947

| date_start = 4 January

| year_start = 1948

| event_end = 1962 coup d'état

| date_end = 2 March

| year_end = 1962

| drives_on = left

| iso3166code = BU

| currency = {{ubl|Burmese rupee (1948–1952)|Burmese kyat (after 1952)}}

| today = Myanmar

}}

The first fourteen years of independent Burma (Myanmar) were marred by several communist and ethnic insurgencies. Prominent insurgent groups during this period include the Communist Party of Burma (CPB, "white flags") led by Thakin Than Tun, the Communist Party (Burma) ("red flags") led by Thakin Soe, the People's Volunteer Organisation (Yèbaw Hpyu) led by Bo La Yaung (a member of the Thirty Comrades), the Revolutionary Burma Army (RBA) led by communist officers Bo Zeya, Bo Yan Aung and Bo Yè Htut (all three of them members of the Thirty Comrades), and the Karen National Union (KNU).{{sfn|Smith|1991}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}

History

Remote areas of northern Burma were for many years controlled by an army of Kuomintang (KMT) forces after the Communist victory in China in 1949.{{sfn|Smith|1991}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} Burma accepted foreign assistance in rebuilding the country in these early years, but continued American support for the Chinese Nationalist military presence in Burma finally resulted in the country rejecting most foreign aid, refusing to join the Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) and supporting the Bandung Conference of 1955.{{sfn|Smith|1991}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} Burma generally strove to be impartial in world affairs and was one of the first countries in the world to recognise Israel and China.

By 1958, the country was largely beginning to recover economically, but was beginning to fall apart politically due to a split in the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL) into two factions, one led by Thakins Nu and Tin, the other by Ba Swe and Kyaw Nyein.{{sfn|Smith|1991}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{cite web|title=Myanmar Since Independence|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Myanmar/Since-independence|publisher=Britannica|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914215110/https://www.britannica.com/place/Myanmar/Since-independence|url-status=live}} This was despite the unexpected success of U Nu's "Arms for Democracy" offer taken up by U Seinda in Arakan, the Pa'O, some Mon and Shan groups, but more significantly by the PVO surrendering their arms.{{sfn|Smith|1991}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} The situation became very unstable in parliament, with U Nu surviving a no-confidence vote only with the support of the opposition National United Front (NUF), believed to have "crypto-communists" amongst them.{{sfn|Smith|1991}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}

Army hardliners now saw the 'threat' of the CPB coming to an agreement with U Nu through the NUF, and in the end U Nu "invited" Army Chief of Staff General Ne Win to take over the country.{{sfn|Smith|1991}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} Over 400 "communist sympathisers" were arrested, of which 153 were deported to the Coco Islands in the Andaman Sea. Among them was the NUF leader Aung Than, older brother of Aung San. The Botataung, Kyemon and Rangoon Daily were also closed down.{{sfn|Smith|1991}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}

Ne Win's caretaker government successfully stabilised the situation and paved the way for new general elections in 1960 that returned U Nu's Union Party with a large majority.{{sfn|Smith|1991}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} The situation did not remain stable for long, when the Shan Federal Movement, started by Nyaung Shwe Sawbwa Sao Shwe Thaik (the first President of independent Burma 1948–1952) and aspiring to a "loose" federation, was seen as a separatist movement insisting on the government honouring the right to secession in ten years provided for by the 1947 Constitution.{{sfn|Smith|1991}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}

Ne Win had already succeeded in stripping the Shan Sawbwas of their feudal powers in exchange for comfortable pensions for life in 1959. He staged a coup d'état on 2 March 1962, arrested U Nu, Sao Shwe Thaik and several others, and declared a socialist state run by the Union Revolutionary Council (URC), which consisted of senior military officers. Sao Shwe Thaik's son, Sao Mye Thaik, was shot dead in what was generally described as a "bloodless" coup. Thibaw Sawbwa Sao Kya Seng also disappeared mysteriously after being stopped at a checkpoint near Taunggyi.{{sfn|Smith|1991}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} The URC later founded the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) on 4 July 1962 to nominally separate the powers of the military from the government and to lead a one-party state.{{sfn|Yoshihiro|2003|p=330}}

Notes

References

=Citations=

=Sources=

{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Martin|title=Burma: Insurgency and the politics of ethnicity|date=1991|publisher=Zed Books|location=London and New Jersey|isbn=0862328683|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4NuAAAAMAAJ}}
{{cite journal |last1=Yoshihiro |first1=Nakanishi |title=Party-State Manqué: Ne Win and the Burma Socialist Programme Party |journal=Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |date=2003 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=330–360 |doi=10.20495/tak.41.3_330 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tak/41/3/41_KJ00000434307/_article/-char/en |language=ja |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602200053/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tak/41/3/41_KJ00000434307/_article/-char/en |url-status=live }}

Category:History of Myanmar (1948–present)

Category:States and territories established in 1948

Category:States and territories disestablished in 1962

Category:1948 establishments in Asia

Category:1962 disestablishments in Asia

Category:History of Myanmar by period

Category:20th century in Myanmar